Name: conducting elevated temperature normal and combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments via a breech-end sabot heater system
Uploaded: 2018-08-07T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support of the U.S. Department of Energy through the Stewardship Science Academic Alliance DOE/NNSA (DE-NA0001989 and DE-NA0002919) in conducting this research. Finally, the authors would like to thank Los Alamos National Lab for their collaboration in support of undergoing efforts in the current and future investigations.

1. Sample and Target Material Preparation
NOTE: In the following protocol, we will detail the steps necessary for preparing the sample and target materials, which will be later used in a reverse geometry normal plate impact experiment. In this setup, a flyer plate (also the sample), held at the front of a sabot, will be launched via a single stage gas gun and made to impact a stationary target plate housed in the target chamber of the gas gun. A typical flyer and target plate assembly described ...

<ol>
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The method and protocol stated above detailed the procedure for properly performing a reverse geometry normal plate impact experiment at elevated temperatures. In this approach, we make custom modifications to the gun barrel at the high pressure (breech) end of the existing gas gun at Case Western Reserve University, to house a resistive heater coil with axial and rotational degrees of freedom. The resistive heater coil system enables thin aluminum specimens, held at the front-end of a heater resistant sabot, to be heate...

In engineering applications, materials are subjected to a wide range of conditions, which can be static or dynamic in nature, coupled with high levels of deformation and temperatures ranging from room to near the melting point. Under these thermomechanical extremes the material behavior can vary drastically; thus, over nearly a century, several experiments have been developed aimed towards probing the dynamic response and/or other characteristics of material behavior while under controlled loading regimes1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. For metals loaded at low to intermediate strain rates (10-6-100 /s), servo-hydraulic or precision screw universal testing machines have been used to study the material response subjected to various loading modes and levels of deformation. But as the applied strain rates increase beyond the intermediate strain rates (i.e., &#62;102/s), other experimental techniques become necessary in order to probe the mechanical response. For example, at loading rates of 103/s up to 5 &#215; 104/s full-sized or miniaturized Split-Hopkinson pressure bars enable such measurements to be made8,15.
Traditionally, light gas-guns and/or explosively driven plate impact experiments have been utilized to study the dynamic inelasticity and other phenomenon such as spallation, or phase transformation that occur with very high strain rates (105-107/s)16,17,18,19,20,21,22, or combinations of high pressures and dynamic loading. Customarily, plate impact experiments involve the launch of a flyer plate carried by a sabot initially at the breech-end of the gas-gun, which then travels down the length of the gun-barrel and is made to collide with a carefully aligned stationary target plate at the impact chamber. As a result of the impact, normal and/or combined pressure and shear stresses are generated at the flyer/target interface, which travel through the spatial dimensions of the plates as longitudinal and/or combined longitudinal and transverse stress waves. The arrival of these waves at the rear surface of the target plate affect the instantaneous free surface particle velocity of the target plate, which is monitored typically via interferometric techniques. In order to allow the interpretation of the measured particle velocity versus time history, it is necessary that plane-waves with a front parallel to the impact surface be generated upon impact14,23. To ensure the former, impact must occur with an impact tilt angle on the order of less than one milli-radian12,24, with impact surfaces of flatness better than a couple micrometers5,25.
Plate impact experiments have been adapted to include heating elements which enable investigations of material behavior to extend into thermomechanical extremes26,27,28,29. These adaptations usually involve the addition of an induction coil, or of a resistive heater element to the target-end of the gas-gun; though these adaptations have been shown to be experimentally feasible, the approach inherently leads to special experimental challenges which require careful considerations. Some of these experimental complications include differential thermal expansion of the various constituents of the target holder assembly and/or alignment fixture while heating the target (sample) plate, which requires in-real-time alignment adjustments, usually made with remotely controlled alignment tools with continuous feedback in order to maintain crucial parallelism tolerance between the sample and target plate. In the case of the pressure-shear plate impact experimental scheme, heating the sample requires conventional polymer gratings be replaced by high-temperature resistant metallic gratings in order to monitor transverse particle velocity at the free surface of the target plate. Moreover, heating of the sample can add limitations on the impact velocity that can be employed in certain experimental schemes, such as in the high strain rate combined pressure-and-shear plate impact configuration, where special considerations may be required to prevent unambiguous interpretation of the experimental results, which are calculated using the acoustic impedance of the front and rear target plates which may be temperature dependent. Lastly, for other experimental schemes, which require a target plate with an optical window, tolerances between the sample, bond layer, and/or coatings become increasingly difficult to maintain at high temperatures19.
To alleviate the experimental challenges mentioned above, we have made custom adaptations to the existing single-stage gas-gun located at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)7,30,31,32. These modifications enable thin metal specimens held at the front-end of a heat-resistant sabot to be heated to temperatures in excess of 1000 &#176;C, prior to firing, which allow high temperature normal and/or combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments to be conducted. In contrast to most of the conventional approaches employed for elevated temperature plate impact studies, this method has been shown to alleviate several of the experimental challenges described above. For example, this approach has been utilized to feasibly achieve tilt angles of less than one milli-radian without the need for remote tilt adjustment30, or additional optical elements for monitoring tilt changes during the experiment. Second, since the target plate remains under ambient temperatures, this method does not require the need for special high-temperature resistant holographic gratings for the measurement of transverse particle velocity in oblique impact experiments; additionally, higher impact velocities can be utilized without the risk of yielding the target plate, and thus, reduce the complexity in the interpretation of the experimental results. To add, this approach can be utilized to perform high temperature reverse-geometry normal plate impact experiments which provide Us-Up relationships for a choice sample material. These can be obtained via impedance matching techniques, or additionally, an analysis of the rarefaction fan from the back surface of the sample which carry information regarding changes in sample shock velocity during unloading33,34. In the elevated temperature combined pressure-shear plate impact configuration, this approach enables the dynamic inelasticity of thin films to be studied up to a wide temperature and plastic deformation range, and strain-rates up to 107/s depending of the thickness of the thin specimen16,27,29.
We will present the protocols necessary for performing a typical elevated temperature plate impact experiment discussed above. This will be followed by a section dedicated to representative results obtained using the present technique. Lastly, a discussion of the results will be presented prior to a conclusion.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>99.999% commercial purity polycrystalline aluminum</td>
			<td>Goodfellow</td>
			<td>AL007970</td>
			<td>Material for flyer plate (sample)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H13 tool steel</td>
			<td>Fabrication Center of CWRU</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Material for the sample holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution treat &#38; age Inconel 718 alloy</td>
			<td>High Temp Metals</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>(1.005/1.015)&#34; Dia x 24&#34;, Material for target plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresist S1805</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Material of the photoresist for holographic grating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Developer CD-26</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Developer to the photoresist for holographic grating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum 6063 tube</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>4568T19</td>
			<td>Material for the ring in target assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Delrin (R) Acetal Resin Rod (4-1/2&#34; Dia.)</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8576K81</td>
			<td>Material for the Delrin holder in target assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Delrin (R) Acetal Resin Rod (1/4&#34; Dia.)</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8572K51</td>
			<td>Material for the Delrin pins in target assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum 6061 tube</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>9056K24</td>
			<td>Material for the body in projectile assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum 6061 rod</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8974K88</td>
			<td>Material for the cap in projectile assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8711K98</td>
			<td>Material for the key</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAVA-FF - Alumina Silicate disc</td>
			<td>Technical Products</td>
			<td>CWR-033116-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAVA-FF - Alumina Silicate tube</td>
			<td>Technical Products</td>
			<td>ALR11515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alumina Pan Slotted Head Bolt</td>
			<td>Ceramco</td>
			<td>A83200PANSLT0.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>409 N70 Buna-N O-ring</td>
			<td>The O-ring Store</td>
			<td>B70409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loctite Hysol 9412 adhesive</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>83107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Temperature Cements</td>
			<td>OMEGA Engineering</td>
			<td>OB-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extra fast-set epoxy</td>
			<td>Ellsworth</td>
			<td>4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mylar sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8567K94</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

conducting elevated temperature normal and combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments via a breech-end sabot heater system

A novel approach for conducting normal and/or combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments at test temperatures up to 1000 &#176;C is presented. The method enables elevated temperature plate-impact experiments aimed towards probing dynamic behavior of materials under thermomechanical extremes, while mitigating several special experimental challenges faced while performing similar experiments using the conventional plate impact approach. Custom adaptations are made to the breech-end of a single-stage gas-gun at Case Western Reserve University; these adaptations include a precision-machined extension piece made from SAE 4340 steel, which is strategically designed to mate the existing gun-barrel while providing a high tolerance match to the bore and keyway. The extension piece contains a vertical cylindrical heater-well, which houses a heater assembly. A resistive coil heater-head, capable of reaching temperatures of up 1200 &#176;C, is attached to a vertical stem with axial/rotational degrees of freedoms; this enables thin metal specimens held at the front-end of a heat-resistant sabot to be heated uniformly across the diameter to the desired test temperatures. By heating the flyer plate (in this case, the sample) at the breech-end of the gun-barrel instead of at the target-end, several critical experimental challenges can be averted. These include: 1) severe changes in the alignment of the target plate during heating due to the thermal expansion of the several constituents of the target holder assembly; 2) challenges that arise due to the diagnostics elements, (i.e., polymer holographic gratings, and optical probes) being too close to the heated target assembly; 3) challenges that arise for target plates with an optical window, where crucial tolerances between the sample, bond layer, and window become increasingly difficult to maintain at high temperatures; 4) in the case of combined compression-shear plate impact experiments, the need for high-temperature resistant diffraction gratings for the measurement of transverse particle velocity at the free surface of the target; and 5) limitations imposed on the impact velocity necessary for unambiguous interpretation of the measured free surface velocity versus time profile due to thermal softening and possibly yielding of the bounding target plates.By utilizing the adaptations mentioned above, we present results from a series of reverse geometry normal plate impact experiments on commercial purity aluminum at a range of sample temperatures. These experiments show decreasing particle velocities in the impacted state, which are indicative of material softening (decrease in post-yield flow stress) with increasing sample temperatures.

An 82.5 mm bore, 6 m length, single-stage gas gun at CWRU capable of accelerating 0.8 kg projectiles to speeds up to 700 m/s was used in conducting the present experiments. Figure 5 shows a photograph of the modified gas-gun facility at CWRU. Prior to firing, the custom designed sabot is housed within the heater extension piece, shown in Figure 6. The extension piece carries a vertical heater-well enabling a resistive coil heater...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System at JoVE.com

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

Here, we present a detailed protocol of a new approach for conducting elevated temperature reverse normal plate impact, and combined pressure-and-shear plate impact. The approach involves the use of a breech-end resistive coil heater to heat a sample held at the front-end of a heat-resistant sabot to the desired temperature.

A novel approach for conducting normal and/or combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments at test temperatures up to 1000 &#176;C is presented. The ...

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