Name: in vivo evaluation of fracture callus development during bone healing in mice using an mri-compatible osteosynthesis device for the mouse femur
Uploaded: 2017-11-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur at JoVE.com

We thank Sevil Essig, Stefanie Schroth, Verena Fischer, Katja Prystaz, Yvonne H&#228;gele, and Anne Subgang for excellent technical support. We also thank the German Research Foundation (CRC1149, INST40/499-1) and the AO Trauma Foundation Germany for funding this study.

All animal experiments complied with international regulations for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by the regional regulatory authorities (No. 1250, Regierungspr&#228;sidium T&#252;bingen, Germany). All mice were maintained in groups of two to five animals per cage on a 14-h light, 10-h dark circadian rhythm with water and food provided ad libitum.
1. Preparation of the Surgical Material and Pre-treatment of the Mice
<ol>
	<li>Sterilize all surgical material...

<ol>
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Modifications and Troubleshooting:
The main goal of this study was to describe a protocol for using of an MRI-compatible external fixator for femur osteotomy in the mouse with the ability to monitor callus tissue development longitudinally during the endochondral fracture-healing process. The design of a custom-made mounting device for insertion of the external fixator ensured a standardized position during repeated scans. Semi-automatic tissue segmentation allows the analysis...

Secondary fracture healing is the most common form of bone healing. It is a complex process mimicking specific aspects of ontogenic endochondral ossification1,2,3. The early fracture hematoma predominantly consists of immune cells, granulation and fibrous tissue. Low oxygen tension and high biomechanical strains hamper osteoblast differentiation at the fracture gap, but promote the differentiation of progenitor cells into chondrocytes4,5,6. These cells start to proliferate at the site of injury to form a cartilaginous matrix providing initial stability of the fractured bone. During callus maturation, chondrocytes become hypertrophic, undergo apoptosis, or trans-differentiate into osteoblasts. Neovascularization at the cartilage-to-bone transition zone provides elevated oxygen levels, allowing the formation of bony tissue7. After bony bridging of the fracture gap, biomechanical stability is increased and osteoclastic remodeling of the external fracture callus occurs to gain physiological bone contour and structure3. Therefore, the amounts of fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony tissue in the fracture callus provide important information about the bone healing process. Disturbed or delayed healing becomes visible by alterations of callus tissue development both in humans and mice8,9,10,11. Available in vivo techniques to longitudinally monitor callus tissue development in preclinical fracture healing studies using small animals include digital radiography and &#181;CT imaging12,13. However, both techniques are only able to discriminate between mineralized and non-mineralized tissue. In contrast, MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast and might therefore be able to identify soft tissue and cartilage in the fracture callus.
Previous work showed promising results for post mortem MRI in mice with articular fractures14 and in vivo MRI in mice during intramembranous bone-defect healing15. However, both studies also stated limited spatial resolution and tissue contrast. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of high-resolution in vivo MRI for longitudinal assessment of soft callus formation during murine endochondral fracture healing16. Here, we report the protocol for using an MRI-compatible external fixator for femur osteotomy in mice in order to monitor callus tissue development longitudinally during the endochondral fracture healing process. The design of a custom-made mounting device for insertion of the external fixator ensured a standardized position during repeated scans.

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			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:254pt;height:15.75pt" width="338">Anaesthesia tube</td>
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in vivo evaluation of fracture callus development during bone healing in mice using an mri-compatible osteosynthesis device for the mouse femur

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The amount of the different tissues in the callus provides important information on the fracture healing progress. Available in vivo techniques to longitudinally monitor the callus tissue development in preclinical fracture-healing studies using small animals include digital radiography and &#181;CT imaging. However, both techniques are only able to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized tissue. Consequently, it is impossible to discriminate cartilage from fibrous tissue. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualizes anatomical structures based on their water content and might therefore be able to noninvasively identify soft tissue and cartilage in the fracture callus. Here, we report the use of an MRI-compatible external fixator for the mouse femur to allow MRI scans during bone regeneration in mice. The experiments demonstrated that the fixator and a custom-made mounting device allow repetitive MRI scans, thus enabling longitudinal analysis of fracture-callus tissue development.

First, the success of the surgical procedure can be confirmed by analysis of the MRI scans (see example in Figure 2). All four pins should be located in the middle of the femoral shaft. The size of the osteotomy gap should be between 0.3-0.5 mm. If the size of the osteotomy gap varies greatly from these values, the mouse should be excluded from further analysis.
Secondly, the evaluation of longitudi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur at JoVE.com

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

The evaluation of tissue development in the fracture callus during endochondral bone healing is essential to monitor the healing process. Here, we report the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible external fixator for the mouse femur to allow MRI scans during bone regeneration in mice.

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher ...

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An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice

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Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...