Name: extraction of hemocytes from drosophila melanogaster larvae for microbial infection and analysis
Uploaded: 2018-05-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis at JoVE.com

We are grateful to Dr. Robert Heinzen for providing stocks of mCherry-expressing Coxiella burnetii. We thank Dr. Luis Teixeira for providing Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 and the Bloomington Stock Center for providing fly stocks. This project was funded in part by NIH grant R00 AI106963 (to A.G.G.) and Washington State University.

1.&#160;Ex vivo infection
<ol>
	<li>Medium and equipment
	<ol>
		<li>Under sterile conditions, prepare fresh Drosophila Hemocyte Isolating Medium (DHIM) containing 75% Schneider&#39;s Drosophila medium with 25% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and filter sterilize it.</li>
		<li>Layer 2-3 pieces of 10 cm x 10 cm paraffin film under a stereomicroscope.</li>
		<li>Prepare the glass capillary. Set the capillary puller heater to 55% of maximum. Pull the capillary tube to a sharp point of approximately 10...

<ol>
	<li>Hoffmann, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+immune+response+of+Drosophila.">The immune response of Drosophila.</a> Nature. 426 (6962), 33-38 (2003).</li><li>Regan, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steroid+hormone+signaling+is+essential+to+regulate+innate+immune+cells+and+fight+bacterial+infection+in+Drosophila.">Steroid hormone signaling is essential to regulate innate immune cells and fight bacterial infection in Drosophila.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9 (10), 1003720 (2013).</li><li>Yano, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagic+control+of+listeria+through+intracellular+innate+immune+recognition+in+Drosophila.">Autophagic control of listeria through intracellular innate immune recognition in Drosophila.</a> Nat Immunol. 9 (8), 908-916 (2008).</li><li>Bastos, R. G., Howard, Z. P., Hiroyasu, A., Goodman, A. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+hemocyte+load+is+associated+with+increased+resistance+against+parasitoids+in+Drosophila+suzukii,+a+relative+of+D.+melanogaster.">High hemocyte load is associated with increased resistance against parasitoids in Drosophila suzukii, a relative of D. melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 7 (4), 34721 (2012).</li><li>Tsuzuki, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+between+humoral+and+cellular+immune+responses+in+Drosophila.+is+guided+by+the+cytokine+GBP.">Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila. is guided by the cytokine GBP.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 4628 (2014).</li><li>Kurucz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Definition+of+Drosophila.+hemocyte+subsets+by+cell-type+specific+antigens.">Definition of Drosophila. hemocyte subsets by cell-type specific antigens.</a> Acta Biol Hung. 58, 95-111 (2007).</li><li>Neyen, C., Bretscher, A. J., Binggeli, O., Lemaitre, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+study+Drosophila+immunity.">Methods to study Drosophila immunity.</a> Methods. 68 (1), 116-128 (2014).</li><li>Arefin, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+in+Hemocytes+Induces+a+Shift+in+Effector+Mechanisms+in+the+Drosophila.+Immune+System+and+Leads+to+a+Pro-Inflammatory+State.">Apoptosis in Hemocytes Induces a Shift in Effector Mechanisms in the Drosophila. Immune System and Leads to a Pro-Inflammatory State.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), 0136593 (2015).</li><li>Rus, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+pattern+of+Filamin-240+in+Drosophila+blood+cells.">Expression pattern of Filamin-240 in Drosophila blood cells.</a> Gene Expr Patterns. 6 (8), 928-934 (2006).</li><li>Kurucz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemese,+a+hemocyte-specific+transmembrane+protein,+affects+the+cellular+immune+response+in+Drosophila.">Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 100 (5), 2622-2627 (2003).</li><li>Markus, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sessile+hemocytes+as+a+hematopoietic+compartment+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Sessile hemocytes as a hematopoietic compartment in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (12), 4805-4809 (2009).</li><li>Bretscher, A. 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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+bacterial+intestinal+infections+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A model of bacterial intestinal infections in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS Pathog. 3 (11), 173 (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+fruit+juice+egg+plates.">Drosophila fruit juice egg plates.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. (9), (2007).</li><li>Ahlers, L. R., Bastos, R. G., Hiroyasu, A., Goodman, A. 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To better understand how host cells become infected, it is important to clarify the localization of pathogen in the cells, especially when experimenting on previously untested pathogen and cell type combinations4. While studying the cellular response cascade following infection can indicate productive pathogen invasion, the combination of imaging and cellular response data is essential to demonstrate pathogen invasion and infection. While reports showing 2D images of pathogen invasion into the hos...

Drosophila melanogaster is a well-established model organism for the study of innate immunity1. During the innate immune response, hemocytes play an important role in the response to pathogen challenge. Hemocytes are critical for encapsulating parasites, as well as having an important function in combating the pathogen through phagocytic action during fungal, viral, and&#160;bacterial infection2,3.
In order to best understand the host&#39;s innate immune response to pathogenic microbial infection, it is important to visualize how the pathogen invades host cells during infection. This visualization contributes to an understanding of the mechanism of invasion. Together with details of pathogen intracellular localization and the cellular response, these data can provide clues about the host response to infection and the cellular organelles with which the microbe interacts. Thus, 3D model reconstruction after imaging by microscopy can be helpful to determine the precise location of pathogens in host cells. In this study, we visualized the invasion of Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease that poses a serious threat to both human and animal health, into primary Drosophila hemocytes. Recently, it was demonstrated that Drosophila are susceptible to the Biosafety level 2 Nine Mile phase II (NMII) clone 4 strain of C. burnetii and that this strain is able to replicate in Drosophila4, indicating that Drosophila can be used as a model organism to study C. burnetii pathogenesis.
Previous studies have used hemocytes to examine the host&#39;s innate immune response. Hemocytes have been used for morphological observations5,6,7, morphometric analysis2,8, phagocytosis analysis2,3, qRT-PCR2,9, immunoprecipitation10,11, immunofluorescent analysis10,12, immunostaining13, immunoblotting3,10,11 and immunohistochemistry9,14. Although Drosophila S2 cells are also available for various in vitro experiments, immortalization and potential pre-existing viral infection change their behavior15,16. The use of primary cells as opposed to an immortalized cell line, such as S2 cells, allows for the study of innate immune function in a system more representative of the whole organism. Additionally, the infection of hemocytes in vivo, prior to extraction, allows the cells to interact with other host proteins and tissue, an advantage over extraction of hemocytes prior to ex vivo infection. A number of different methods have been utilized to obtain a sufficient number of hemocytes in a short period of time to keep the hemocytes alive8,17,18,19.
In this study, we present a method to extract hemocytes from Drosophila 3rd instar larvae for pathogenic microbial infection with C. burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria), or Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6). We describe the methods for both in vivo and ex vivo hemocyte infections. In vivo- and ex vivo-infected hemocytes were visualized with confocal microscopy and used to build 3D models of C. burnetii invasion. Additionally, using the extraction protocol, ex vivo-infected hemocytes were used for gene and protein expression assays. Specifically, to examine the extent of infection with IIV6 and Listeria, total RNA or protein was isolated from the cells for qRT-PCR or Western blot analysis. Taken together, the protocol provides methods to rapidly collect high numbers of hemocytes from 3rd instar larvae and evidence that primary hemocytes, infected either in vivo or ex vivo, are a suitable platform for microbial pathogen infection studies and applicable downstream analyses such as microscopy, transcriptomics, and proteomics.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1128px;" width="1125">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:303px;">Schneider&#39;s Drosophila Medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific (Gibco)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">21720024</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.1), 2.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences&#160; (HyClone)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">SH30070.03HI</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.1), 2.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Filter (0.22 &#181;L)</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">RESTEK</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">26158</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Strainer (100 &#181;m)</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">542000</td>
			<td>1.2.1), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Amscope</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">SM-1BSZ-L6W</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.2), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Glass capillary</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">21-171-4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1), 1.2), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Capillary puller</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Narishige International USA, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">PC-10</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Mineral oil</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Snow River Products</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Nanoinjector</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">3-000-204</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1), 1.2), 2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">82027-402</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.5), 1.2), 2), 3.1.7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:303px;">CO2 delivery apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">59-122BC</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.2), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific (Gibco)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">15250061</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">3100</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">662160</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.4), 2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Coxiella burnetii - mCherry</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Dr. Heinzen, R.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.4), 2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:303px;">Drosophila fruit juice plates</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Cold Spring Harbor Protocols</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>2.1) http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2007/9/pdb.rec11113.full</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP1423-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Methyl paraben</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">0572-500G</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP2818-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape juice frozen concentrate, 340 mL</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">B0025UJVGM</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">Petri dishes, 10 x 35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">08-757-100A</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microscope cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">12-545-80</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.4.4), 2.2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:303px;">Yeast, Bakers Dried Active</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">0210140001</td>
			<td>2.1) Add 2 parts of water to 1 part of yeast (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tungsten needle</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">10130-20</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Holding forceps</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">HS8313</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">FLO4042-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP151-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP9706-100</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">62247</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">Antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">P36930</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="132">
			<td height="132" style="height:132px;width:303px;">Confocal microsope</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">TCS SP8-X White Light Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:303px;">3D imaging reconstruction software</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">LASX with 3D visualization module</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">12-552-3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:303px;">Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6)</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Dr. Teixeria, L.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>4) PLoS Biol, 6 (12), 2753-2763, doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000002, (2008)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="141">
			<td height="141" style="height:141px;width:303px;">Listeria monocytogenes</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">strain: 10403S</td>
			<td>4) Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403S (Bishop and Hinrichs, 1987) was grown in Difco Brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth (BD Biosciences) containing 50 &#181;g/ml streptomycin at 30 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific(Invitrogen)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">18068015</td>
			<td>gDNA degradation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">1708891</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">IIV6_193R_F</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">IDT</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- TCT TGT TTT CAG AAC CCC ATT -3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">IIV6_193R_R</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">IDT</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- CAC GAA GAA TGA CCA CAA GG -3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">RpII_qRTPCR_fwd</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- GAA GCG TTT CTC CAA ACG -AG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">RpII_qRTPCR_rev</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- TTG AGC GTA AGC ATC ACC -TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">SYBR Green qRT-PCR reagent</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">K0251, K0252, K0253</td>
			<td>qRT-PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">4351107, 7500 Software v2.0</td>
			<td>qRT-PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Anti-Listeria monocytogenes antibody</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">abcam</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ab35132</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Anti-Actin antibody produced in rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">A2066</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), HRP Conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">W4011</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction of hemocytes from drosophila melanogaster larvae for microbial infection and analysis

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the goal of this protocol is to develop a method to visualize the pathogen invasion in a specific immune compartment of flies, namely hemocytes. Using the method presented here, up to 3 &#215; 106 live hemocytes can be obtained from 200 Drosophila 3rd instar larvae in 30 min for ex vivo infection. Alternatively, hemocytes can be infected in vivo through injection of 3rd instar larvae followed by hemocyte extraction up to 24 h post-infection. These infected primary cells were fixed, stained, and imaged using confocal microscopy. Then, 3D representations were generated from the images to definitively show pathogen invasion. Additionally, high-quality RNA for qRT-PCR can be obtained for the detection of pathogen mRNA following infection, and sufficient protein can be extracted from these cells for Western blot analysis. Taken together, we present a method for definite reconciliation of pathogen invasion and confirmation of infection using bacterial and viral pathogen types and an efficient method for hemocyte extraction to obtain enough live hemocytes from Drosophila larvae for ex vivo and in vivo infection experiments.

To collect live hemocytes for ex vivo infection, up to 3&#215;106 hemocytes were extracted from 200 Drosophila 3rd instar larvae. To develop our method, a number of different techniques were attempted. Individual larval dissection would take up to 1.5 h, and an average of ~8000 cells were obtained using this method18, most of which were not alive by the end of collection. Next, we tried to extract hemolymph, which contained t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis at JoVE.com

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

This method demonstrates how to visualize pathogen invasion into insect cells with three-dimensional (3D) models. Hemocytes from Drosophila larvae were infected with viral or bacterial pathogens, either ex vivo or in vivo. Infected hemocytes were then fixed and stained for imaging with a confocal microscope and subsequent 3D cellular reconstruction.

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protocol for Collecting and Staining Hemocytes from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

A Protocol for Collecting and Staining Hemocytes from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

 Mosquitoes are vectors for a number  of disease-causing pathogens such as the yellow fever virus, malaria parasites  and filarial worms. Laboratories are ...

A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

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Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

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Systemic Bacterial Infection and Immune Defense Phenotypes in Drosophila Melanogaster

Systemic Bacterial Infection and Immune Defense Phenotypes in Drosophila Melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the premier model organisms for studying the function and evolution of immune defense. Many aspects of ...

Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis

Sectioning via paraffin embedding is a broadly established technique in eukaryotic systems. Here we provide a method for the fixation, embedding, and ...

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes

This metagenome approach is used to identify plant viruses with circular DNA genomes and their transcripts. Often plant DNA viruses that occur in low ...

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our ...

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...