Name: neuroimaging field methods using functional near infrared spectroscopy (nirs) neuroimaging to study global child development: rural sub-saharan africa
Uploaded: 2018-02-02T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa at JoVE.c

This research was made possible through the Jacobs Foundation Early Career Fellowship to K. Jasinska (Fellowship Number: 2015 118455). The authors also wish to acknowledge Axel Blahoua, Fabrice Tanoh, Ariane Amon, Brice Kanga, and Yvette Foto for their assistance in data collection and field support. Special thanks to the families and children of Moap&#233;, Anangui&#233;, Affery, and Becouefin for their participation in this research program and the villages&#39; warm hospitality.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Delaware.
1. Mobile Laboratory Transport and Setup
<ol>
	<li>Traveling with the fNIRS equipment
	<ol>
		<li>Transport fNIRS equipment. 
		NOTE: fNIRS equipment can be transported as checked-luggage on a major international airline, but it is imperative to confirm with the given airline. Equipment restrictions may vary by origin or destination country. Alternatively...

<ol>
	<li>Dawson, G., Ashman, S. B., Carver, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+early+experience+in+shaping+behavioral+and+brain+development+and+its+implications+for+social+policy.">The role of early experience in shaping behavioral and brain development and its implications for social policy.</a> Dev Psychopathol. 12 (4), 695-712 (2000).</li><li>Blair, C., Raver, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poverty,+Stress,+and+Brain+Development:+New+Directions+for+Prevention+and+Intervention.">Poverty, Stress, and Brain Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention.</a> Acad Pediatr. 16 (3 Suppl), S30-S36 (2016).</li><li>Jasi&#324;ska, K. K., Petitto, L. 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E., Jung, J., Jang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIRS-SPM:+statistical+parametric+mapping+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">NIRS-SPM: statistical parametric mapping for near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Neuroimage. 44 (2), 428-447 (2009).</li><li>Huppert, T. J. T. J., Diamond, S. G. S. G., Franceschini, M. A. M. A., Boas, D. A. D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HomER:+a+review+of+time-series+analysis+methods+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy+of+the+brain.">HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.</a> Appl Opt. 48 (10), D280-D298 (2009).</li><li>Huppert, T. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wavelet+minimum+description+length+detrending+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Wavelet minimum description length detrending for near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 14 (3), 034004-034004 (2009).</li><li>Worsley, K. J., Friston, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+fMRI+time-series+revisited--again.">Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited--again.</a> Neuroimage. 2 (3), 173-181 (1995).</li><li>Friston, K. 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This paper presented a field neuroimaging protocol suitable for low-resource contexts in remote locations. The key advance of this field neuroimaging protocol is the first-time ability to study brain function and its development in understudied (or never-before studied) contexts. Critical steps in this protocol include traveling with and setting up a mobile laboratory suitable for quality data collection in tropical climates without electricity or available facilities. This protocol provides a general guide to forming st...

Portable fNIRS imaging provides the ability to study brain function and development outside the laboratory, in previously inaccessible settings or with understudied populations. Much of the knowledge in the domain of cognitive neuroscience comes from imaging studies conducted in university or hospital laboratory settings, in predominantly Western countries. By design, this contributes to a seldom-spoken-of problem in research: much of what is known about the brain is based on studies with participants for whom laboratory settings in (mostly) Western countries are accessible. That is, most neuroimaging research involves participants who live in reasonable proximity to a neuroimaging laboratory and have both the time and resources necessary to participate in a study. As a discipline, cognitive neuroscience aims to understand the brain and the factors that shape its development&#8212;including the powerful effects of a child&#39;s environment and their early-life experiences1,2,3. Methods that advance the field&#39;s capacity to study development in a fuller range of human experience can dramatically advance the understanding of the complex relation between brain development and the life experiences that shape it.
This paper presents a protocol for field neuroimaging, which was developed for use in rural sub-Saharan Africa, specifically southern C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. The aim of this field neuroimaging research program was to understand children&#39;s reading development in an environment with a high-risk of illiteracy. C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire&#39;s youth (15-24 years) literacy rate is 53%, despite 93% primary school enrollment rates4. C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire is the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and there are an estimated 1.3 million child laborers in the cocoa agricultural sector5. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning, specifically learning to read. Applying the latest tools of cognitive neuroscience, i.e., portable neuroimaging methods,&#160;can yield valuable insights into children&#8217;s learning outcomes.&#160;For example, field neuroimaging with fNIRS can allow the identification of neurodevelopmental periods during which targeted educational programs or interventions may have maximal impacts on children&#39;s learning outcomes.
fNIRS neuroimaging is well-suited for field research. Similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fNIRS measures the brain&#39;s hemodynamic response6. However, fNIRS uses a series of light emitting optodes and light detectors rather than generating electromagnetic fields. There are no restrictions on metal in or near the testing area, and no electric shielding is necessary, as in the case for electroencephalography (EEG). A key advantage of fNIRS is its portability (i.e., some systems may fit in a suitcase) and ease of use. fNIRS is also easy to use with children; the child is comfortably seated in a chair during the experiment and the fNIRS system tolerates movement well compared to fMRI. Compared with fMRI, fNIRS also provides separate measures of deoxygenated (HbR) and oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) during recording, compared to fMRI which yields a combined blood oxygen level density (BOLD) measure. fNIRS has superior temporal resolution to fMRI: sampling rates can vary between ~ 7-15 Hz. fNIRS has good spatial resolution: the fNIRS&#39; depth of recording in the human cortex is less than fMRI, measuring about 3 to 4 cm in depth, which is well-suited for studying cortical functions, especially with infants and children who have thinner skulls than adults3,7,8,9,10.
This field neuroimaging protocol outlines considerations for traveling with and setting up a portable neuroimaging laboratory in low-resource contexts. The protocol also highlights the essential nature of meaningful, long-term collaborations with local science partners and ways by which this approach serves to build local science capacity. The neuroimaging protocol for collecting and analyzing fNIRS brain data from a battery of language, reading, and cognitive tasks, is demonstrated including recommendations for creating culturally appropriate informed consent procedures for imaging research. While this protocol is designed for cognitive development research with primary school aged children in rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the protocol is highly relevant for any field neuroimaging study in challenging, low-resource environments, and can be adapted for novel contexts.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LIGHTNIRS Main Unit Pack 120V</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>292-34000-42</td>
			<td>Component of the fNIRS system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOLDER ASSY, ALL- CAP</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>594-07618-01</td>
			<td>Component of the fNIRS system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIGHTNIRS connection cable</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>567-10976-11</td>
			<td>fNIRS system component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber set for LIGHTNIRS, 1m (8 sets)</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>567-11350-01</td>
			<td>fNIRS system component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dell Latitude Laptop</td>
			<td>Shimadzu (from Dell)</td>
			<td>220-97322-00</td>
			<td>Master computer to run fNIRS applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PATRIOT SEU (System Electronics Unit)</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>1A0453-001</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>2C0809</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply cord</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>17500B-BLK</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS-232 null modem cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>1C0288</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>1C0289</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RX2 Sensor 10&#39; cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>4A0492-20</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TX2 Source 10&#39; cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>4A0506-20</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neuroimaging field methods using functional near infrared spectroscopy (nirs) neuroimaging to study global child development: rural sub-saharan africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Probe position data obtained by the 3D digitizer (Figure 2) can be visualized on a standard brain template. Register fNIRS channels to MNI space using NIRS-SPM&#39;s stand-alone registration function25. The spatial registration function generates MNI coordinates, anatomical labels, and Brodmann areas maximally represented by each channel.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa at JoVE.c

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

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Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...