Name: mapping genome-wide accessible chromatin in primary human t lymphocytes by atac-seq
Uploaded: 2017-11-13T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping Genome-wide Accessible Chromatin in Primary Human T Lymphocytes by ATAC-Seq at JoVE.com

This work is supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant 748/14), Marie Curie Integration grant (CIG)- FP7-PEOPLE-20013-CIG-618763 and I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and The Israel Science Foundation grant no. 41/11.

All the procedures were approved by institutional review board of Bar Ilan University and the protocol follows guidelines provided by the committee approving the experiments.
1. Purification of Na&#239;ve Human CD4+ Cells and Polarization to T Helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 Cells
Note: Here we describe the procedure starting from frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The first step consists of isolating CD4+ cells using microbeads and columns that usually g...

<ol>
	<li>Buenrostro, J. D., Giresi, P. G., Zaba, L. C., Chang, H. Y., Greenleaf, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transposition+of+native+chromatin+for+fast+and+sensitive+epigenomic+profiling+of+open+chromatin,+DNA-binding+proteins+and+nucleosome+position.">Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position.</a> Nat Methods. 10 (12), 1213-1218 (2013).</li><li>Buenrostro, J. D., Wu, B., Chang, H. Y., Greenleaf, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATAC-seq:+A+method+for+assaying+chromatin+accessibility+genome-wide.">ATAC-seq: A method for assaying chromatin accessibility genome-wide.</a> Curr Protoc Mol Biol. , 21.29.1-21.29.9 (2015).</li><li>Thurman, R. E., Rynes, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+accessible+chromatin+landscape+of+the+human+genome.">The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome.</a> Nature. 489 (7414), 75-82 (2012).</li><li>Song, L., Crawford, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNase-seq:+a+high-resolution+technique+for+mapping+active+gene+regulatory+elements+across+the+genome+from+mammalian+cells.">DNase-seq: a high-resolution technique for mapping active gene regulatory elements across the genome from mammalian cells.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. (2), (2010).</li><li>Simon, J. M., Giresi, P. G., Davis, I. J., Lieb, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+formaldehyde-assisted+isolation+of+regulatory+elements+(FAIRE)+to+isolate+active+regulatory+DNA.">Using formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) to isolate active regulatory DNA.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (2), 256-267 (2012).</li><li>Cui, K., Zhao, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-Wide+Approaches+to+Determining+Nucleosome+Occupancy+in+Metazoans+Using+MNase-Seq.">Genome-Wide Approaches to Determining Nucleosome Occupancy in Metazoans Using MNase-Seq.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 833, 413-419 (2012).</li><li>Qu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individuality+and+Variation+of+Personal+Regulomes+in+Primary+Human+T+Cells.">Individuality and Variation of Personal Regulomes in Primary Human T Cells.</a> Cell Syst. 1 (1), 51-61 (2015).</li><li>Scharer, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATAC-seq+on+biobanked+specimens+defines+a+unique+chromatin+accessibility+structure+in+na&#239;ve+SLE+B+cells.">ATAC-seq on biobanked specimens defines a unique chromatin accessibility structure in na&#239;ve SLE B cells.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 27030 (2016).</li><li>Seb&#233;-Pedr&#243;s, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Dynamic+Regulatory+Genome+of+Capsaspora+and+the+Origin+of+Animal+Multicellularity.">The Dynamic Regulatory Genome of Capsaspora and the Origin of Animal Multicellularity.</a> Cell. 165 (5), 1224-1237 (2016).</li><li>Lu, Z., Hofmeister, B. T., Vollmers, C., DuBois, R. M., Schmitz, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+ATAC-seq+with+nuclei+sorting+for+discovery+of+cis-regulatory+regions+in+plant+genomes.">Combining ATAC-seq with nuclei sorting for discovery of cis-regulatory regions in plant genomes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (6), e41 (2016).</li><li>Davie, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+Transcription+Factors+and+Regulatory+Regions+Driving+In+Vivo+Tumor+Development+by+ATAC-seq+and+FAIRE-seq+Open+Chromatin+Profiling.">Discovery of Transcription Factors and Regulatory Regions Driving In Vivo Tumor Development by ATAC-seq and FAIRE-seq Open Chromatin Profiling.</a> PLOS Genet. 11 (2), (2015).</li><li>Villar, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancer+Evolution+across+20+Mammalian+Species.">Enhancer Evolution across 20 Mammalian Species.</a> Cell. 160 (3), 554-566 (2015).</li><li>Lara-Astiaso, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+state+dynamics+during+blood+formation.">Chromatin state dynamics during blood formation.</a> Science. 345 (6199), 943-949 (2014).</li><li>Prescott, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancer+Divergence+and+cis-Regulatory+Evolution+in+the+Human+and+Chimp+Neural+Crest.">Enhancer Divergence and cis-Regulatory Evolution in the Human and Chimp Neural Crest.</a> Cell. 163 (1), 68-83 (2015).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+landscape+of+accessible+chromatin+in+mammalian+preimplantation+embryos.">The landscape of accessible chromatin in mammalian preimplantation embryos.</a> Nature. 534 (7609), 652-657 (2016).</li><li>Buenrostro, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+chromatin+accessibility+reveals+principles+of+regulatory+variation.">Single-cell chromatin accessibility reveals principles of regulatory variation.</a> Nature. 523 (7561), 486-490 (2015).</li><li>Corces, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage-specific+and+single-cell+chromatin+accessibility+charts+human+hematopoiesis+and+leukemia+evolution.">Lineage-specific and single-cell chromatin accessibility charts human hematopoiesis and leukemia evolution.</a> Nat Genet. 48 (10), 1193-1203 (2016).</li><li>Jenner, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factors+T-bet+and+GATA-3+control+alternative+pathways+of+T-cell+differentiation+through+a+shared+set+of+target+genes.">The transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 control alternative pathways of T-cell differentiation through a shared set of target genes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (42), 17876-17881 (2009).</li><li>DeAngelis, M. M., Wang, D. G., Hawkins, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solid-phase+reversible+immobilization+for+the+isolation+of+PCR+products.">Solid-phase reversible immobilization for the isolation of PCR products.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (22), 4742-4743 (1995).</li><li>Aird, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analyzing+and+minimizing+PCR+amplification+bias+in+Illumina+sequencing+libraries.">Analyzing and minimizing PCR amplification bias in Illumina sequencing libraries.</a> Genome Biol. 12 (2), R18 (2011).</li><li>Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+and+memory-efficient+alignment+of+short+DNA+sequences+to+the+human+genome.">Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.</a> Genome Biol. 10 (3), R25 (2009).</li><li>Li, H., Handsaker, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sequence+Alignment/Map+format+and+SAMtools.">The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.</a> Bioinformatics. 25 (16), 2078-2079 (2009).</li><li>Quinlan, A. R., Hall, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BEDTools:+a+flexible+suite+of+utilities+for+comparing+genomic+features.">BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features.</a> Bioinformatics. 26 (6), 841-842 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model-based+Analysis+of+ChIP-Seq+(MACS).">Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS).</a> Genome Biol. 9 (9), R137 (2008).</li><li>Meyer, C. A., Shirley Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+and+mitigating+bias+in+next-generation+sequencing+methods+for+chromatin+biology.">Identifying and mitigating bias in next-generation sequencing methods for chromatin biology.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 15 (11), 709-721 (2014).</li><li>He, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refined+DNase-seq+protocol+and+data+analysis+reveals+intrinsic+bias+in+transcription+factor+footprint+identification.">Refined DNase-seq protocol and data analysis reveals intrinsic bias in transcription factor footprint identification.</a> Nat Methods. 11 (1), 73-78 (2013).</li><li>Madrigal, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+Accounting+for+Sequence-Specific+Bias+in+Genome-Wide+Chromatin+Accessibility+Experiments:+Recent+Advances+and+Contradictions.">On Accounting for Sequence-Specific Bias in Genome-Wide Chromatin Accessibility Experiments: Recent Advances and Contradictions.</a> Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 3, 1-4 (2015).</li><li>Qin, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChiLin:+a+comprehensive+ChIP-seq+and+DNase-seq+quality+control+and+analysis+pipeline.">ChiLin: a comprehensive ChIP-seq and DNase-seq quality control and analysis pipeline.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 17 (1), (2016).</li><li>Bao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+ATAC-seq+approach+reveals+lineage-specific+reinforcement+of+the+open+chromatin+landscape+via+cooperation+between+BAF+and+p63.">A novel ATAC-seq approach reveals lineage-specific reinforcement of the open chromatin landscape via cooperation between BAF and p63.</a> Genome Biol. 16 (1), 284 (2015).</li><li>Maurano, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+localization+of+common+disease-associated+variation+in+regulatory+DNA.">Systematic localization of common disease-associated variation in regulatory DNA.</a> Science. 337 (6099), 1190-1195 (2012).</li></ol>

The ATAC-seq protocol described here has been successfully employed for the analysis of accessible chromatin in primary cells (human Th1, Th2 cells, and B cells) as well as the cultured cell lines (MCF10A human breast cancer cells and U261 glioblastoma cells). Applying ATAC-seq to other cell types may require some protocol optimization, especially in the lysis step. If the concentration of non-ionic detergent is too high, there may be a higher percentage of mitochondrial DNA contamination. This can be reduced by decreasi...

ATAC-seq1,2 is a robust method that enables identification of regulatory3 open chromatin regions and nucleosome positioning. This information is applied for inferring the location, identity, and activity of transcription factors. The method&#39;s sensitivity for measuring quantitative variations in chromatin structure allows the study of the activity of chromatin factors, including chromatin remodelers and modifiers, as well as the transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase II1. Thus ATAC-seq provides a powerful and unbiased approach for deciphering mechanisms that govern transcriptional regulation in any cell type of interest. We describe the adaptation of ATAC-seq to primary human Th1 and Th2 cells.
In ATAC-seq, hyperactive Tn5 transposase loaded with adaptors for next-generation sequencing (NGS) couples DNA fragmentation with tagging of DNA with adaptors (i.e., the &#34;tagmentation&#34; process)1. Following PCR amplification, the resulting DNA libraries are ready for next-generation sequencing (Figure 1). The preferential tagmentation of accessible chromatin is detected by the analysis of local enrichment of ATAC-seq sequencing reads.
The short experimental procedure and requirement for less starting material, relative to other methods for measuring chromatin accessibility and nucleosomal positioning such as DNase-seq4, FAIRE-seq5, and MNase-seq6, has promoted the use of ATAC-seq in multiple biological systems including human primary cells1,7 and clinical samples8, as well as unicellular organisms9, plants10, fruit flies11, and various mammals12.
The identity of transcription factors which are bound to accessible loci can be uncovered by analyzing the enrichment of their binding sequence motifs or combining ATAC-seq with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). This approach enabled the identification of lineage-specific transcription factors important for hematopoiesis in mouse13. The unbiased and global nature of ATAC-seq allows studying gene regulation in organisms for which reagents such as antibodies for ChIP analysis are not available. For example, evolutionary variations in cis-regulatory regions have been identified by studying cranial neural crest cells from humans and chimpanzees14, developmental variations in regulatory elements during early mouse embryogenesis15, changes in the regulatory landscape during a life cycle of unicellular C. owzarzaki9, and the evolution of promoters and enhancers across 20 mammal species12.
ATAC-seq has also been instrumental for measuring chromatin accessibility in single cells, thus revealing variability within cell populations, which usually evades genome-wide studies7,16. In addition, ATAC-seq can be used to study changes that occur in DNA regulatory regions in disease conditions, in which samples are rare. For example, ATAC-seq can be used to study changes in the regulatory landscape during the onset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)17 or Ras-driven oncogenesis11.

mapping genome-wide accessible chromatin in primary human t lymphocytes by atac-seq

Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is a method used for the identification of open (accessible) regions of chromatin. These regions represent regulatory DNA elements (e.g., promoters, enhancers, locus control regions, insulators) to which transcription factors bind. Mapping the accessible chromatin landscape is a powerful approach for uncovering active regulatory elements across the genome. This information serves as an unbiased approach for discovering the network of relevant transcription factors and mechanisms of chromatin structure that govern gene expression programs. ATAC-seq is a robust and sensitive alternative to DNase I hypersensitivity analysis coupled with next-generation sequencing (DNase-seq) and formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE-seq) for genome-wide analysis of chromatin accessibility and to the sequencing of micrococcal nuclease-sensitive sites (MNase-seq) to determine nucleosome positioning. We present a detailed ATAC-seq protocol optimized for human primary immune cells i.e. CD4+ lymphocytes (T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells). This comprehensive protocol begins with cell harvest, then describes the molecular procedure of chromatin tagmentation, sample preparation for next-generation sequencing, and also includes methods and considerations for the computational analyses used to interpret the results. Moreover, to save time and money, we introduced quality control measures to assess the ATAC-seq library prior to sequencing. Importantly, the principles presented in this protocol allow its adaptation to other human immune and non-immune primary cells and cell lines. These guidelines will also be useful for laboratories which are not proficient with next-generation sequencing methods.

The final outcome of this protocol is an ATAC-seq library of typically 3 - 20 ng/&#181;L. When run on a system for DNA integrity analysis (see Table of Materials/Equipment), they show ladder-like appearance2 (Figure 3A). The average size of DNA fragments is typically ~450 - 530 bp.
Proper quality control of the ATAC-seq libraries prior to performing next-gene...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping Genome-wide Accessible Chromatin in Primary Human T Lymphocytes by ATAC-Seq at JoVE.com

Mapping Genome-wide Accessible Chromatin in Primary Human T Lymphocytes by ATAC-Seq

Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is a genome-wide method to uncover accessible chromatin. This is a step-by-step ATAC-seq protocol, from molecular to the final computational analysis, optimized for human lymphocytes (Th1/Th2). This protocol can be adopted by researchers without prior experience in next-generation sequencing methods.

Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is a method used for the identification of open (accessible) regions ...

The overall goal of this high-throughput method using transposase is to identify accessible chromatin regions in the human genome. This method can help answer key questions in the epigenomic fields such as genome-wide locations of regulatory elements. The main advantages of this technique are that it is robust, relatively short and requires less starting material relatively to other methods of measuring chromatin accessibility such as DNase-seq or FAIRE-seq.Though this method can provide insight into regulatory landscape of human T lymphocytes, it can also be applied to other systems such as other human primary cells, cancer cells, human clinical samples, cells from other mammals and organisms. Thaw a one-milliliter aliquot of 10 million human PBMCs and transfer it to a 50-milliliter tube containing 10 milliliters of supplemented RPMI medium. Them, centrifuge the cells at 500 G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.Next, remove the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 15 milliliters of supplemented RPMI medium. Then, transfer the cells to a T-75 culture flask and incubate them overnight with humidification. The next day, transfer the floating cells with a sterile 25-milliliter pipette to a 50-milliliter tube.Then, count the living cells using trypan blue exclusion. Next, isolate the CD4 positive cells from 10 million living, non-adherent PBMCs using a microbead separation column. Once the cells are isolated, plate and activate the T cells in Th1 and Th2 polarizing conditions according to the text protocol, and then isolate their nuclei.To being, prepare fresh lysis buffer and keep it chilled on ice. Also, in preparation for the transposition reaction, warm a thermal shaker to 37 degrees Celsius. Next, load a half million T cells into 1.5-milliliter microtubes and spin them down at 500 Gs for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.Next, wash the cells with one milliliter of cold PBS and repeat the spin cycle, but now suspend the cells in one milliliter of cold lysis buffer. Mix the cells with gentle pipetting to prevent the nuclei from being disrupted too much. Then, quickly take 10-microliter aliquots to observe the fraction of cells'lyse.Be sure to keep the cells cold and work quickly. Within five minutes, proceed with the transposition reaction. To begin, transfer 100, 000 nuclei to a 1.5-milliliter microtube and spin down the sample at 500 Gs for 10 minutes in a cold centrifuge.Then, gently remove the supernatant. Next, add the transposition reaction components to the nuclei. Then, resuspend the nuclei with gentle pipetting and incubate the nuclei on the thermal shaker at 500 RMP for 30 minutes to complete the transposition reaction.Next, perform a DNA cleanup step and elute the DNA fragments in 20 microliters of Tris hydrochloride. Then, use a PCR to make an initial amplification of the ATAC-sequencing libraries. Next, assess the optimal number of additional cycles needed for the final amplification by quantitative PCR.From the measured results, determine the number of cycles needed for the final PCR amplification of the ATAC-sequencing libraries. Then, perform the final amplification. Setting up an optimal size of DNA library fragments can improve the next generation sequencing.First, warm up the magnetic beads to room temperature and prepare fresh 70%ethanol in nuclease-free water. Next, add nuclease-free water to the ATAC-sequencing libraries to a volume of 100 microliters. Then, add 50 microliters of resuspended DNA binding magnetic beads.Pipette the beads into the DNA at least 10 times and wait five minutes. If any drops of beads get stuck on the tube wall or lid, briefly spin the tube. Now, place the sample next to the magnet for two minutes, and then transfer the supernatant to a new microtube.Measure the volume of the collection and add a 70%volume of magnetic bead suspension. Mix the beads in as before and let them incubate for five minutes before proceeding. Then, separate the beads using the magnet for two minutes and now discard the supernatant.While still against the magnet, add 200 microliters of 70%ethanol to the beads. Wait 30 seconds then discard the ethanol and repeat the ethanol wash once more. Finish the washes by completely removing the remaining ethanol and letting the beads air-dry for five minutes on the magnet.If necessary, briefly spin the tube and aspirate out any visible ethanol with a 10-microliter pipette. Now, remove the tube from the magnet and add 22 microliters of Tris hydrochloride. After two minutes, return the tube to the magnetic stand and let the solution clear.Then, collect 20 microliters of eluate containing the prepared library and store it at minus 20 degrees Celsius. This protocol produces an ATAC-sequencing libraries that are typically three to 20 nanograms per microliter. When run on a system for DNA integrity analysis, they have a ladder-like appearance.Amongst others, another important quality control is the enrichment of the positive controls. Relative to the negative controls, primer pair three should be enriched at least 25-fold, and primer pair four should be enriched at least 75-fold. After an initial 10 million reads, if the sample passes all crucial parameters in FastQC Report file, and 1, 000 to 2, 000 peaks are obtained from peak calling, then the library can be sequenced more deeply for greater than 30 million reads.From libraries meeting the quality standards, only six to 20%of the reads map to the mitochondrial genome. The remaining unique reads map to the reference human genome and seven to 12%are within the ATAC-sequencing peaks. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to make ATAC-seq libraries, submit and furnish ration sequencing and to analyze the obtained data.Once mastered, the ATAC-seq library preparation can be done in one or two working days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember that you will maybe need to first optimize some steps like the number of the cells and the composition of the lysis buffer in a nuclei isolation step. Following this procedure, other methods like chromatin immunoprecipitation can be performed in order to answer additional questions like which transcription factor binds to the open chromatin regions in the examined samples?

mapping-genome-wide-accessible-chromatin-primary-human-t-lymphocytes

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

Replication of the genome occurs during S phase of the cell cycle in a highly regulated process that ensures the fidelity of DNA duplication. Each genomic region is replicated at a distinct time during S phase through the simultaneous activation of multiple origins of replication. Time of replication (ToR) correlates with many genomic and epigenetic features and is linked to mutation rates and cancer. Comprehending the full genomic view of the replication program, in health and disease is a major future goal and challenge.
This article describes in detail the &#34;Copy Number Ratio of S/G1 for mapping genomic Time of Replication&#34; method (herein called: CNR-ToR), a simple approach to map the genome wide ToR of mammalian cells. The method is based on the copy number differences between S phase cells and G1 phase cells. The CNR-ToR method is performed in 6 steps: 1. Preparation of cells and staining with propidium iodide (PI); 2. Sorting G1 and S phase cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS); 3. DNA purification; 4. Sonication; 5. Library preparation and sequencing; and 6. Bioinformatic analysis. The CNR-ToR method is a fast and easy approach that results in detailed replication maps.

We describe here a relatively fast and simple approach for mapping genome-wide mammalian replication timing, from cell isolation to the basic analysis of the sequencing results. A genomic map of a representative replication program will be provided following the protocol.

Replication of the genome occurs during S phase of the cell cycle in a highly regulated process that ensures the fidelity of DNA duplication. Each genomic ...

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident processes. Formaldehyde crosslinking followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing (X-ChIP-seq) has been used to gain many valuable insights into genome biology. However, X-ChIP-seq has notable limitations linked to crosslinking and sonication. Native ChIP avoids these drawbacks by omitting crosslinking, but often results in poor recovery of chromatin-bound proteins. In addition, all ChIP-based methods are subject to antibody quality considerations. Enzymatic methods for mapping protein-DNA interactions, which involve fusion of a protein of interest to a DNA-modifying enzyme, have also been used to map protein-DNA interactions. We recently combined one such method, chromatin endogenous cleavage (ChEC), with high-throughput sequencing as ChEC-seq. ChEC-seq relies on fusion of a chromatin-associated protein of interest to micrococcal nuclease (MNase) to generate targeted DNA cleavage in the presence of calcium in living cells. ChEC-seq is not based on immunoprecipitation and so circumvents potential concerns with crosslinking, sonication, chromatin solubilization, and antibody quality while providing high resolution mapping with minimal background signal. We envision that ChEC-seq will be a powerful counterpart to ChIP, providing an independent means by which to both validate ChIP-seq findings and discover new insights into genomic regulation.

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We describe chromatin endogenous cleavage coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChEC-seq), a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-orthogonal method for mapping protein binding sites genome-wide with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) fusion proteins.

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone tails, the exchange of canonical histones with histone variants, and nucleosome eviction. Such regulation requires the binding of signal-sensitive transcription factors (TFs) that recruit chromatin-modifying enzymes at regulatory elements defined as enhancers. Understanding how signaling cascades regulate enhancer activity requires a comprehensive analysis of the binding of TFs, chromatin modifying enzymes, and the occupancy of specific histone marks and histone variants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays utilize highly specific antibodies to immunoprecipitate specific protein/DNA complexes. The subsequent analysis of the purified DNA allows for the identification the region occupied by the protein recognized by the antibody. This work describes a protocol to efficiently perform ChIP of histone proteins in a mature mouse T-cell line. The presented protocol allows for the performance of ChIP assays in a reasonable timeframe and with high reproducibility.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines

This work describes a protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using a mature mouse T-cell line. This protocol is suitable to investigate the distribution of specific histone marks at specific promoter sites or genome-wide.

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational ...

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Moloney murine leukemia (MLV) virus-based retroviral vectors integrate predominantly in acetylated enhancers and promoters. For this reason, mLV integration sites can be used as functional markers of active regulatory elements. Here, we present a retroviral scanning tool, which allows the genome-wide identification of cell-specific enhancers and promoters. Briefly, the target cell population is transduced with an mLV-derived vector and genomic DNA is digested with a frequently cutting restriction enzyme. After ligation of genomic fragments with a compatible DNA linker, linker-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR) allows the amplification of the virus-host genome junctions. Massive sequencing of the amplicons is used to define the mLV integration profile genome-wide. Finally, clusters of recurrent integrations are defined to identify cell-specific regulatory regions, responsible for the activation of cell-type specific transcriptional programs.
The retroviral scanning tool allows the genome-wide identification of cell-specific promoters and enhancers in prospectively isolated target cell populations. Notably, retroviral scanning represents an instrumental technique for the retrospective identification of rare populations (e.g. somatic stem cells) that lack robust markers for prospective isolation.

Here, we describe a protocol for genome-wide mapping of the integration sites of Moloney murine leukemia virus-based retroviral vectors in human cells.

Moloney murine leukemia (MLV) virus-based retroviral vectors integrate predominantly in acetylated enhancers and promoters. For this reason, mLV ...

Determining Genome-wide Transcript Decay Rates in Proliferating and Quiescent Human Fibroblasts

Quiescence is a temporary, reversible state in which cells have ceased cell division, but retain the capacity to proliferate. Multiple studies, including ours, have demonstrated that quiescence is associated with widespread changes in gene expression. Some of these changes occur through changes in the level or activity of proliferation-associated transcription factors, such as E2F and MYC. We have demonstrated that mRNA decay can also contribute to changes in gene expression between proliferating and quiescent cells. In this protocol, we describe the procedure for establishing proliferating and quiescent cultures of human dermal foreskin fibroblasts. We then describe the procedures for inhibiting new transcription in proliferating and quiescent cells with Actinomycin D (ActD). ActD treatment represents a straightforward and reproducible approach to dissociating new transcription from transcript decay. A disadvantage of ActD treatment is that the time course must be limited to a short time frame because ActD affects cell viability. Transcript levels are monitored over time to determine transcript decay rates. This procedure allows for the identification of genes and isoforms that exhibit differential decay in proliferating versus quiescent fibroblasts.

We describe a protocol for generating proliferating and quiescent primary human dermal fibroblasts, monitoring transcript decay rates, and identifying differentially decaying genes.

Quiescence is a temporary, reversible state in which cells have ceased cell division, but retain the capacity to proliferate. Multiple studies, including ...

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

Investigating the three-dimensional architecture of chromatin offers invaluable insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe a protocol for performing the chromatin conformation capture technique in situ Hi-C on staged Drosophila melanogaster embryo populations. The result is a sequencing library that allows the mapping of all chromatin interactions that occur in the nucleus in a single experiment. Embryo sorting is done manually using a fluorescent stereo microscope and a transgenic fly line containing a nuclear marker. Using this technique, embryo populations from each nuclear division cycle, and with defined cell cycle status, can be obtained with very high purity. The protocol may also be adapted to sort older embryos beyond gastrulation. Sorted embryos are used as inputs for in situ Hi-C. All experiments, including sequencing library preparation, can be completed in five days. The protocol has low input requirements and works reliably using 20 blastoderm stage embryos as input material. The end result is a sequencing library for next generation sequencing. After sequencing, the data can be processed into genome-wide chromatin interaction maps that can be analyzed using a wide range of available tools to gain information about topologically associating domain (TAD) structure, chromatin loops, and chromatin compartments during Drosophila development.

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

This work describes a protocol for the generation of high resolution in situ Hi-C libraries from tightly staged pre-gastrulation Drosophila melanogaster embryos.

Investigating the three-dimensional architecture of chromatin offers invaluable insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe a ...

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

The three-dimensional organization of the genome is linked to its function. For example, regulatory elements such as transcriptional enhancers control the spatio-temporal expression of their target genes through physical contact, often bridging considerable (in some cases hundreds of kilobases) genomic distances and bypassing nearby genes. The human genome harbors an estimated one million enhancers, the vast majority of which have unknown gene targets. Assigning distal regulatory regions to their target genes is thus crucial to understand gene expression control. We developed Promoter Capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) to enable the genome-wide detection of distal promoter-interacting regions (PIRs), for all promoters in a single experiment. In PCHi-C, highly complex Hi-C libraries are specifically enriched for promoter sequences through in-solution hybrid selection with thousands of biotinylated RNA baits complementary to the ends of all promoter-containing restriction fragments. The aim is to then pull-down promoter sequences and their frequent interaction partners such as enhancers and other potential regulatory elements. After high-throughput paired-end sequencing, a statistical test is applied to each promoter-ligated restriction fragment to identify significant PIRs at the restriction fragment level. We have used PCHi-C to generate an atlas of long-range promoter interactions in dozens of human and mouse cell types. These promoter interactome maps have contributed to a greater understanding of mammalian gene expression control by assigning putative regulatory regions to their target genes and revealing preferential spatial promoter-promoter interaction networks. This information also has high relevance to understanding human genetic disease and the identification of potential disease genes, by linking non-coding disease-associated sequence variants in or near control sequences to their target genes.

DNA regulatory elements, such as enhancers, control gene expression by physically contacting target gene promoters, often through long-range chromosomal interactions spanning large genomic distances. Promoter Capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) identifies significant interactions between promoters and distal regions, enabling the assignment of potential regulatory sequences to their target genes.

The three-dimensional organization of the genome is linked to its function. For example, regulatory elements such as transcriptional enhancers control the ...

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription. To fill this gap in scientific knowledge, we recently optimized the circle-sequencing assay to detect transcription errors throughout the transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol will provide researchers with a powerful new tool to map the landscape of transcription errors in eukaryotic cells so that the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription can be elucidated in unprecedented detail.

This protocol provides researchers with a new tool to monitor the fidelity of transcription in multiple model organisms.

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that ...

ATAC-seq Assay with Low Mitochondrial DNA Contamination from Primary Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes

ATAC-seq has become a widely used methodology in the study of epigenetics due to its rapid and simple approach to mapping genome-wide accessible chromatin. In this paper we present an improved ATAC-seq protocol that reduces contaminating mitochondrial DNA reads. While previous ATAC-seq protocols have struggled with an average of 50% contaminating mitochondrial DNA reads, the optimized&#160;lysis buffer introduced in this protocol reduces mitochondrial DNA contamination to an average of 3%. This improved ATAC-seq protocol allows for a near 50% reduction in the sequencing cost. We demonstrate how these high-quality ATAC-seq libraries can be prepared from activated CD4+ lymphocytes, providing step-by-step instructions from CD4+ lymphocyte isolation from whole blood through data analysis. This improved ATAC-seq protocol has been validated in a wide range of cell types and will be of immediate use to researchers studying chromatin accessibility.

Here, we present a protocol to perform an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) on activated CD4+ human lymphocytes. The protocol has been modified to minimize contaminating mitochondrial DNA reads from 50% to 3% through the introduction of a new lysis buffer.

ATAC-seq has become a widely used methodology in the study of epigenetics due to its rapid and simple approach to mapping genome-wide accessible ...

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis

A central goal of modern genetics is to understand how and why organisms in the wild differ in phenotype. To date, the field has advanced largely on the strength of linkage and association mapping methods, which trace the relationship between DNA sequence variants and phenotype across recombinant progeny from matings between individuals of a species. These approaches, although powerful, are not well suited to trait differences between reproductively isolated species. Here we describe a new method for genome-wide dissection of natural trait variation that can be readily applied to incompatible species. Our strategy, RH-seq, is a genome-wide implementation of the reciprocal hemizygote test. We harnessed it to identify the genes responsible for the striking high temperature growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae relative to its sister species S. paradoxus. RH-seq utilizes transposon mutagenesis to create a pool of reciprocal hemizygotes, which are then tracked through a high-temperature competition via high-throughput sequencing. Our RH-seq workflow as laid out here provides a rigorous, unbiased way to dissect ancient, complex traits in the budding yeast clade, with the caveat that resource-intensive deep sequencing is needed to ensure genomic coverage for genetic mapping. As sequencing costs drop, this approach holds great promise for future use across eukaryotes.

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis

Reciprocal hemizygosity via sequencing (RH-seq) is a powerful new method to map the genetic basis of a trait difference between species. Pools of hemizygotes are generated by transposon mutagenesis and their fitness is tracked through competitive growth using high-throughout sequencing. Analysis of the resulting data pinpoints genes underlying the trait.

A central goal of modern genetics is to understand how and why organisms in the wild differ in phenotype. To date, the field has advanced largely on the ...