Name: fabrication of compressed hosiery and measurement of its pressure characteristic exerted on the lower limbs
Uploaded: 2020-05-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs at JoVE.com

The authors disclose receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: National Key R&#38;D Program of China, Grants No. 2018YFC2000900, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grants No. 11802171, Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning, and the Talent Program of Shanghai University of Engineering Science.

1. Fabrication of CH
<ol>
	<li>Programming
	<ol>
		<li>Open the STAT-Ds 615 MP stocking software and select Plain fabric to create a new sock construction.</li>
		<li>Select the following contents in order: Double welt 1 feed, Transfer without pattern, Plain medical leg from double welt 1 feed, Begin heel from plain medical leg, End of heel and plain medical foot, Begin toe from plain foot 1f, ...

<ol>
	<li>Partsch, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+static+stiffness+index:+a+simple+method+to+assess+the+elastic+property+of+vcompression+material+in+vivo.">The static stiffness index: a simple method to assess the elastic property of vcompression material in vivo.</a> Dermatologic Surgery. 31 (6), 625-630 (2010).</li><li>Dissemond, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compression+therapy+in+patients+with+venous+leg+ulcers.">Compression therapy in patients with venous leg ulcers.</a> Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 14 (11), 1072-1087 (2016).</li><li>Mosti, G., Picerni, P., Partsch, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compression+stockings+with+moderate+pressure+are+able+to+reduce+chronic+leg+oedema.">Compression stockings with moderate pressure are able to reduce chronic leg oedema.</a> Phlebology. 27 (6), 289-296 (2012).</li><li>Rabe, E., Partsch, H., Hafner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapy+with+compression+stockings+in+Germany-Results+from+the+Bonn+Vein+Studies.">Therapy with compression stockings in Germany-Results from the Bonn Vein Studies.</a> Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 11 (3), 257-261 (2013).</li><li>Liu, R., Lao, T. T., Kwok, Y. L., Li, Y., Ying, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+graduated+compression+stockings+with+different+pressure+profiles+on+lower-limb+venous+structures+and+haemodynamics.">Effects of graduated compression stockings with different pressure profiles on lower-limb venous structures and haemodynamics.</a> Advances in Therapy. 25 (5), 465 (2008).</li><li>Bera, M., Chattopadhyay, R., Gupta, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+linear+density+of+elastic+inlay+yarn+on+pressure+generation+on+human+body.">Influence of linear density of elastic inlay yarn on pressure generation on human body.</a> Journal of Industrial Textiles. 46 (4), 1053-1066 (2016).</li><li>Chattopadhyay, R., Gupta, D., Bera, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+input+tension+of+inlay+yarn+on+the+characteristics+of+knitted+circular+stretch+fabrics+and+pressure+generation.">Effect of input tension of inlay yarn on the characteristics of knitted circular stretch fabrics and pressure generation.</a> Journal of Textiles Institute. 103 (6), 636-642 (2012).</li><li>Ozbayraktar, N., Kavusturan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+inlay+yarn+amount+and+yarn+count+on+extensibility+and+bursting+strength+of+compression+stockings.">The effects of inlay yarn amount and yarn count on extensibility and bursting strength of compression stockings.</a> Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 19 (2), 102-107 (2009).</li><li>Maleki, H., Aghajani, M., Sadeghi, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+pressure+behavior+of+tubular+weft+knitted+fabrics+constructed+from+textured+polyester+yarns.">On the pressure behavior of tubular weft knitted fabrics constructed from textured polyester yarns.</a> Journal of Engineered Fibers &amp; Fabrics. 6 (2), 30-39 (2011).</li><li>Bera, M., Chattopadhyay, R., Gupta, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+linear+density+of+inlay+yarns+on+structural+characteristics+of+knitted+fabric+tube+and+pressure+generation+on+cylinder.">Effect of linear density of inlay yarns on structural characteristics of knitted fabric tube and pressure generation on cylinder.</a> Journal of Textiles Institute. 106 (1), 39-46 (2015).</li><li>Thomas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+the+Laplace+equation+in+the+calculation+of+sub-bandage+pressure.">The use of the Laplace equation in the calculation of sub-bandage pressure.</a> World Wide Wounds. 3 (1), 21-23 (1980).</li><li>Maklewska, E., Nawrocki, A., Ledwo&#324;, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+and+designing+of+knitted+products+used+in+compressive+therapy.">Modelling and designing of knitted products used in compressive therapy.</a> Fibres &amp; Textiles in Eastern Europe. 14 (5), 111-113 (2006).</li><li>Leung, W. Y., Yuen, D. W., Shi, S. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+prediction+model+for+compression+garment+design.">Pressure prediction model for compression garment design.</a> Journal of Burn Care Research. 31 (5), 716-727 (2010).</li><li>Dale, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilayer+compression:+comparison+of+four+different+four-layer+bandage+systems+applied+to+the+leg.">Multilayer compression: comparison of four different four-layer bandage systems applied to the leg.</a> European Journal of Vascular &amp; Endovascular Surgery. 27 (1), 94-99 (2004).</li><li>Al-Khaburi, J., Nelson, E. A., Hutchinson, J., Dehghani-Sanij, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+multilayered+compression+bandages+on+sub-bandage+pressure:+a+model.">Impact of multilayered compression bandages on sub-bandage pressure: a model.</a> Phlebology. 26 (1), 75-83 (2011).</li><li>Al-Khaburi, J., Dehghani-Sanij, A. A., Nelson, E. A., Hutchinson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bandage+thickness+on+interface+pressure+applied+by+compression+bandages.">Effect of bandage thickness on interface pressure applied by compression bandages.</a> Medical Engineering &amp; Physics. 34 (3), 378-385 (2012).</li><li>Sikka, M. P., Ghosh, S., Mukhopadhyay, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mathematical+modeling+to+predict+the+sub-bandage+pressure+on+a+cone+limb+for+multi-layer+bandaging.">Mathematical modeling to predict the sub-bandage pressure on a cone limb for multi-layer bandaging.</a> Medical Engineering &amp; Physics. 38 (9), 917-921 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+and+pressure+characteristics+of+graduated+compression+stockings:+experimental+and+numerical+study.">The structure and pressure characteristics of graduated compression stockings: experimental and numerical study.</a> Textile Research Journal. 89 (23-24), 5218-5225 (2019).</li></ol>

In this study, we provide two methods to measure the exerted pressure of CH samples and these methods can be used to measure the exerted pressure of other garment dressing on the skin. In the direct method, the CH sample is dressed on the artificial lower limb and the interface sensor is placed under the CH sample. The pressure value can be displayed on the screen using data collection software. To compare with the direct method, we also supply an indirect method. Two theories involving the cylinder model and the cone mo...

Compressed hosiery (CH) provides pressure on the lower limb. It can press the skin and further change the vein radius. Thus, the venous blood flow velocity is raised when the patient is dressed in compressed hosiery. CH and other compressed garments could improve venous circulation in the lower limbs1,2,3,4. The therapeutic performance was dependent on the pressure characteristics of the CH5. It was widely believed that raw material and CH structure have a great influence on CH pressure characteristics. Elastane yarn in CH was primarily responsible for the pressure characteristics according to some published research6. For example, Chattopadhyay7 reported the pressure characteristics of knitted circular stretch fabrics by adjusting the feed tension of elastane yarn. In addition, Ozbayraktar8 also determined that the density of elastane yarn increased while the extensibility of CH decreased. Additionally, loop length9, knitted pattern9, and linear density of the yarns7,10 also exhibited the effects on the pressure characteristics.
A numerical model was presented to inspect the generation mechanism of the pressure characteristics of the CH. Laplace&#8217;s Law was used for predicting the pressure values. Thomas11 introduced Laplace&#8217;s Law into pressure prediction by combining pressure, tension, and body limb size. Similar work also was reported by Maklewska12. To precisely predict the pressure values exerted by the fabric, they presented a semi-empirical equation that was composed of the fitted stress-strain equation and Laplace&#8217;s Law. Additionally, Young&#8217;s modulus was presented by Leung13 to describe elongation of the CH.
The above-mentioned numerical studies showed deviated experimental results due to ignorance of the CH thickness14. In addition, some researchers believed that the hypothetical cylinder involved in Laplace&#8217;s Law was inappropriate to describe the body limbs because the radius of the lower limbs from the thigh to the ankle is not constant but gradually decreases. By combining the thick cylinder theory and Laplace&#8217;s Law, Dale14 and Al Khaburi15,16 respectively proposed numerical models to investigate the pressure exerted by the CH with multiple layers. Sikka17 presented a new cone model with a gradually decreased radius from the thigh to the ankle.
The pressure characteristics intrinsic to CH were difficult to quantitatively study because most of the experimental CHs in previous studies were usually purchased commercially. The influences such as pattern, yarn, raw material were uncontrollable. Therefore, in this study, the experimental CHs were controllably fabricated in house. Moreover, this study aims to provide two methods involving direct method and indirect method to measure the pressure characteristics. In the direct method, an interface sensor (Table of Materials) is placed between the skin and textiles to directly measure the pressure value. On the other hand, in the indirect method, the tension and some structure parameters of the CH sample dressing on the artificial lower limb are firstly measured. Then, the results are substituted into the cone model and the cylinder model to calculate the pressure value. The pressure values obtained as a result of the two methods are contrasted and analyzed to find a more appropriate model. The presented methods provide a guideline to the experimental measurement of pressure exerted by the compressed garment.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Artificial lower limb</td>
			<td>Dayuan, Laizhou Electron Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YG065C</td>
			<td>Used for measuring the strength of stockings. The employing test standard is ISO 13934-1-2013, metioned this in section 3.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CH fabrication machine</td>
			<td>Hongda, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YG14N</td>
			<td>Used for measuring the thickness of stockings, the test standard is ISO 5084:1996, metioned this in section 3.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elastane yarn</td>
			<td>MathWorks, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>2018a</td>
			<td>Used for calculating the pressure, mentioned this in section 4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlexiForce interface pressure sensors</td>
			<td>Qile, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Y115B</td>
			<td>It is composed of magnifying glass with a fixed ruler. Used for counting the loops number per cm in the fabricated CH, metioned this in the sction 3.1.3 and 3.1.7.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlexiForce measurement software</td>
			<td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>GOAL 615MP</td>
			<td>Used for fabricating stockings, metioned this in section 1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ground yarn</td>
			<td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>It is a kind of coverd yarn which is composed of 80% rubber and 20% viscose, metioned this in section 1.2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab software</td>
			<td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>It is a kind of coverd yarn which is composed of 30% polyamide and 70% cotton, metioned this in section 1.2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical testing instrument and software</td>
			<td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>GOAL 615MP</td>
			<td>Used for programing the fabrication parameters, metioned this in section.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pick glass</td>
			<td>Shenmei, Inc.</td>
			<td>F002</td>
			<td>A standard artificial femal with 160 cm height. The size was consited with Chinese Standard GB 10000-1988. The artificial femal was made by glass-reinforced plywood and covered by fabric. Mentioned this in section 2.1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAT-Ds 615 MP stocking software</td>
			<td>Tekscan, Inc.</td>
			<td>A201</td>
			<td>Used for measuring the pressure on the skin, metioned this in section 2.2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thickness gauge</td>
			<td>Weike, Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>1lbs</td>
			<td>Used for recording the pressure, metioned this in section 2.2.2-2.2.4.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of compressed hosiery and measurement of its pressure characteristic exerted on the lower limbs

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface sensor is used to measure the pressure value exerted on the lower limbs. In the indirect method, the necessary parameters mentioned by the cone and cylinder model are tested to calculate the pressure value. The necessary parameters involve course density, wales density, circumference, length, thickness, tension, and deformation of the compressed hosiery. Compared with the results of the direct method, the cone model in the indirect method is more suitable for calculating the pressure value because the cone model considers the change in radius of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle. Based on this measurement, the relationship among fabrication, structure, and pressure is further investigated in this study. We find that graduation is the main influence that can change the wales density. On the other hand, elastic motors directly affect the course density and the circumference of the stockings. Our reported work provides the fabrication-structure-pressure relationship and a design guide for gradually compressed hosiery.

Course density gradually increases from the knee to the ankle in Figure 2a. This is explained by the influence of the elastic motor. From the knee to the ankle, the increased elastic motor gradually generates increasing tension from part 5 to part 1 in the CH fabrication process. Thus, the CH sample is gradually frapped and the loop number per cm is increased in the course direction. The experimental lines in Figure 2b can be divided into three groups: ABC, DEF,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

This article reports fabrication, structure and pressure measurement of compressed hosiery by employing direct and indirect methods.

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface ...

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