Name: chondrogenic pellet formation from cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells
Uploaded: 2017-06-19T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&#38;D project, Ministry for Health, Welfare &#38; Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (HI16C2177).

This protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Catholic University of Korea (KC12TISI0861). CBMCs used for reprogramming were directly obtained from the Cord Blood Bank of the Seoul St. Mary&#39;s Hospital.
1. Chondrogenic Differentiation from iPSCs
<ol>
	<li>CBMC-iPSC generation
	<ol>
		<li>Generate CBMC-hiPSCs using the protocol shown in our previous work23.</li>
		<li>Collect the blood cells in a 15 mL conical tube and count th...

This protocol successfully generated hiPSCs from CBMCs. We reprogrammed CBMCs to hiPSCs using a Sendai viral vector containing Yamanaka factors24. Three cases were used in differentiation, and all experiments successfully generated chondrogenic pellets using this protocol. Numerous studies have reported protocols for the differentiation of hiPSCs into chondrocytes25,26,27,28</...

The use of hiPSCs represents a new strategy for drug screening and mechanistic studies of various diseases. From a regenerative perspective, hiPSCs are also a potential source for the replacement of damaged tissues that have limited healing ability, such as articular cartilage1,2.
The regeneration of native articular cartilage has been a challenge for several decades. Articular cartilage is a soft, white tissue that coats the end of bones, protecting them from friction. However, it has limited regenerative ability when damaged, which makes self-repair almost impossible. Therefore, research focused on cartilage regeneration has been ongoing for several decades.
Previously, in vitro differentiation into the chondrogenic lineage was usually performed with BMSCs or native chondrocytes isolated from the knee joint3. Due to their chondrogenic potential, BMSCs and native chondrocytes have numerous merits supporting their use in chondrogenesis. However, because of their limited expansion and unstable phenotype, these cells face several limitations in the reconstruction of articular cartilage defects. Under in vitro culture conditions, these cells tend to lose their own characteristics after 3-4 passages, which eventually affects their differentiation abilities4. Also, in the case of native chondrocytes, additional damage to the knee joint is inevitable when obtaining these cells.
Unlike BMSCs or native chondrocytes, hiPSCs can indefinitely expand in vitro. With the proper culture conditions, hiPSCs have great potential as a replacement source for chondrogenic differentiation. However, it is challenging to change the intrinsic characteristics of hiPSCs5. Moreover, it takes several complicated in vitro steps to direct the fate of hiPSCs to a specific cell type. Despite these complications, the use of hiPSCs is still recommended due to their high self-renewal abilities and their capacity to differentiate into targeted cells, including chondrocytes6.
Chondrogenic differentiation is usually done with three-dimensional culture systems, such as the pellet culture or micromass culture, using MSC-like progenitor cells. If using hiPSCs, the protocol to generate MSC-like progenitor cells differs from the existing protocols. Some groups use monolayer culture of hiPSCs to directly convert the phenotype into MSC-like cells7. However, most studies use EBs to generate outgrowth cells that resemble MSCs8,9,10,11.
Various types of growth factors are used to induce chondrogenesis. Usually, BMP and TGF&#946; family proteins are used, alone or in combination. Differentiation has also been induced with other factors, such as GDF5, FGF2, and IGF112,13,14,15. TGF&#946;1 has been shown to stimulate chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in MSCs16. Compared to the other isotype, TGF&#946;3, TGF&#946;1 induces chondrogenesis by increasing the pre-cartilage mesenchymal cell condensation.TGF&#946;3 induces chondrogenesis by significantly increasing the mesenchymal cell proliferation17. However, TGF&#946;3 is used more frequently by researchers than TGF&#946;17,10,18,19. BMP2 enhances the expression of genes related to the chondrogenic matrix components in human articular chondrocytes under in vitro conditions20. BMP2 increases the expression of genes critical to cartilage formation in MSCs in combination with TGF&#946; proteins21. It has also been shown that BMP2 synergistically enhances the effect of TGF&#946;3 through the Smad and MAPK pathways22.
In this study, CBMC-hiPSCs were aggregated into EBs using EB medium in a low-attachment Petri dish. Outgrowth cells were induced by attaching the EBs to a gelatin-coated dish. Chondrogenic differentiation using outgrowth cells was performed by pellet culture. Treatment with both BMP2 and TGF&#946;3 successfully condensed the cells and induced extracellular matrix (ECM) protein accumulation for chondrogenic pellet formation. This study suggests a simple yet efficient chondrogenic differentiation protocol using CBMC-hiPSCs.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="653">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:653px;">Plasticware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">100mm Dish</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">93100</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">6-well Plate</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">92006</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">50 mL Cornical Tube</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">SPL</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">50050</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">15 mL Cornical Tube</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">SPL</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">50015</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">10 mL Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">7551</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">5 mL Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">7543</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">12-well Plate</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">92012</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:207px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:653px;">E8 Medium Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">DMEM/F12, HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">11330-057</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium (500 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">25080-094</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium (Conc.: 543 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">S5261</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium&#160; (Conc.: 14 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Human Transfferin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">T3705</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium (Conc.: 10.7 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Basic FGF2</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">100-18B</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium&#160; (Conc.: 100 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Human Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">12585-014</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium (Conc.: 20 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Human TGF&#946;1</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">100-21</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium (Conc.: 2 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">A8960</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">E8 Medium&#160; (Conc.: 64 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Vitronectin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">A14700</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">ROCK Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Y0503</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:207px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:653px;">Quality Control Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">18 mm Cover Glass</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Superior</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">HSU-0111580</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">4% Paraformaldyhyde</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Tech &#38; Innovation</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BPP-9004</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BIOSESANG</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">9002-93-1</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Vector Lab</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SP-5050</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-SSEA4 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MAB4304</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-Oct4 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SC9081</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-TRA-1-60 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MAB4360</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-Sox2 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">630801</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-TRA-1-81 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MAB4381</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-Klf4 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ab151733</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Molecular Probe</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">A11029</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) antibody</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Molecular Probe</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">A11037</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Molecular Probe</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">D1306</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Prolong gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">P36934</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">4% Paraformaldyhyde</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Tech &#38; Innovation</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BPP-9004</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BIOSESANG</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">T1027</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Vector Lab</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SP-5050</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Anti-Collagen II antibody</td>
			<td>abcam&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ab34712</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alcian blue</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3157-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fast Green FCF</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7252-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Safranin O</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">090m0039v</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">Nuclear fast red</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Americanmastertech</td>
			<td>STNFR100&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">xylene</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Duksan</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">115&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Duksan</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">Mayer&#39;s hematoxylin solution</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">wako pure chemical industries</td>
			<td>LAK7534</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">DAP</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">VECTOR LABORATORIES</td>
			<td>SK-4100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Slide Glass, Coated</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Hyun Il Lab-Mate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">HMA-S9914</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Trizol</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">15596-018</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">366919</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Isoprypylalcohol</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">109634</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Duksan</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">64-17-5</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:207px;">RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Thermo Scientfic</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">K1622</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:207px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:207px;">Chondrogenic Differentiation Materials</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">11885</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (500 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">Penicilin Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">P4333</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">A8960</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 64 &#956;g/mL)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:207px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">11140-050</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 100 mM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">rhBMP-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>355-BM-050</td>
			<td>Chondrogenic media component (Conc.:100ng/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Recombinant Hman TGF-beta3</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>243-B3-002</td>
			<td>Chondrogenic media component (Conc.:10ng/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10828-028</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">ITS+ Premix</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>354352</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dexamethasone-Water Soluble&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2915-100MG</td>
			<td>Chondrogenic media component (Conc.:10-7 M)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Sodium pyruvate solution</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8636</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (Conc.: 1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-Proline</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5607-25G</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chondrogenic media component (40&#956;g/ml)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chondrogenic pellet formation from cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. Currently, efforts are being made to regenerate damaged cartilage with ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the restricted viability and instability of these cells limit their application in cartilage reconstruction. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have received scientific attention as a new alternative for regenerative applications. With unlimited self-renewal ability and multipotency, hiPSCs have been highlighted as a new replacement cell source for cartilage repair. However, obtaining a high quantity of high-quality chondrogenic pellets is a major challenge to their clinical application. In this study, we used embryoid body (EB)-derived outgrowth cells for chondrogenic differentiation. Successful chondrogenesis was confirmed by PCR and staining with alcian blue, toluidine blue, and antibodies against collagen types I and II (COL1A1 and COL2A1, respectively). We provide a detailed method for the differentiation of cord blood mononuclear cell-derived iPSCs (CBMC-hiPSCs) into chondrogenic pellets.

In this study, we generated chondrogenic pellets from CBMC-hiPSCs by inducing outgrowth cells from EBs. Chondrogenic differentiation was induced using CBMC-hiPSCs with confirmed high pluripotency11. A simple scheme of our protocol is shown in Figure 1A. Before differentiation, iPSC colonies were expanded (Figure 1B). The expanded iPSCs were assembled as EBs to initiate differentiation (<strong class="xfig"...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Here, we propose a protocol for chondrogenic differentiation from cord blood mononuclear cell-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are ...

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the part of the airways that respond to air pollutants and are the first cells infected with respiratory viruses. They ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation from Blood Cells Using Sendai Virus and Centrifugation

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Pan-myeloid Differentiation of Human Cord Blood Derived CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Pan-myeloid Differentiation of Human Cord Blood Derived CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Ex vivo differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells is a widely used model for studying hematopoiesis. The protocol described here is for cytokine ...