Name: a 3d-printed chamber for organic optoelectronic device degradation testing
Uploaded: 2018-08-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge Peter Jonosson and the Lyons New Media Centre for the 3D printing of the chambers. This research was supported by 436100-2013 RGPIN, ER15-11-123, the McMaster Dean of Engineering Excellence Undergraduate Summer Research Award, and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.

1. The 3D Print Chamber Parts
Note: All printer preparation, &#8220;slicer&#8221; software settings, and print parameters were specific to the printer indicated in the Table of Materials. There is a wide array of 3D printers, each with their own set of preparation steps and optimal parameters. There is also a wide array of colors possible for the polymer filament used for the printed parts. It is not required to use the same plastic for each part.
<ol>
	<li>Select the corres...

<ol>
	<li>Tremblay, J. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise+of+OLED+displays.">The rise of OLED displays.</a> Chemical &amp; Engineering News. 94 (28), 30-34 (2016).</li><li>Kang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk-Heterojunction+Organic+Solar+Cells:+Five+Core+Technologies+for+Their+Commercialization.">Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (36), 7821-7861 (2016).</li><li>Jacoby, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+low-cost+solar+cells.">The future of low-cost solar cells.</a> Chemical &amp; Engineering News. 94 (18), 30-35 (2016).</li><li>Veldhuis, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perovskite+Materials+for+Light-Emitting+Diodes+and+Lasers.">Perovskite Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (32), 6804-6834 (2016).</li><li>Park, N. -. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perovskite+solar+cells:+an+emerging+photovoltaic+technology.">Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology.</a> Materials Today. 18 (2), 65-72 (2015).</li><li>Turak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interfacial+degradation+in+organic+optoelectronics.">Interfacial degradation in organic optoelectronics.</a> RSC Advances. 3 (18), 6188 (2013).</li><li>Scholz, S., Kondakov, D., L&#252;ssem, B., Leo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+Mechanisms+and+Reactions+in+Organic+Light-Emitting+Devices.">Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices.</a> Chemical Reviews. 115 (16), 8449-8503 (2015).</li><li>J&#248;rgensen, M., Norrman, K., Gevorgyan, S. A., Tromholt, T., Andreasen, B., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+Polymer+Solar+Cells.">Stability of Polymer Solar Cells.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (5), 580-612 (2012).</li><li>Habisreutinger, S. N., McMeekin, D. P., Snaith, H. J., Nicholas, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+Update:+Strategies+for+improving+the+stability+of+perovskite+solar+cells.">Research Update: Strategies for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.</a> APL Materials. 4 (9), 091503 (2016).</li><li>Reese, M. O., Sigdel, A. K., Berry, J. J., Ginley, D. S., Shaheen, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+miniature+controlled-atmosphere+chamber+for+optoelectronic+characterizations.">A simple miniature controlled-atmosphere chamber for optoelectronic characterizations.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 94 (7), 1254-1258 (2010).</li><li>Gevorgyan, S. A., Jorgensen, M., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+setup+for+studying+stability+and+degradation+of+polymer+solar+cells.">A setup for studying stability and degradation of polymer solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 736-745 (2008).</li><li>Park, J. -. S. S., Chae, H., Chung, H. K., Lee, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin+film+encapsulation+for+flexible+AM-OLED:+a+review.">Thin film encapsulation for flexible AM-OLED: a review.</a> Semiconductor Science and Technology. 26 (3), 034001 (2011).</li><li>Ahmad, J., Bazaka, K., Anderson, L. J., White, R. D., Jacob, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Materials+and+methods+for+encapsulation+of+OPV:+A+review.">Materials and methods for encapsulation of OPV: A review.</a> Renewable &amp; Sustainable Energy Reviews. 27, 104-117 (2013).</li><li>Gevorgyan, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Round+robin+performance+testing+of+organic+photovoltaic+devices.">Round robin performance testing of organic photovoltaic devices.</a> Renewable Energy. 63, 376-387 (2014).</li><li>Osterwald, C. R., Hammond, R., Zerlaut, G., D'Aiello, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photovoltaic+module+certification+and+laboratory+accreditation+criteria+development.">Photovoltaic module certification and laboratory accreditation criteria development.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 41, 629-636 (1996).</li><li>Turak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+analysis+of+processing+parameters+on+the+ordering+and+performance+of+working+poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl+C(61)-butyric+acid+methyl+ester+solar+cells.">Systematic analysis of processing parameters on the ordering and performance of working poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester solar cells.</a> Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2 (5), 53103 (2010).</li><li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fill+factor+in+organic+solar+cells.">Fill factor in organic solar cells.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (23), 8972-8982 (2013).</li><li>Lu, N., Li, L., Sun, P., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-circuit+current+model+of+organic+solar+cells.">Short-circuit current model of organic solar cells.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 614, 27-30 (2014).</li><li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-circuit+voltage+in+organic+solar+cells.">Open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22 (46), 24315-24325 (2012).</li><li>Xue, J., Uchida, S., Rand, B. P., Forrest, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4.2%+efficient+organic+photovoltaic+cells+with+low+series+resistances.">4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 84 (16), 3013-3015 (2004).</li><li>Hauch, J. A., Schilinsky, P., Choulis, S. A., Rajoelson, S., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+on+the+lifetime+of+flexible+polymer+solar+cells.">The impact of water vapor transmission rate on the lifetime of flexible polymer solar cells.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 93 (10), 103306 (2008).</li><li>Norrman, K., Madsen, M. V., Gevorgyan, S. A., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+Patterns+in+Water+and+Oxygen+of+an+Inverted+Polymer+Solar+Cell.">Degradation Patterns in Water and Oxygen of an Inverted Polymer Solar Cell.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (47), 16883-16892 (2010).</li><li>Dameron, A. A., Reese, M. O., Moriconie, T. J., Kempe, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+Moisture+Ingress+and+Packaging+Requirements+for+Photovoltaic+Modules.">Understanding Moisture Ingress and Packaging Requirements for Photovoltaic Modules.</a> Photovoltaics International. 5, 121-130 (2009).</li><li>Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement. ASTM E398 - 13 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398</a> (2013)</li><li>Basha, R. K., Konno, K., Kani, H., Water Kimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Vapor+Transmission+Rate+of+Biomass+Based+Film+Materials.">Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Biomass Based Film Materials.</a> Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food. 4 (2), 37-42 (2011).</li><li>Kim, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+correlation+study+between+barrier+film+performance+and+shelf+lifetime+of+encapsulated+organic+solar+cells.">A correlation study between barrier film performance and shelf lifetime of encapsulated organic solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101, 140-146 (2012).</li><li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+for+the+degradation+of+organic+photovoltaic+P3HT:+PCBM+based+devices.">Pathways for the degradation of organic photovoltaic P3HT: PCBM based devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 746-752 (2008).</li><li>Kempe, M. D., Reese, M. O., Dameron, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+sensitivity+limits+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+measurements+using+electrical+calcium+test.">Evaluation of the sensitivity limits of water vapor transmission rate measurements using electrical calcium test.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 84 (2), 025109 (2013).</li><li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+stability+testing+protocols+for+organic+photovoltaic+materials+and+devices.">Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 95 (5), 1253-1267 (2011).</li><li>. Current landscape of standardisation efforts in organic and printed electronics 2015 - a VAMAS review Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review</a> (2015)</li></ol>

The critical steps in recreating this experiment include the printing of the chambers to avoid cracks, gaps, or poor in-fill characteristics which can decrease the WVTR, sealing the chamber to prevent any ingress of moisture and oxygen by tightening the KF50 clamp to achieve a full sealing between the top and bottom chambers, using a vacuum-rated low-pressure epoxy around the contact pins or any feedthroughs to prevent any leaking, and creating a seal between the sample and the top chamber using a proper O-ring placement...

Organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes based on &#960;-conjugated semiconducting organic molecules and organometal halides are a rapidly growing field of research. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are already a major technological element in lighting and displays1, and organic photovoltaics have begun to achieve efficiencies that make them competitive with amorphous silicon2. The recent rapid advancement of perovskite-based devices for light absorbing and light-emitting applications3,4,5 suggests that low-cost, easily processed devices are likely to soon find widespread deployment. However, all of these technologies suffer from a sensitivity to atmospheric contaminants, particularly moisture and oxygen, which limits their effective lifetimes6,7,8,9.
For researchers studying such systems, it can be useful to have an adaptable, easy-to-use, portable, and reusable chamber to protect such sensitive materials or to expose them to contaminants in a controlled manner10,11. Though it is possible to use a glovebox for the characterization of air-sensitive devices, these large, expensive, and fixed-location, inert environments may be incompatible with the wide range of characterization that might be required. To provide a portable alternative, Reese et al.10 proposed a small metal chamber based on a standard vacuum flange suitable for the electrical and optical characterization of organic devices. We have adapted this design, making it cheaper and more versatile by using 3D-printing to produce the chamber components. The use of 3D-printing, rather than machining, allows for rapid, cost-effective adjustments to changing sample or environmental requirements while maintaining the utility of the basic design. In this contribution, we outline the procedure to make such a chamber, and use it to extract the current-voltage characteristics of an organic diode device.
A good encapsulation of organic and perovskite devices should have WVTRs of 10-3 - 10-6 g/m2/day for long-term device stability12,13, to ensure&#160;little water ingress into the organic device even in very harsh conditions. As this chamber is designed to be a controlled environment for testing purposes rather than a long-term storage or encapsulation method, the requirements for an effective chamber are not as strict. The chamber should be able to maintain the device properties within a reasonable timeframe to perform characterization experiments. The standard operating procedure of using PLA results in a chamber which can be used for several days or even weeks with an incorporated gas flow, without a significant loss of the device properties.
Changing the materials, or even the shape and size of the chamber body can drastically affect the penetration of contaminants from the air into the chamber. Therefore, the ingress of moisture and oxygen needs to be carefully monitored for each design to determine the efficacy of the chamber. We, additionally to the fabrication of the chamber, outline a simple procedure for determining the WVTR of the chamber, using a commercially available humidity sensor, to establish a timeframe for the use of the chamber for experimentation.
Such a simple, yet versatile chamber allows for multiple types of experiments to be performed. They can act as inert atmosphere environments outside the glovebox, suitable for electrical and optical characterizations through the electrical feedthrough ports and window. Their portability allows them to be used with standard electrical characterization equipment outside the lab where they were manufactured, which is useful in round robin testing for reliability14 or to obtain certified measurements of the device performance15. These chambers are also particularly useful for studying the effects of the introduction of contaminants for controlled degradation tests, with simple modifications. The use of 3D printing allows a significant, rapid adaptability to changing device layouts, sizes, or testing requirements.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ORION DELTA DESKTOP 3D PRINTER RTP</td>
			<td>SeeMeCNC</td>
			<td>87999</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: 3D Printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.75 mm PLA Filament</td>
			<td>SeeMeCNC</td>
			<td>50241</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: PLA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Somos&#174; WaterShed XC 11122 chamber</td>
			<td>Somos</td>
			<td>printed at Custom Prototypes, Toronto.</td>
			<td>https://www.dsm.com/products/somos/en_US/products/offerings-somos-water-shed.html 
			Known in Report As: Water resistant polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CURA</td>
			<td>CURA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://ultimaker.com/en/products/cura-software 
			Known in Report As: slicing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering iron with 600&#176; F tip</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>WTCPT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xtralien X100 Source Measure Unit</td>
			<td>Ossila</td>
			<td>E561</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: SMU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZIF Test Board for Pixelated Anode Substrates</td>
			<td>Ossila</td>
			<td>E221</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: Zero insetion force/ZIF Test Board;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC Cable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic USB A - B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic USB A - Micro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#12 O-Ring</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Source unkown 
			Known in Report As: o-ring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>116 Butyl O-Ring</td>
			<td>Global Rubber Products</td>
			<td>116 VI70</td>
			<td>Bought in-store 
			Known in Report As: o-ring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retaining ring</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom Chamber</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top Chamber</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KF50 Cast Clamp (Aluminum)</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>QF50-200-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KF50 Centering Ring (Aluminum)</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>QF50-200-BRB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sn60/Pb40 Solder</td>
			<td>MG Chemicals</td>
			<td>4895-2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#4-40 x 3/16&#34; machine screw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#4-40 IntThrd Brass TaperSingleVane Insert For Thermoplastic</td>
			<td>Fastenal</td>
			<td>11125984</td>
			<td>Fastenal requires to be affiliated with company/university 
			Known in Report As: #4-40 brass tapered threaded insert</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Varian Torr Seal Vacuum Equipment High Vacuum Epoxy</td>
			<td>Vacuum Products Canada Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Known in Report As: low-pressure epoxy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes HEADED RADIUS</td>
			<td>Mouser Electornics</td>
			<td>818-S-100-D-3.5-G</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: pogo pin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes Receptacle Solder Cup</td>
			<td>Mouser Electornics</td>
			<td>818-R-100-SC</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: solder cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Teflon Tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Tube x 1/8&#34; Male NPT Nickel Plated Brass Push-to-Connect Connector</td>
			<td>Fastenal</td>
			<td>442064</td>
			<td>Not the same ones used for this study, but are fuctionally equivalent 
			Known in Report As: push-to-connect pneumatic connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/8&#34; NPT Tap and T-wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Tube Push-to-Connect Manually Operated Valves</td>
			<td>Fluidline</td>
			<td>7910-56-00</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: manually operated push-to-connect valves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (small)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>385</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: internal humidity sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (large)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Known in Report As: external humidity sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino Uno</td>
			<td>Arduino</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glovebox environment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kOhm Resistor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilla Xtralien Scientific Python IDE</td>
			<td>Oscilla</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.ossila.com/pages/xtralien-scientific-python 
			Known in Report As: Python IDE</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a 3d-printed chamber for organic optoelectronic device degradation testing

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, using 3D-printing. As these types of devices are sensitive to moisture and oxygen, such a chamber can aid researchers in characterizing the electronic and stability properties. The chamber is intended to be used as a temporary, reusable, and stable environment with controlled properties (including humidity, gas introduction, and temperature). It can be used to protect air-sensitive materials or to expose them to contaminants in a controlled way for degradation studies. To characterize the properties of the chamber, we outline a simple procedure to determine the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) using relative humidity as measured by a standard humidity sensor. This standard operating procedure, using a 50% infill density of polylactic acid (PLA), results in a chamber that can be used for weeks without any significant loss of device properties. The versatility and ease of use of the chamber allows it to be adapted to any characterization condition that requires a compact-controlled atmosphere.

Current-voltage Measurements:
This chamber is designed to allow for the testing of an air-sensitive diode device, such as an organic or perovskite solar cell or a light-emitting diode. It can act as a reusable, temporary encapsulation or as a method of introducing contaminants to perform controlled degradation testing. The current density-voltage (JV) curves shown here were measured using a ZIF test board attach...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing at JoVE.com

A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

Here, we present a protocol for the design, manufacture, and use of a simple, versatile 3D-printed and controlled atmospheric chamber for the optical and electrical characterization of air-sensitive organic optoelectronic devices.

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, ...

A portable versatile 3D printed environmental chamber can help answer key questions in the field of organic electronics, particularly related to the degradation of devices under various conditions. The main advantage to using a 3D printed chamber is that it allows for rapid cost affective adjustments to be made, to changing sample or environmental requirements while still maintaining the utility of the basic design. The low cost and the speed of the production using 3D printing allows researches to rapidly modify our designs to suit their purposes.This includes different device sizes, extra ports, and additional sensors. A feature of the chambers is their method of manufacture. This is an example of one design, a six pixel IV test chamber.It is made using 3D printed components for the top chamber, a retaining ring, and a bottom chamber. This provides an overview of the chamber's assembly with a device. The o-ring and the gasket are not 3D printed.For now, focus on the top chamber. Have the interior face of the top chamber facing up. Locate one of the four pilot holes and drill a tapping hole.When all the holes are tapped, place a brass tapered threaded insert into one of them, smaller diameter down. Press the heated tip of a soldering iron into the threaded insert while applying nominal pressure to move the insert straight down. Stop when the top face of the insert is about one millimeter above the interior face of the top chamber.While the plastic is still hot use the edge of a straight edge to lightly press the insert to be flush with the chamber face. Allow the plastic to cool for one minute, then add a second insert. Afterward, place the retaining ring over the insert to ensure the holes line up.Follow the same steps to install inserts in the remaining holes. With the inserts in place, put the o-ring into the circular groove on the chamber face and press it in. Next, get the organic device.In this case, a six pixel diode. For testing, place the organic device on top of the o-ring. Next, align the retaining rings holes with the metal inserts in the top chamber.Use screws to fasten the two together, and press the device against the o-ring. Here is an example of a top chamber with a device and retaining ring in place. The o-ring should fit completely inside the groove, free of bersa particulates, and should be compressed between 15 to 25 percent of its cross section for an adequate seal.Do not crack the sample when tightening the screws. When done, leave the assembled top chamber in a glove box for at least 24 hours. With the top chamber assembly in the glove box, move to work with the bottom chamber.The bottom chamber has holes for contact pins needed in current voltage measurements. Make each contact pin with a pogo pin and a solder cup. Insert six to seven millimeters of the narrow end of the pogo pin into the solder cup.Use helping hands to support the parts of the contact pin horizontally. Touch a heated soldering iron tip to the connection region between pogo pin and cup. Press solder into the connection region, and continue heating the area until the solder melts.When done, a thin smooth layer of solder should cover the area between the two parts all the way around. Solder must be place on the outside of the pin, as soldering the inside will render the pin unusable. Always be sure to check the electrical connection across the pin and cup before and after mounting on the chamber.Slide the completed contact pin into one of the holes in the exterior face of the bottom chamber. Stop when about 2.2 centimeters of the solder cup extends from the exterior face. Use epoxy suitable for vacuum applications and apply it around the contact pin and hole to prevent air ingress.Apply the epoxy around the hole, both inside and outside. Ideally, allow the epoxy to cure for 24 hours at 25 degrees Celsius before repeating the steps for each contact pin. For each of the pins, ensure the set resin is white.It should be solid when pressed. Add leads to the contact pins necessary to connect it to the measurement board. At this point, place the assembled bottom chamber in the glove box with the top chamber and leave it for at least 24 hours.After 24 hours, return to the glove box for the final assembly. Work within the glove box and apply a KF50 centering gasket to the bottom chamber. Next, align the notches in the two chambers.Then, place the top chamber onto the bottom one. To secure the parts, open a KF50 clamp and place it around the edge of the two chambers. Tighten the wing nut as much as possible to fasten the bolt.Leave the completed chamber in the glove box until it is needed. Have a computer and the other necessary equipment for the experiment ready. This includes a source measurement unit and a zero insertion force test board.Connect a BNC cable from channel one of the SMU to the test board. Connect the SMU to the computer with a USB cable. Also, connect the power supply to the SMU.Set up the computer software for the measurement. On the SMU, locate the range switch labeled two and toggle it to the on position. Now, bring the fully assembled chamber from the glove box.Connect the chambers contact pins to the test board. Focus on one pixel and switch the cathode pin to ground. Switch the anode pin to BNC.Ensure the other pixels are off. Run the software to perform the measurements. In this plot, in light blue is the current density voltage curve of standard organic photovoltaic device inside the chamber under no illumination.The dark blue curve is for the same device encapsulated with a microscope slide over the active area and sealed with epoxy. These are the same two systems under illumination from a lab light source. The plots show expected diode behavior.While attempting this procedure it is important to make good electrical connection between the device and the chamber through the use of pogo pins, and between the chamber and measurement board through the use of proper wiring or a support collar. Following this procedure it is possible to make a chamber suitable for short-term testing if care is taken to prevent leaking. Always test the water vapor and oxygen transmission rates into the chamber when using different materials or designs.This 3D printed environmental chamber provides a cheap versatile and customizable approach to testing device degradation. Researchers can quickly and easily make modifications to suit their own purposes in testing devices.

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