这项工作部分得到FRS 445960教育部分的支持。我们要感谢Anh Tran，Juan Ortiz和Ali Nazari在准备图2时的帮助。

确保协议中的眼底摄影遵循您的研究所人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。 注意:智能手机视网膜成像，如常规间接检眼镜，应通过扩张瞳孔进行。强大的智能手机相机闪光灯对于获得清晰的眼底照片至关重要，尤其是轻度至中度的媒体不透明度。在试图检查病人之前，请务必在模型眼睛或同龄人上练习该方法。患者合作是智能手机眼底摄影的关键。 智能手机视网膜成像<ol><li>向患者解释手术并获得许可。说明该过程可能需要1-2分钟，并将明亮的光照射到眼睛中。 </li><li>使用散瞳滴剂（如2.5％去氧肾上腺素和1％托吡卡胺滴眼剂）的组合使患者的瞳孔扩张（每次2 - 3 mi另外，在眼中要检查）。等待15 - 20分钟，让学生扩张。 </li><li>坐在舒适的椅子上的患者面前，距离患者和大约相同的水平位置30 - 60厘米（ 图2 ）。 </li><li>请病人用另一只眼睛看着远处的目标。 </li><li>将智能相机设置为视频模式。 </li><li>打开相机的手电筒。 </li><li>房间变暗后，按智能手机上的相机录制按钮录制连续录像。 </li><li>用拇指和食指握住+20屈光度（D）或任何其他间接眼底镜检查镜片在患者眼前。使用中指和无名指来稳定手和镜头，并帮助保持眼睑的开放。 </li><li>握住相机距离镜头10 - 35厘米。沿着患者的瞳孔轴指导相机。瞄准瞳孔，找到视网膜发光。将光线通过镜头导入视网膜并继续ue录像。 </li><li>录制时，移动相机和镜头以找到良好的对焦和无光反射的图像。调整手持式镜头与患者眼睛的距离，以查看填充整个镜头区域的清晰视网膜图像。 注意:根据我们的经验，镜片应距离眼睛3至5厘米（与间接检眼镜检查相比，角膜距离角膜稍微远一些）。 </li><li>尝试通过调整相机和镜头位置来消除不必要的光反射。搜索视网膜时丢失图像意味着相机及其闪光灯未与手持式镜头和瞳孔对齐。保持摄像机，手持式镜头和病人瞳孔对齐的做法。 </li><li>继续录制视频，直到捕获感兴趣区域的良好视图，而没有明显的光反射和像差。 </li><li>停止录音，请病人坐下来舒服。</li><li>重新录制录制的影片，直到手持镜头区域内有良好的视网膜视图。停止电影并拍摄视图（ 图3 ）。 </li><li>放大屏幕截图并拍摄更大的视网膜图像（ 图3 ）。像间接检眼镜一样，这个图像是倒置的。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lord, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+uses+of+smartphones+in+ophthalmology.">Novel uses of smartphones in ophthalmology.</a> Ophthalmology. 117 (6), 1274-1274 (2010).</li><li>Chhablani, J., Kaja, S., Shah, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smartphones+in+ophthalmology.">Smartphones in ophthalmology.</a> Indian J Ophthalmol. 60 (2), 127-131 (2012).</li><li>Bolster, N. M., Giardini, M. E., Bastawrous, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Diabetic+Retinopathy+Screening+Workflow:+Potential+for+Smartphone+Imaging.">The Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Workflow: Potential for Smartphone Imaging.</a> J Diabetes Sci Technol. 10 (2), 318-324 (2015).</li><li>Haddock, L. J., Kim, D. Y., Mukai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple,+Inexpensive+Technique+for+High-Quality+Smartphone+Fundus+Photography+in+Human+and+Animal+Eyes.">Simple, Inexpensive Technique for High-Quality Smartphone Fundus Photography in Human and Animal Eyes.</a> J Ophthalmol. , (2013).</li><li>Maamari, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mobile+phone-based+retinal+camera+for+portable+wide+field+imaging.">A mobile phone-based retinal camera for portable wide field imaging.</a> Br J Ophthalmol. 98 (4), 438-441 (2014).</li><li>Raju, B., Raju, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regarding+fundus+imaging+with+a+mobile+phone:+a+review+of+techniques.">Regarding fundus imaging with a mobile phone: a review of techniques.</a> Indian J Ophthalmol. 63 (2), 170-171 (2015).</li><li>Shanmugam, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundus+imaging+with+a+mobile+phone:+a+review+of+techniques.">Fundus imaging with a mobile phone: a review of techniques.</a> Indian J Ophthalmol. 62 (9), 960-962 (2014).</li><li>Adam, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quality+and+Diagnostic+Utility+of+Mydriatic+Smartphone+Photography:+The+Smartphone+Ophthalmoscopy+Reliability+Trial.">Quality and Diagnostic Utility of Mydriatic Smartphone Photography: The Smartphone Ophthalmoscopy Reliability Trial.</a> Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 46 (6), 631-637 (2015).</li><li>Snead, M. P., Rubinstein, M. P., Jacobs, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+optics+of+fundus+examination.">The optics of fundus examination.</a> Surv Ophthalmol. 36 (6), 439-445 (1992).</li><li>Russo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+smartphone+ophthalmoscopy+with+slit-lamp+biomicroscopy+for+grading+diabetic+retinopathy.">Comparison of smartphone ophthalmoscopy with slit-lamp biomicroscopy for grading diabetic retinopathy.</a> Am J Ophthalmol. 159 (2), 360-364 (2015).</li><li>Kim, D. Y., Delori, F., Mukai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smartphone+photography+safety.">Smartphone photography safety.</a> Ophthalmology. 119 (10), 2200-2201 (2012).</li></ol>

没有专有权利声明。

智能手机拍摄的眼底图像的质量可能与眼底照相机的质量相当。在智能手机和眼底照相机拍摄的眼底图像的一项比较研究中，掩蔽的评论者没有发现显着差异。 8，10在同一研究中，与初级审查员相比，更有经验的考官拍摄图像时，眼底图像的质量较高。 8 智能手机眼底摄影在开始时可能会出现挑战性的技术。然而，像其他检查技术一样，掌握技术需要实践，视网膜智能手机成像的过程随着时间的推移而变得日益复杂。一个特别的挑战与智能手机相机及其屏幕的位置有关。大多数智能手机相机都位于手机的角落，而用于查看和对焦图像的屏幕位于中心。初学者应该<html>专注于掌握拍摄和镜头之间的协调，以及手机，手持式镜头和瞳孔轴线的正确对齐。 大多数智能手机相机设置中无法调整手电筒强度。然而，可以通过在光源上施加半透明胶带来使光强度变暗。或者，拍摄界面应用程序可能有助于调整相机光强度。多个智能手机应用程序可用于调整曝光，对焦控制和手电筒强度。 4虽然不是智能手机眼底摄影的绝对要求，但考官可能会发现这些摄影/图像采集界面有助于提高图像的质量。 视野随着手持式间接检眼镜的屈光度而变化。较低功率的镜头（如+15 D或+20 D镜头）可以提供更小的视场，更高的倍率。 _content"&gt;根据1996年"健康保险可移植性和责任追究法案"（HIPAA），"1998年数据保护法"和1990年获取健康档案法案，个人资料的保密性是使用个人摄像机记录健康信息时的一个关键问题。我们研究所的电子病历（EMR）应用程序中仍然有视网膜图片，允许记录和传送机密病人图像。许多机构使用专用的相机，加密手机和HIPAA兼容的电子邮件服务是保护患者隐私的必要条件。 智能手机眼底摄影是一种安全的技术。 Kim 等人显示iPhone 4相机的手电筒比传统的间接检眼镜轻10倍。虽然这可能为成像期间的患者提供更多的舒适度，但是在存在中度至显着的媒体不透明度的情况下，它会限制图像清晰度。在同一个研究中，智能手机光源的绒毛比国际标准化组织（ISO 15004-2.2）对眼睛热危害设定的极限低150倍，低于光化学危害限制的240倍。尽管其他智能手机型号尚未测量光线强度和能量，但建议它们远低于危险限值。 11 虽然用智能手机获得的视网膜图像可以与眼底照相机拍摄的图像相当，但8,10录制高分辨率智能手机的视网膜图像需要有经验的检查者，良好扩张的瞳孔，清晰的眼部介质和合作患者。此外，视野通常在智能手机眼底图像中受到限制，并且创建广角蒙太奇图像可能是耗时的。然而，智能手机眼底摄影是一种独特的简单而实惠的技术，允许图片文字导致视网膜变化在许多临床环境中视网膜成像以前不可能。

眼底摄影是记录眼底发现的标准方法。眼底摄影传统上在使用眼底照相机的诊所环境中进行。然而，在许多情况下，眼底相机不可用，包括在急诊室或医院楼层，可能需要视网膜变化的文件。间接眼底镜和手持式接触式和非接触性眼底照相机是记录视网膜图像的替代方法，但可用性和高成本限制了其在大多数眼科实践中的日常使用。配备高分辨率相机的智能手机越来越多地用于眼科的前段和视网膜成像。 1，2 在智能手机视网膜成像中，智能手机相机的同轴手电筒和手持式高功率镜头产生间接检镜式光学系统，可以记录高分辨率数字视网膜图像（ 图1 ）。 3，4，5，6，7用于这种视网膜摄影的智能手机适配器可从多家公司3商业获得，教育视频公开可以教导如何使用智能手机和这些产品获得视网膜图像。然而，智能手机视网膜摄影不一定需要这种适配器。在这里，我们打算教会如何使用智能手机和工具在眼科实践中随时获得的高质量视网膜图像。 随着智能手机的可用性和远程医疗的扩展，这种方法可以由眼科医生和验光师进行调整，以记录急诊室和远程医疗咨询中的视网膜病变。另外，他alth护理提供者可能会发现这种方法在发展中国家和在救援行动中在医疗救援营地有用。像任何新技术一样，掌握智能手机的视网膜摄影需要练习。 8以下协议将说明智能手机摄影的详细步骤。该技术的光学基础将在下一节讨论。最后将讨论技术和操作上的限制，如图像分辨率，视野，病人隐私和机密性。

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:221px;">smartphone</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">high plus handheld lens (+20 D)</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tropicamide 1%</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phenyl ephrine 2.5%</td>
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smartphone fundus photography

智能手机眼底摄影是使用智能手机相机和传统手持式间接检眼镜获得眼底照片的简单技术。当视神经，视网膜和视网膜血管的图像记录是必要的但眼底相机不可用时，这种技术是必不可少的。这种技术的主要优点是智能手机的广泛可用性，允许在许多设置中记录黄斑和视神经变化，以前是不可能的。按照这里详细说明的步骤，例如手机相机，手持式镜头和患者瞳孔的正确对准，是获得无干扰光反射和像差的清晰视网膜图像的关键。本文首先回顾了间接眼底镜和眼底摄影的光学原理。然后，将介绍使用智能手机记录优质视网膜图像的分步方法独立非执行董事。

使用智能相机的眼底成像的光学原理与间接检眼镜的视网膜检查相似（ 图1 ）。 9在间接检眼镜中，一束光指向病人的视网膜，使用手持式+ 15 - + 30 D镜头将视网膜上的反射光线凝结成真实的空中影像（ 图1 ）。观察者根据镜头的功率，看到距离手持式镜头2 - 4厘米处的真实的，倒置的空中影像。使用智能手机，相机的手电筒取代了间接检眼镜光源，并且记录空中图像的智能手机相机取代了观察者的眼睛。传统的眼底照相机也是基于相同的光学原理设计的;相机的胶片或数字传感器阵列位于形成航空图像的位置。 图4和图5 ）记录在急诊室和医院楼层咨询设置中。 <img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig1.jpg" /> 图1 :间接眼科检查和智能手机眼底摄影的光学。 示意图显示间接检眼镜（A）的观察系统和使用智能手机（B）的眼底摄影。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> &lt;/ P&gt; <img alt="图2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig2.jpg" /> 图2 :智能手机眼底摄影的检查者和患者定位。 检查员坐在前面，稍微靠近病人的侧面，一只手握住智能手机，另一只手拿着手持式镜头，距手机长度的距离。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig3.jpg" /> 图3 :使用智能手机成像的正常黄斑和视神经 图 。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击她</a>e查看这个数字的较大版本。 <img alt="图4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig4.jpg" /> 图4 :使用智能手机成像的非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变。 注意火焰形状和斑点和印迹视网膜出血。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig5.jpg" /> 图5 :使用智能手机成像的非动脉性前路局部缺血性视神经病变。 请注意此图像中光盘边距的模糊。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55958/55958fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看</a>这个数字的较大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Smartphone Fundus Photography at JoVE.com

Smartphone Fundus Photography

智能手机眼底摄影

眼底摄影通常需要专门的眼底照相机，在所有临床环境中并不总是可用。这里，描述了使用智能相机和传统的高加手持间接检眼镜来记录眼底图像的简单方法。

Smartphone fundus photography is a simple technique to obtain ocular fundus pictures using a smartphone camera and a conventional handheld indirect ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

38.6K 次观看.  University of Texas Medical Branch. 眼底摄影通常需要专门的眼底照相机，在所有临床环境中并不总是可用。这里，描述了使用智能相机和传统的高加手持间接检眼镜来记录眼底图像的简单方法。 

视频: Smartphone Fundus Photography

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Retinal image analysis is an unobtrusive procedure for visualizing the microcirculation. The impact of cardiovascular disease risk factors can result in changes of retinal vessel calibers. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the steps for calculating the vessel calibers are described.

眼底摄影作为一种方便的工具，研究微血管回应流行病学研究心血管疾病的风险因素

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an ...

科研

医学

Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is juxtaposed to the overlying sensory retina, and supports the function of the visual system. Among the tasks performed by the RPE are phagocytosis and processing of outer photoreceptor segments through lysosome-derived organelles. These degradation products, stored and referred to as lipofuscin granules, are composed partially of bisretinoids, which have broad fluorescence absorption and emission spectra that can be detected clinically as fundus autofluorescence with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO). Lipofuscin accumulation is associated with increasing age, but is also found in various patterns in both acquired and inherited degenerative diseases of the retina. Thus, studying its pattern of accumulation and correlating such patterns with changes in the overlying sensory retina are essential to understanding the pathophysiology and progression of retinal disease. Here, we describe a technique employed by our lab and others that uses cSLO in order to quantify the level of RPE lipofuscin in both healthy and diseased eyes.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports the sensory retina through recycling visual cycle byproducts, which accumulate as lipofuscin. These products are autofluorescent and can be qualitatively imaged in vivo. Here, we describe a method to quantitatively image RPE lipofuscin using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

定量自体荧光眼底视网膜疾病的评价

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is juxtaposed to the overlying sensory retina, and supports the function of the visual system. Among the tasks ...

Combining Augmented Reality and 3D Printing to Display Patient Models on a Smartphone

Augmented reality (AR) has great potential in education, training, and surgical guidance in the medical field. Its combination with three-dimensional (3D) printing (3DP) opens new possibilities in clinical applications. Although these technologies have grown exponentially in recent years, their adoption by physicians is still limited, since they require extensive knowledge of engineering and software development. Therefore, the purpose of this protocol is to describe a step-by-step methodology enabling inexperienced users to create a smartphone app, which combines AR and 3DP for the visualization of anatomical 3D models of patients with a 3D-printed reference marker. The protocol describes how to create 3D virtual models of a patient&rsquo;s anatomy derived from 3D medical images. It then explains how to perform positioning of the 3D models with respect to marker references. Also provided are instructions for how to 3D print the required tools and models. Finally, steps to deploy the app are provided. The protocol is based on free and multi-platform software and can be applied to any medical imaging modality or patient. An alternative approach is described to provide automatic registration between a 3D-printed model created from a patient&rsquo;s anatomy and the projected holograms. As an example, a clinical case of a patient suffering from distal leg sarcoma is provided to illustrate the methodology. It is expected that this protocol will accelerate the adoption of AR and 3DP technologies by medical professionals.

Presented here is a method to design an augmented reality smartphone application for the visualization of anatomical three-dimensional models of patients using a 3D-printed reference marker.

结合增强现实和 3D 打印，在智能手机上显示患者模型

Augmented reality (AR) has great potential in education, training, and surgical guidance in the medical field. Its combination with three-dimensional (3D) ...

Rodent Heart and Brain Tissue Preparation for Digital Macro Photography after Ischemia-reperfusion

Macro photography is applicable for imaging various tissue samples at high magnification to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses. Tissue preparation and subsequent image capture are steps performed immediately after the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) experiment and must be performed in a timely manner and with appropriate care. For the evaluation of IR-induced damage in the heart and brain, this paper describes 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC)-based staining followed by macro photography. Scientific macro photography requires controlled lighting and an appropriate imaging setup. The standardized methodology ensures high-quality, detailed digital images even if a combination of an inexpensive up-to-date digital camera and macro lens is used. Proper techniques and potential mistakes in sample preparation and image acquisition are discussed, and examples of the influence of correct and incorrect setups on image quality are provided. Specific tips are provided on how to avoid common mistakes, such as overstaining, improper sample storage, and suboptimal lighting conditions. This paper shows the appropriate methodology for rat heart and brain tissue slicing and staining and provides guidelines for establishing lighting and camera setups and photography techniques for high-resolution image acquisition.

Presented here is a protocol for the standardized methodology of rodent tissue preparation after the ischemia-reperfusion experiment and guidelines for establishing lighting and camera setups for high-resolution image acquisition. This method is applicable to all experimental small-animal organ photography.

啮齿动物心脏和脑组织准备缺血后数码微距摄影

Macro photography is applicable for imaging various tissue samples at high magnification to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses. Tissue ...

A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography

Contemporary dentistry mandates a more comprehensive and personalized analysis of each patient. Technological advances in digital photography have played vital roles in diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, execution of therapies, and outcome evaluations, including esthetic enhancement. Digital photography also provides an excellent platform for patient education, communication, and co-management of cases with other healthcare providers. However, intra-oral photography often faces challenges such as inaccessibility of areas to be captured, different moveable vs. fixed tissues involved, contamination with saliva or blood, and differing illumination needs on various locations. Thus, a more standardized and systematic approach is proposed for intra- and extra-oral documentation via digital photography to overcome the existing technical challenges. The current work will outline the appropriate equipment specifications (camera bodies, macro lens, and flashes), positions and postures of the operator and patients, proper techniques of tissue retraction, the use of appropriate intra-oral mirrors, and the essential elements such as aperture settings (F-stop), ISO, shutter speed, and white balance. This article aims to provide all dental professionals with an approachable linear array of guidelines to produce simplified and standardized visual tools for more efficient and effective documentation.

The present protocol describes a method to capture intra- and extra-oral photographs for digital documentation in the clinical practice of dentistry. The protocol highlights all the critical components involved and the commonly utilized settings to capture dental photographs for clinical documentation.

口腔外和口腔内数码摄影的标准化方法

Contemporary dentistry mandates a more comprehensive and personalized analysis of each patient. Technological advances in digital photography have played ...

探索年龄相关性黄斑变性中的定量自发荧光

A Workflow to Quantitatively Determine Age-Related Macular Degeneration Lesion-Specific Variations in Fundus Autofluorescence

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging allows the noninvasive mapping of intrinsic fluorophores of the ocular fundus, particularly the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), now quantifiable with the advent of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy-based quantitative autofluorescence (QAF). QAF has been shown to be generally decreased at the posterior pole in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The relationship between QAF and various AMD lesions (drusen, subretinal drusenoid deposits) is still unclear.
This paper describes a workflow to determine lesion-specific QAF in AMD. A multimodal in vivo imaging approach is used, including but not limited to spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) macular volume scanning and QAF. Using customized FIJI plug-ins, the corresponding QAF image is aligned with the near-infrared image from the SD-OCT scan (characteristic landmarks; i.e., vessel bifurcations). The foveola and the edge of the optic nerve head are marked in the OCT images (and transferred to the registered QAF image) for accurate positioning of the analysis grids.
AMD-specific lesions can then be marked on individual OCT BScans or the QAF image itself. Normative QAF maps are created to account for the varying mean and standard deviation of QAF values throughout the fundus (QAF images from a representative AMD group were averaged to build normative standard retinal QAF AMD maps). The plug-ins record the X and Y coordinates, z-score (a numerical measurement that describes the QAF value in relation to the mean of AF maps in terms of standard deviation from the mean), mean intensity value, standard deviation, and number of pixels marked. The tools also determine z-scores from the border zone of marked lesions.&#160;This workflow and the analysis tools will improve the understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical AF image interpretation in AMD.

作者聚焦:使用 QAF 工作流程了解年龄相关性黄斑变性的病理生理学 

This research describes a workflow to determine and compare autofluorescence levels from individual regions of interest (e.g., drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits in age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) while accounting for varying autofluorescence levels throughout the fundus.

定量确定年龄相关性黄斑变性病变性病变性眼底自发荧光特异性变化的工作流程

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging allows the noninvasive mapping of intrinsic fluorophores of the ocular fundus, particularly the retinal pigment ...

推进人干细胞来源的视网膜色素上皮细胞的低温储存

Cryopreservation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells at the Optimal Stage

Retinal pigment epithelial&#160;(RPE) cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are superior cell sources for cell replacement therapy in individuals with retinal degenerative diseases; however, studies on the stable and secure banking of these therapeutic cells are scarce. Highly variable cell viability and functional recovery of&#160;RPE cells after cryopreservation are the most commonly encountered issues. In the present protocol, we aimed to achieve the best cell recovery rate after thawing by selecting the optimal cell phase for freezing based on the original experimental conditions. Cells were frozen in the exponential phase determined by using the 5-ethynyl-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine labeling assay, which improved cell viability and recovery rate after thawing. Stable and functional cells were obtained shortly after thawing, independent of a long differentiation process. The methods described here allow the simple, efficient, and inexpensive preservation and thawing of hESC-derived RPE cells. Although this protocol focuses on RPE cells, this freezing strategy may be applied to many other types of differentiated cells.

作者聚焦:开发一种高效可行的视网膜色素上皮细胞冷冻方法

This study provides a detailed protocol for the efficient cryopreservation of human stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells.

人胚胎干细胞来源的视网膜色素上皮细胞在最佳阶段的冷冻保存

Retinal pigment epithelial&#160;(RPE) cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are superior cell sources for cell replacement therapy in ...