Name: touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

우리는 기쁨 Bergmann, 띨 Ceretti, 사라 코헨, 니 나 던컨, Arron 홀, 한 나 Lefebo를 통해 그들의 행동, 마들렌 살바토레 박사 Vinay Parikh, 박사 브리트니 Yegla, 그리고 그들의 조언을 롭 콜 토 매개 변수에 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 우리는 훈련 절차에 대 한 도움말 박사 질 McGaughy를 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 이 작품 건강 그랜트 NIMH 092438의 국가 학회에 의해 지원 되었다 그리고 국립 과학 재단 부여 IOS 1552416 D.A.B.

모든 실험 했다 건강의 국가 학회 지침에 따라 실시 하 고 사원 대학 기관 동물 사용 관리 위원회에 의해 승인 했다. 이 프로토콜은 성인 개발 (~ 60 일 나이의 연구를 시작할 때) 남성과 여성의 Sprague-Dawley 쥐 (찰스 강).
 1. 터치 스크린 토에 대 한 자료 <ol><li>확인 소리 감쇠 칸막이 각 터치 스크린 챔버를 포위 하 고 챔버 장착은 집 빛, 톤 생성기, 챔버, 그리고 펠 릿 위에 위치 ...

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지속적인된 관심에 적자는 정신병에 보고, neurodevelopmental, 및 신경 퇴행 성 질환1,2,3, 하지만 최적의 교란된 주의 대에 기여 하는 프로세스는 understudied. 이것은, 부분적으로, 전문된 장비 제한의 설치류 주의 작업 쉽게 적응 하기 때문 에입니다. 그러나, 터치 스크린 챔버는 장비20,22의...

장애 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동 장애 (ADHD)에서 Alzheimer의 질병, 정신 분열 증에 이르기까지 공유 attentional 장애 기능1,2,3. 지속적인된 관심에 적자-간헐적이 고 예측할 수 없는 이벤트에 대 한 상황을 지속적으로 모니터링 하는 기능-은 특히 파괴 하기 때문에 지속적인된 관심은 선택적이 고 분할 관심 뿐만 아니라 다른 인지에 대 한 중요 한 4,5를 처리합니다. 건강 한 사람 에서도 부정적인 관심을 유지 어려움 인지를, 매일 기능6을 방해 영향을 줍니다. 따라서, 지속적인된 주의 어떻게 그것은 된다 dysregulated의 neurobiological 기초 이해 발생할 수 있습니다 개입에 많은 사람들이 도움이 될 것 이라고 인식 개선.
회로 및 분자 프로세스를 방해 관심에 대 한 적절 한을 윤곽을 그리 다, 위해 많은 연구 자들은 비 인간 동물 모델, 아닙니다 어디 관심 중 특정 세포 인구 및 분자 프로세스의 조작 작업은 가능 합니다. 노력 주의7,8,,910을 유지 하는 능력을 평가할 수 있는 작동 주의 작업의 다양 한 개발을 주도하 고 있다. McGaughy 및 Sarter (1995 년)에 의해 개발 된 한 이러한 패러다임, 지속적인된 관심 작업으로 알려져 있다 (토). 설치류 토에 훈련 비 신호 시험에서 신호 실험, 있는 빛 신호 잠시 깜박, 구분 해야 합니다. Attentional 요구 (houselight 깜박이) 시각적 선택 항목10을 도입 하 여 늘릴 수 있습니다. 토에 관심을 평가 하기 위한 중요 한 매개 변수는 잘 문서화 하 고이 작업 컷과 여성 쥐와 쥐10,,1112에서 검증 되었습니다. 버전도 토13의 변환 유틸리티를 강조 하는 인 간에 대 한 적응 되었습니다. 중요 한 것은,이 작업의 사용 도와 지속적인된 관심4기저 개 corticopetal 시스템을 내포. 핵 basalis Meynert (NBM)의에서 특히 해 신경 세포 substantia inominata (SI) 지역 프로젝트 전 두 엽 피 질 기저 개 안타, 신호 시험14에 정확한 응답을 위해 중요 하다 / 15. 반면,이 지역에서 GABAergic 신경 중재 올바른 거부 (Cr), 비 신호 실험16에 정확한 응답을 하는 동안 성능 생각 된다. 일단이 작업에 대 한 기본 회로 설립, 변조이 회로 스트레스 호르몬에서 신경 단백질에 이르기까지 관심 손상 요인 확인 된17,18되었습니다. 샨 다, 이러한 연구 토의 유틸리티를 강조 표시합니다.
실험실에서 토를 구현 한 제한은 원래 프로시저 작동 챔버 센터 패널 빛과 안타 및 CRs10에 대 한 지정 하나 두 연장 레버와 함께 작업에 대 한 영구적으로 구성 필요입니다. 신호 재판에서 라이트 패널 잠시 점등 하 고 레버를 나타내는 4 s 응답 창 확장. 그 기간 동안 지정 된 히트 레버를 누르면 다음 쥐가 받습니다 보상 (음식 또는 물). 신호 실험, 그리 워로 알려진 잘못 된 레버 프레스는 보상 하지. 재판 비 신호에서 패널 표시등이 꺼져 다음 레버 확장 됩니다. CR 보상 하는 동안 잘못 된 레버 프레스 비 신호 실험, 거짓 경보로 알려진 하지 보상을 합니다. 응답 창 동안 응답 수 있도록 실패 한 생략으로 계산 합니다. 토의 가용성을 확장, 우리는 최근에는 1 개의 벽은 둘 다 시각적 자극 및 기록 코 구멍이 응답19표시할 수 있는 터치 스크린, 터치 스크린 작동 챔버에 대 한 작업 수정. 터치 스크린 챔버 장비20의 한 조각으로 다양 한 작업 (예를 들어, 연관 학습, 반전 학습, 등짝)을 실행 하는 그들의 다양성 때문에 인기가 되고있다. 다른 터치 스크린 절차와 비슷한20,,2122, 토의 우리의 적응 마스크, 그것을 잘라 구멍 이라고는 불투명 한 플라스틱 터치 스크린 커버 사용을 해야 합니다. 중앙, 원형 구멍 뒤에, 화면에 흰색 자극을 제시 하 여 신호의 프레 젠 테이 션에 대 한 허용 하 고 두 개의 평방 응답 영역 중 하나 안타와 CRs에 대 한 지정 허용 응답19터치 있도록 쥐. 전통적인 실에서 4의 응답 창이 일반적으로 레버, 프레 젠 테이 션과 표시 됩니다 하지만 이전 연구 시연 음색 또한 응답 창23신호를 사용할 수 있습니다. 터치 스크린 토에서 우리는 유사 하 게 간단한 색조와 응답 창 신호. 다른 훈련 매개 변수 (예, 시험, intertrial 간격, 등의 수) 전통 사이 비슷한 유지 하 고 터치 스크린 토. 우리는 이전 전통 및 터치 스크린 토 버전 성능 평가 그리고 비교 했다 발견, 그 터치 스크린을 제안 토 지속적인된 관심19를 측정 하는 유효한 방법. 터치 스크린 수정 이제 터치 스크린 작동 상자에 광범위 하 게 사용 하기 위해 적용할 수 있습니다 때문에 토를 더 다양 하 게.
현재 프로토콜 세부 터치 스크린을 실행 하는 방법 실험실에서 토. 훈련 일정 작업19 는, 남성, 달리 어려움이 이전 일정24전진 여성 쥐에서 획득 시간 최적화의 우리의 이전 보고서에서 약간 변경 되었습니다. 남성 및 여성 쥐에 있는 일반적인 성능을 보여주는 결과 작업 문제 해결을 위한 팁 함께 포함 되어 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5mm wide x 92.5mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126mm wide at the Feeder, 240mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC)</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Attenuation to approximately 35dB; 38kg in weight; External dimensions: 600mm wide x 670mm tall x 352mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540mm wide x 610mm tall x 532mm deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abet II Software for Touch Screens</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>89505</td>
			<td>Version 2.19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whisker Multimedia</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80698-1</td>
			<td>Required for Abet II Touch Operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80209-45</td>
			<td>45mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80600-CAM</td>
			<td>Filtered and focused for IR light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Windows</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Windows 7-64 bit recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>88530</td>
			<td>Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td>BioServe</td>
			<td>F0165</td>
			<td>45 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Acrylic Mask</td>
			<td>Everything Plastic</td>
			<td>Custom Product</td>
			<td>Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Utility Cart</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-954-754</td>
			<td>30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Large enough to cover cages for animal transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headlights with red lights</td>
			<td>Energizer</td>
			<td>HDL33A2E</td>
			<td>LED white and red light</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats

지속적인된 관심은 시간의 연장된 기간 동안 간헐적이 고 예측할 수 없는 이벤트를 모니터링 하는 기능 이다. 이 attentional 과정 인식의 다른 측면을 subserves 그리고 정신병, 특정 neurodevelopmental에서 중단 됩니다 및 신경 퇴행 성 질환. 따라서, 임상으로 손상 하 고 지속적인된 관심을 향상 하는 메커니즘을 식별 하는 것이 중요 하다. 이러한 메커니즘은 종종 처음 설치류 모델을 사용 하 여 발견 했다. 따라서, 지속적인된 관심의 측면을 테스트 하기 위한 여러 동작 절차 설치류에 대 한 개발 되었습니다. 하나, McGaughy 및 Sarter (1995)에 의해 처음으로 설명 이라는 지속적인된 관심 작업 (토), 열차 (즉, 간단한 빛 프레 젠 테이 션) 신호와 비 신호 실험 사이 구별 하 쥐. 신호는 짧은 고 따라서 인식 될 세심 한 주의 필요로. Attentional 수요를 증가 시킬 수 있다 선택 항목 (예를 들어, 깜박이 houselight)을 도입 하 여 더. 우리는 자극 및 기록 응답 제시할 수 있습니다 1 개의 벽에 터치 스크린으로 구성 된 터치 스크린 작동 챔버에 대 한이 작업을 수정 했습니다. 여기 우리는 우리의 프로토콜 위한 터치 스크린 실에서 토 선발. 또한, 남성과 여성의 Sprague-Dawley 쥐에서 성과의 표준 측정 선물이. 남녀 모두에서이 작업에 비해 성능 특히 여성 설치류 그들의 실험 설계에 포함 하 고 더 많은 연구로 관심 연구에 대 한 그것의 사용을 강조 표시 합니다. 또한, 점점 더 인기 있는 터치 스크린 챔버에 대 한 토의 쉬운 구현 자사의 유틸리티를 증가합니다.

대부분 주의 연구, 쥐 토 기준에 훈련 하 고 조작을 방해 하거나 주의 개선 하는 수행 하는 다음. 수집 데이터는 일반적으로 제시 하지, 하지만 우리가 그렇게 여기 남성과 여성의 Sprague-Dawley 쥐에 수집의 속도 설명 하기 위해. 이 위해, 우리는 토 (코 찌 르 지 단계에 시작)에 기준에 도달 하는 일의 평균 수 정량. 몇 쥐 만든 적 그것 기준 (n = 5 남성, 그리고 n = 1 여성). 남성 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

터치 스크린 지속 주의 작업 (토) 쥐에 대 한

지속적인된 관심, 또는 지속적으로 모니터링 및 예측할 수 없는 간헐적인 이벤트에 대 한 상황 인식의 중요 한 측면 이다. 여기 우리는 터치 스크린 작동 챔버를 사용 하 여 쥐에 지속적인된 관심을 테스트 하는 방법 선발. 이 작업을 남녀 모두에서 주의 공부 하는 데 유용 하 남성 및 여성 쥐에 비해 성능을 설명 합니다.

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

The overall goal of this behavioral task with touchscreen operant chambers is to measure the sustained attention capacity of rats. This method can help uncover the neuro biological mechanisms critical for appropriate sustained attention which is the monitoring of intermittent and unpredictable events over time. The main advantage of this technique is that we have adapted a well validated rodent sustained attention task to the touchscreen operant chamber.An apparatus of growing popularity with programmability to many cognitive tasks. The applications of this technique extend toward the study of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by disrupted attention. Therapies for which, can be tested using the method presented here.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle with setting up a system to ensure that the rats are being accurately tracked and that the data is being properly recorded. For this experiment, touchscreen chambers must be prepared within sound attenuation cubicles. Equip the chambers with the house light, a tone generator, a camera positioned above, a touchscreen and a pellet dispenser with the feeder reward area.The feeder reward area can be illuminated. Before loading the 45 milligram reward pellets, shake the dust off them using a flour sifter. This dust can clog the feeder.If the rats are outfitted with a head implant, use a feeder with a large aperture. Feed each chamber with a black acrylic mask to limit the response areas on the touchscreen. Leave a central circular hole for the light stimulus and two square response holes below the central hole positioned center.While in use, operate the chamber in a sound attenuation cubicle. This completes the chamber preparations. The text protocol describes how to set the perimeters for the experiment.For this experiment, rats can be housed individually or in groups. Prior to starting a study, handle the rats daily for five minutes per day, for five straight days. Always wear personal protective gear.Start the food restriction three days before starting the behavior shaping. On the first day, record each rats free-feeding weight and calculate their target weight which is 85%of the free-feeding weight. Prior to shaping, pre-expose the rats to 15 food reward pellets in their home cage.After the initial food restriction, adjust the food intake to maintain the target weight, allowing for slight weight gain over time. Prior to starting a new schedule, food restrict the rats a little more than usual, to increase their motivation. On days that rats do not perform the task, increase their food by at least one gram to compensate for not receiving pellet rewards.After each session, wait at least 30 minutes before providing food, to avoid making an association between the testing succession and their feeding time. If the rats are group housed, feed them separately for an hour before regrouping them. In preparation, power up the equipment.Ensure that the pellet dispensers are filled with pellets and ensure that the mask is in position in front of the touchscreen. Then, check the function of each box. Test the pellet dispenser, the screen, the lights and the tone generator.Testing the function of the chambers at the beginning of each day is critical because any one small malfunction can confuse the animals and prevent them from learning the task or performing at a normal level. Next, review the schedule for loading the boxes. Pay close attention to the test group and input the relevant information regarding animal ID, sex, experimental condition, user initials and other notes.With all the preparations made, retrieve the subjects. Generally, test the rats at least 30 minutes into their dark cycle. To work with the rats in the dark, use head mounted red lights.When transporting the rats during the dark cycle, cover their cages with black towels. Once in the behavior room, load the rats into their appropriate box and start the session for the sustained attention task. In the sustained attention task, rats are trained to distinguish signal trials from non-signal trials.Signal trials include a variable duration light flash followed by an audible tone and a four second response window. During the four seconds, if the rat then posed the correct area on the screen. In this case, it is the right response area, the rat is rewarded with a food pellet and this is called, a hit.If the rat pokes the other response area, this is considered a miss and the rat is not rewarded. A non-signal trial does not include the light and the rat must poke a different part of the screen to indicate that no signal was detected to earn a reward. A correct response on a non-signal trial is called, a correct rejection.If the rat pokes the other response area on a non-signal trial, this is considered a false alarm and is not rewarded. The correct response areas for signal and non-signal trials should be counter-balanced between subjects. For signal and non-signal trials, a failure to make any response during the response window counts as a, no mission and is not rewarded.There is also a distracter version of the sustained attention task, where the house light flashes during the second of three blocks of trials. After starting a session, monitor the rats during the first several minutes, to ensure that everything is functioning properly. Then, check their performance intermittently.Once a session is complete, record the summary data and any issues in the notebook. Between trials, wipe down each chamber with 10%ethanol and replace the bedding. After running all the trials for the day, thoroughly clean the chambers with 10%ethanol, making sure the floor grid is as clean as possible.Then, replace the bedding. After every session, it is a good idea to fully update the spreadsheets and back them up to a separate server. The median number of days to reach criteria on SAT was 54.5 days for male rats and 62 days for female rats with no significant difference.Performance measures on the SAT task showed that based on the percentages of hits and correct rejections, males and females were similarly accurate on the signaled and non-signaled trials. An overall measure of intentional performance, the vigilance index or VI, showed similar measures between the sexes as well. Nor were there sex differences in the low percentages of omissions recorded.During the tasks, the visual signal varied between 500, 50 and 25 milliseconds and performance declined with the shorter signals. There was no main effect based on sex. To increase attentional demands, the house light was flashed as a distracter during the second of the three trial blocks, in one subset of rats.As expected, there was a main effect for the trial block. With performance declining in block two and recovering in block three. Unexpectedly, females performed significantly worse than males.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to keep track of each individual animal's performance and adjust feeding as necessary to ensure that they have acquired the task as quickly as possible. Don't forget, that when working with rodents, protocol should first be approved by IACUC and personal protective equipment should always be worn.

touchscreen-sustained-attention-task-sat-for-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

인간의 전두엽 피질에서 fMRI 신호에 행동 응답을 연관 : 작업 분석을 사용하여인지 과정을 검토

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

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신경과학

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

쥐에서 자당의 갈망의 보육을 평가하기위한 일반적인 방법

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

동시 멕 / EEG와 해부학적인 몸의 구조 제약 최소 - 표준 견적을 사용하여 매핑 두피 역학 : 청각주의 예

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

플랭커 태스크를 이용한 동시 전류 뇌파 및 기능적 근적외선 분광 기록 수행

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

이벤트 관련 잠재력 (ERPs) 및 뇌 기능 장애의 바이오 마커를 추출 하기위한 다른 EEG 기반 방법: 소아 주의력 결핍/과잉 행동 장애에서 예 (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

쥐에서 만성 이식을 위한 말초 신경 자극 전극의 준비

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack of evidence examining how task conditions impact trunk compensation and goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. This protocol aims to investigate the impact of task conditions, including task difficulty and complexity, on goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. Two non-disabled young adults and two chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment were recruited for testing the protocol. Each participant performed goal-directed arm reaches with four different task conditions (2 task difficulties [large vs. small targets] X 2 task complexities [pointing vs. picking up]). The task goal was to reach and point at a target or pick up an object located 20 cm in front of the home position as quickly as possible with a stylus or a pair of chopsticks, respectively, in response to an auditory cue. Participants performed ten reaches per task condition. A 3-dimensional motion capture camera system was used to record trunk and arm kinematics. Representative results showed that there was a significant increase in movement duration, movement jerkiness, and trunk compensation as a function of task complexity, but not task difficulty in all participants. Chronic stroke survivors showed significantly slower, jerkier, and more feedback-dependent arm reaches and significantly more compensatory trunk movements than non-disabled adults. Our representative results support that this protocol can be used to investigate the impact of task conditions on motor control strategies in chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment.

This protocol is intended to investigate the impact of task conditions on movement strategies in chronic stroke survivors. Further, this protocol can be used to examine if a restriction in elbow extension induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation causes trunk compensation during goal-directed arm reaches in non-disabled adults.

만성 뇌졸중 생존자의 운동학 및 트렁크 보상에 도달하는 목표 지향 팔에 대한 모터 작업 조건의 영향

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack ...

Head Implants for the Neuroimaging of Awake, Head-Fixed Rats

Anesthetics, commonly used in preclinical and fundamental scientific research, have a depressive influence on the metabolic, neuronal, and vascular functions of the brain and can adversely influence neurophysiological results. The use of awake animals for research studies is advantageous but poses the major challenge of keeping the animals calm and stationary to minimize motion artifacts throughout data acquisition. Awake imaging in smaller-sized rodents (e.g., mice) is very common but remains scant in rats as rats are bigger, stronger, and have a greater tendency to oppose movement restraints and head fixation over the long durations required for imaging. A new model of neuroimaging of awake, head-fixed rats using customized hand-sewn slings, 3D-printed head implants, head caps, and a headframe is described. The results acquired following a single trial of single-whisker stimulation suggest an increase in the intensity of the evoked functional response. The acquisition of the evoked functional response from awake, head-fixed rats is faster than that from anesthetized rats, reliable, reproducible, and can be used for repeated longitudinal studies.

A detailed new procedure for functional imaging of awake, head-fixed rats is described.

깨어 있는 머리 고정 쥐의 신경 영상을 위한 머리 임플란트

Anesthetics, commonly used in preclinical and fundamental scientific research, have a depressive influence on the metabolic, neuronal, and vascular ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

고기능 뇌졸중 환자의 인지 결함을 감지하기 위한 이중 작업 스트룹 패러다임

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task ...

Surgery and Behavioral Testing in the Tibial Neuroma Transposition Model in Rats

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia at the plantar surface of the hind paw innervated by the intact sural nerve. This TNT model is suitable to test therapies for neuroma pain, such as the potential superiority of certain surgical therapies that are already used in the clinic, or to evaluate new drugs and their effect on both pain modalities in the same animal. In this model, a distal lesion (neurotmesis) is made in the tibial nerve, and the proximal nerve end is transposed and fixed subcutaneously and pretibially to enable assessments of the neuroma site with a 15 g Von Frey monofilament. To assess allodynia over the sural nerve, Von Frey monofilaments can be used via the up-down method on the plantar lateral region of the hind paw. After cutting the tibial nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity develops at the neuroma site within 1 week after surgery and persists at least until 12 weeks after surgery. Allodynia at the sural innervated plantar surface develops within 3 weeks after surgery compared to the contralateral limb. At 12 weeks, a neuroma forms on the proximal end of the severed tibial nerve, indicated by dispersion and swirling of axons. For the TNT model surgery, multiple critical (micro)surgical steps need to be followed, and some surgery practice under terminal anesthesia is advised. Compared to other neuropathic pain models, such as the spared nerve injury model, allodynia over the neuroma site can be independently tested from sural nerve hypersensitivity in the TNT model. However, the neuroma site can be tested only in rats, not in mice. The tips and directions provided in this protocol can help research groups working on pain successfully implement the TNT model in their facility.

This protocol describes the tibial neuroma transposition model, which entails a lesion of the tibial nerve with subsequent transposition of the proximal nerve end toward a subcutaneous pretibial or lateral position. Behavioral testing of neuroma pain and plantar hyperalgesia is quantified using Von Frey monofilaments.

쥐의 경골 신경종 전위 모델의 수술 및 행동 테스트

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia ...