Name: atmospheric pressure fabrication of large-sized single-layer rectangular snse flakes
Uploaded: 2018-03-21T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the 1,000 Talents Program for Young Scientists of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51472164), the A*STAR Pharos Programme (Grant No. 152 70 00014), and facility support from the NUS Center for Advanced 2D Materials.

Caution: Some of the chemical agents and gases used in this work are toxic, carcinogenic, flammable, and explosive. Please use all appropriate safety practices when performing a vapor transport deposition including the use of engineering controls (fume hood) and personal protective equipment (safety glasses, professional protective masks, gloves, lab coat, full length pants, and closed-toe shoes).
1. Auto-Tune Function of Temperature Controller Parameters
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Here, the combination of a vapor transport deposition method and a nitrogen etching technique in an atmospheric pressure system is first reported. In this protocol, the critical steps are the section of the fabrication of single-layer SnSe flakes.
Although the bulk samples can be etched to form a high-quality single-layer sample, the thickness of the bulk samples should be uniform and the decomposition temperature of bulk samples should be higher than the etching temperature. The resulting sam...

Research into two dimensional (2D) materials has bloomed in recent years since the successful isolation of graphene, due to the possibility of 2D materials having superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties over their bulk counterparts1,2,3,4,5. 2D materials show promising applications in optoelectronic and electronic devices6,7, catalysis and water splitting8,9, surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing10,11, etc. The large family of layered materials which can be exfoliated into 2D materials show great diversity, ranging from the semi-metallic graphene to the semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus (BP) to the insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). These materials and their heterostructures have been well studied in recent years, and have exhibited many novel properties and applications12. Other less studied, but equally promising 2D layered materials in the IIIA-VIA (GaS, GaSe, and InSe)13,14 and IVA-VIA (GeS, GeSe, and SnS)15,16,17 families have also recently received attention.
SnSe belongs to the IVA-VIA group and crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure, with the atoms arranged in the pnma space group and buckled within the layer, like the crystal structure of phosphorene. SnSe is a narrow gap semiconductor with a band gap of 0.6 eV, but is more well known for its more unique thermoelectric properties, as it is reported to have a very high ZT (thermoelectric figure of merit) value of 2.6 at 923 K18,19, which has been attributed to its unique electronic structure and low thermal conductivity. While bulk SnSe crystals are available commercially and can be grown by known methods, such as the Bridgeman-Stockbarger method20 or the chemical vapor transport method21, growing large sized few-layer and single-layer SnSe on dielectric substrates is more challenging. There are many substrates to support 2D material growth, such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), mica, SiO2, Si3N4, and glass. Low-cost SiO2 dielectrics are the most commonly used substrate, as these allow the fabrication of field-effect transistors, where the dielectrics serve as part of the electrical back gate. In our experience, unlike graphene and TMDs, it is difficult to obtain few-layer or single-layer SnSe flakes by the micromechanical exfoliation method, as bulk SnSe has a high interlayer binding energy22 of 32 meV/&#197;2, which leads to thick layers, even along the edges of the exfoliated flakes. Therefore, to study the novel electronic properties of few layer and single layer SnSe, a new, simple, and low-cost synthetic method to prepare high quality large-sized single-layer SnSe crystals on insulating substrates is required, especially since SnSe has shown great promise as a candidate for thermoelectric applications for energy conversion in the low and moderate temperature range19.
Several researchers have developed methods to synthesize high quality SnSe crystals. Liu et al.23 and Franzman et al.24 used a solution-phase method to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals of different shapes, such as quantum dots, nanoplates, single crystalline nanosheets, nanoflowers, and nanopolyhedra using SnCl2 and alkyl-phosphine-selenium or dialkyl diselenium as precursors. Baumgardner et al.25 synthesized colloidal SnSe nanoparticles by injecting bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]tin(II) into hot trioctylphosphine, and they obtained nanocrystals of ~4-10 nm in diameter. Boscher et al.26 used an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition technique to obtain SnSe films on glass substrates using tin tetrachloride and diethyl selenide precursors with a tin tetrachloride ratio 10 larger than diethyl selenide, and their synthesized SnSe films were about 100 nm thick and silver-black in appearance. Zhao et al.27 used vapor transport deposition in a low vacuum system and synthesized single-crystal SnSe nanoplates on mica substrates and obtained square nanoplates of 1-6 &#181;m. However, obtaining single-layer SnSe crystals are not possible using these techniques. Li et al.28 successfully synthesized single-layer single-crystal SnSe nanosheets using a one-pot synthetic method with SnCl4 and SeO2 precursors. However, they were only able to obtain a lateral size of about 300 nm for their nanosheets. We have recently published our method to grow high quality, large-sized single-layer SnSe crystals which are phase pure29. This detailed protocol is intended to help new practitioners to grow other large-sized high-quality ultrathin 2D materials using this methodology.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1083">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">SnSe powder&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1315-06-6</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">(99.999%) toxic, carcinogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:283px;">Ar gas</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td>explosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:283px;">H2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td>flammable, explosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;">SiO2/Si wafer</td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td>300 nm thick SiO2 on heavily doped Si</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-64-1</td>
			<td>toxic, flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td>flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Quartz tube</td>
			<td>Dongjing Quartz Company, China</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Ceramic boat</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Dongjing Quartz Company, China</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Optical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Olympus, BX51</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Atomic force microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Bruker&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td>Using FastScan-A probe type&#160; and ScanAsyst-air</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Scanning electron microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">JEOL JSM-6700F</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">FEI Titan</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Tube furnace</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

atmospheric pressure fabrication of large-sized single-layer rectangular snse flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

Schematic diagrams of the experimental apparatus, optical images, atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the fabricated SnSe flakes are shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3. The optical images are performed by a traditional optical microscope. The eyepiece lens is 10X, and the objective lens is 20X, 50...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes at JoVE.com

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

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