Name: preparation of peripheral nerve stimulation electrodes for chronic implantation in rats
Uploaded: 2020-07-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the University of Texas at Dallas and the UT Board of Regents. We thank Solomon Golding, Bilaal Hassan, Marghi Jani, and Ching-Tzu Tseng for technical assistance.

All procedures described in this protocol are carried out in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The University of Texas at Dallas.
1. Stimulating cuff electrode fabrication
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	<li>Prepare the cuff tubing.
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		<li>Using a razor blade, cut a piece of polymer tubing 2.5 mm in length. Insert forceps tips or a paper clip through the tubing and use the blade to make a slit lengthwis...

<ol>
	<li>Koopman, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+inhibits+cytokine+production+and+attenuates+disease+severity+in+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. , (2016).</li><li>Levine, Y. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurostimulation+of+the+cholinergic+anti-inflammatory+pathway+ameliorates+disease+in+rat+collagen-induced+arthritis.">Neurostimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ameliorates disease in rat collagen-induced arthritis.</a> PLoS One. , (2014).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+vagus+nerve+stimulation+improves+autonomic+control+and+attenuates+systemic+inflammation+and+heart+failure+progression+in+a+canine+high-rate+pacing+model.">Chronic vagus nerve stimulation improves autonomic control and attenuates systemic inflammation and heart failure progression in a canine high-rate pacing model.</a> Circulation: Heart Failure. , (2009).</li><li>Ganzer, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-loop+neuromodulation+restores+network+connectivity+and+motor+control+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Closed-loop neuromodulation restores network connectivity and motor control after spinal cord injury.</a> Elife. , (2018).</li><li>Hays, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+during+rehabilitative+training+enhances+recovery+of+forelimb+function+after+ischemic+stroke+in+aged+rats.">Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training enhances recovery of forelimb function after ischemic stroke in aged rats.</a> Neurobiology of Aging. , (2016).</li><li>Khodaparast, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+delivered+during+motor+rehabilitation+improves+recovery+in+a+rat+model+of+stroke.">Vagus nerve stimulation delivered during motor rehabilitation improves recovery in a rat model of stroke.</a> Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. , (2014).</li><li>Meyers, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+enhances+stable+plasticity+and+generalization+of+stroke+recovery.">Vagus nerve stimulation enhances stable plasticity and generalization of stroke recovery.</a> Stroke. , (2018).</li><li>Hays, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+during+rehabilitative+training+improves+functional+recovery+after+intracerebral+hemorrhage.">Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage.</a> Stroke. , (2014).</li><li>Farrand, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+improves+locomotion+and+neuronal+populations+in+a+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Vagus nerve stimulation improves locomotion and neuronal populations in a model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Brain Stimulationation. , (2017).</li><li>Souza, R. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+reverses+the+extinction+impairments+in+a+model+of+PTSD+with+prolonged+and+repeated+trauma.">Vagus nerve stimulation reverses the extinction impairments in a model of PTSD with prolonged and repeated trauma.</a> Stress. , (2019).</li><li>Noble, L. J., Souza, R. R., McIntyre, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+as+a+tool+for+enhancing+extinction+in+exposure-based+therapies.">Vagus nerve stimulation as a tool for enhancing extinction in exposure-based therapies.</a> Psychopharmacology. , (2019).</li><li>Childs, J. E., Kim, S., Driskill, C. M., Hsiu, E., Kroener, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+during+extinction+learning+reduces+conditioned+place+preference+and+context-induced+reinstatement+of+cocaine+seeking.">Vagus nerve stimulation during extinction learning reduces conditioned place preference and context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking.</a> Brain Stimulationation. , (2019).</li><li>Pe&#241;a, D. F., Engineer, N. D., McIntyre, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+remission+of+conditioned+fear+expression+with+extinction+training+paired+with+vagus+nerve+stimulation.">Rapid remission of conditioned fear expression with extinction training paired with vagus nerve stimulation.</a> Biological Psychiatry. , (2013).</li><li>Childs, J. E., DeLeon, J., Nickel, E., Kroener, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagus+nerve+stimulation+reduces+cocaine+seeking+and+alters+plasticity+in+the+extinction+network.">Vagus nerve stimulation reduces cocaine seeking and alters plasticity in the extinction network.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. , (2017).</li><li>Engineer, C. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+plasticity+in+auditory+cortex+improves+neural+discrimination+of+speech+sounds.">Temporal plasticity in auditory cortex improves neural discrimination of speech sounds.</a> Brain Stimulationation. , (2017).</li><li>Rios, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+Construction+of+Rat+Nerve+Stimulation+Cuff+Electrodes.">Protocol for Construction of Rat Nerve Stimulation Cuff Electrodes.</a> Methods Protoc. , (2019).</li><li>Childs, J. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Norepinephrine+and+serotonin+are+required+for+vagus+nerve+stimulation+directed+cortical+plasticity.">Norepinephrine and serotonin are required for vagus nerve stimulation directed cortical plasticity.</a> Exp. Neurol. , (2019).</li><li>Hulsey, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reorganization+of+Motor+Cortex+by+Vagus+Nerve+Stimulation+Requires+Cholinergic+Innervation.">Reorganization of Motor Cortex by Vagus Nerve Stimulation Requires Cholinergic Innervation.</a> Brain Stimulation. 9, 174-181 (2016).</li><li>Bouverot, P., Crance, J. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+a+Self-Curling+Cuff+with+a+Soft,+Ionically+Conducting+Neural+Interface.">Fabrication of a Self-Curling Cuff with a Soft, Ionically Conducting Neural Interface.</a> Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. , (2019).</li><li>Bucksot, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flat+electrode+contacts+for+vagus+nerve+stimulation.">Flat electrode contacts for vagus nerve stimulation.</a> PLoS One. 14, (2019).</li><li>El Tahry, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+assessment+of+larynx+compound+muscle+action+potentials+using+a+self-sizing+cuff+electrode+around+the+vagus+nerve+in+experimental+rats.">Repeated assessment of larynx compound muscle action potentials using a self-sizing cuff electrode around the vagus nerve in experimental rats.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. , (2011).</li><li>Bonaz, B., Sinniger, V., Pellissier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-inflammatory+properties+of+the+vagus+nerve:+potential+therapeutic+implications+of+vagus+nerve+stimulation.">Anti-inflammatory properties of the vagus nerve: potential therapeutic implications of vagus nerve stimulation.</a> Journal of Physiology. , (2016).</li></ol>

Here we describe a simple, low-cost approach for assembly of chronically implantable stimulating cuff electrodes for use in rodents, facilitating preclinical investigations of this emerging therapy. This simplified method requires no specialized training or equipment, and uses a small number of tools and supplies that are easily accessible to most research labs, reducing both the monetary and labor costs of device manufacture compared to other approaches16,26<sup...

Recently, the demand for chronically implantable cuff electrodes for stimulation of peripheral nerves has grown, as studies increasingly demonstrate the preclinical usefulness of this technique for the treatment of numerous inflammatory diseases1,2,3 and neurological disorders4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. Chronic VNS, for example, has been shown to enhance neocortical plasticity in a variety of learning contexts, improving motor rehabilitation4,5,6,7,8, extinction learning10,11,12,13,14, and sensory discrimination15. Commercially available peripheral nerve cuff electrodes are often associated with extended times for order fulfillment and relatively high costs, which can limit their accessibility. Alternatively, protocols for &#8220;in-house&#8221; fabrication of chronically implantable cuff electrodes remain limited, and rodent anatomy presents particular challenges due to their small size. Current protocols for constructing cuff electrodes for chronic rodent experiments often require the use of complex equipment and techniques, as well as extensively trained personnel. In this protocol, we demonstrate a simplified approach to cuff electrode fabrication based on previously published and widely used methods16,17. We validate the functionality of our chronically implanted electrodes in rats by demonstrating that, at the time of cuff implantation around the left cervical vagus nerve, stimulation applied to the cuff electrodes successfully produced a cessation of breathing and drop in SpO2. Stimulation of afferent pulmonary receptor vagal fibers is known to engage the Hering-Breuer reflex, in which the inhibition of several respiratory nuclei in the brainstem results in the suppression inspiration18. Thus, cessation of breathing consistent with the Hering-Breuer reflex, and the resulting drop in SpO2, provide a straightforward test for proper electrode implantation and cuff function in anesthetized rats. To validate the long-term functionality of chronically implanted cuff electrodes, reflex responses were measured at the time of implantation and compared to the responses obtained in the same animals six weeks after implantation. A second group of rats was implanted with VNS cuff electrodes after behavioral training on a lever pressing task. In these rats, VNS paired with correct task performance produced reorganization of the cortical motor map, consistent with previously published studies19,20,21,22. At the time of motor cortical mapping under anesthesia, which occurred 5&#8211;10 weeks after device implantation, we further validated cuff function in VNS-treated animals by confirming that VNS successfully induced a cessation of breathing and a greater than 5% drop in SpO2.
The recently published protocols from Childs et al.17 and Rios et al.16 provide a well-validated starting point for a simplified cuff electrode fabrication approach, as this popular method has been utilized by multiple labs conducting chronic VNS studies in rodents1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. The original method involves several high-precision steps for manipulating the fine microwires such that cuff electrode fabrication takes over an hour to complete, and extensive training to perform reliably. The simplified approach described here requires significantly fewer materials and tools and can be completed in under one hour by minimally trained personnel.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:441px;">Biocompatible polyurethane-based polymer tubing, 0.080&#34; OD x 0.040&#34; ID</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">MRE080 36 FT</td>
			<td style="width:542px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">AM Scopes</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#SM-6T-FRL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine Serrated Scissors, straight, 22mm cutting edge</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#14058-09</td>
			<td>for cutting Pt/Ir wire and suture thread</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps, #5 Dumont forceps, straight, 11 cm, 0.1 x 0.06 mm tip</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#11626-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps, ceramic tipped forceps, 0.3 mm x 30 mm tips</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#78127-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gold Pins, PCB Press Fit Socket</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Mill-Max</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#1001-0-15-15-30-27-04-0</td>
			<td>or similar small pins for connecting cuff leads to headcap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isobutane lighter</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">BIC</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#LCP21-AST</td>
			<td>for de-insulating Pt/Ir wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Micro strip connector with latch, 4-pin</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Omnetics</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">A24002-004 / PS1-04-SS-LT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette tip, 10 uL</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">VWR</td>
			<td>89079-464</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum-Iridium (90/10%) Wire, 0.001&#34; (diameter) x 9 strands, PTFE insulated</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Sigmund Cohn</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">10IR9/49T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor Blade, Single Edge, Surgical Carbon Steel No.9</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#55411-050</td>
			<td>for cutting MicroRenathane tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sewing needle, ca. 4.0 cm length x 0.7 mm diameter (size 6-7)</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Singer</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">00276</td>
			<td>Smaller needle for threading Pt/Ir wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sewing needle, ca. 4.5 cm length x 0.8 mm diameter (size 2-3)</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Singer</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">00276</td>
			<td>Larger needle for pinning cuff during assembly and for threading suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small foam board</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Juvo+/Amazon</td>
			<td>B07C9637SJ</td>
			<td>for fabrication platform; our dimensions are ca. 2.5&#34; x 3.5&#34; x 1&#34; (L x W x H)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solder, multicore lead-free, 0.38mm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Loctite/Multicore</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#796037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Soldering station</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Weller</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">WES51</td>
			<td>or similar soldering iron compatible with long conical tips (this part has been discontinued)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Soldering tip, long conical, 0.01&#34; / 0.4 mm</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Weller</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">1UNF8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Suture, nonabsorbable braided silk ,size 6/0</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Fine Science tools</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#18020-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV (405 nm) spot light</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Henkel/Loctite</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">#2182207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV Light Cure Adhesive 25 ml</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Henkel/Loctite</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">AA 3106</td>
			<td>or similar biocompatible UV cure adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wire wrapping wire, 30 AWG</td>
			<td style="width:178px;">Digikey</td>
			<td style="width:174px;">K396-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of peripheral nerve stimulation electrodes for chronic implantation in rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Vagus nerve cuff electrodes and headcaps were chronically implanted in rats according to previously published surgical procedures17,19,20,21,22. Prior to implantation, impedance at 1 kHz was measured across the cuff leads with the cuff tubing submerged in saline (impedance = 1.2 &#177; 0.17 k&#937; [mean &#177; std]; N = 9). Only cuffs with impedances less tha...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats at JoVE.com

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...

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Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Local interneurons are continuously regenerated in the olfactory bulb of adult rodents1-3. In this process, called adult neurogenesis, neural stem cells ...

Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery.  Here we provide useful information for ...

Fiber-optic Implantation for Chronic Optogenetic Stimulation of Brain Tissue

Elucidating patterns of neuronal connectivity has been a challenge for both clinical and basic neuroscience. Electrophysiology has been the gold standard ...

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted ...

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used and effective therapy for several neurologic disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson&#8217;s disease, ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Implantation of Chronic Silicon Probes and Recording of Hippocampal Place Cells in an Enriched Treadmill Apparatus

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

Toluidine Blue Staining of Resin-Embedded Sections for Evaluation of Peripheral Nerve Morphology

Peripheral nerves extend throughout the body, innervating target tissues with motor or sensory axons. Due to widespread distribution, peripheral nerves ...