Name: near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere
Uploaded: 2018-04-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere at JoVE.com

The authors thank Mr. Kenta Yamada, Mr. Ryota Fujioka, and Mr. Mizuki Kyoda for their support on the experiments and data analyses. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25630069, the Suzuki Foundation, and the Precise Measurement Technology Promotion Foundation, Japan.

1. Experimental Setup and Procedures
Prepare an optical rail to mount a sample and optics for NIR imaging as follows.
<ol>
	<li>Sample preparation. 
	Note: When using water or aqueous liquid, do Step 1.1.1. When using an aqueous gel with high viscosity, do Step 1.1.2.
	<ol>
		<li>Steel sphere setting in water.
		<ol>
			<li>Fix a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere to the end of a thin plastic string using a small amount of glue.</li>
			<li>Hang the steel sphere at the center...

<ol>
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The technique presented in this paper is a novel one using the temperature dependence of NIR absorption of water and presents no significant difficulty in setting up the necessary equipment and implementation. The incident light can be easily produced by using a halogen lamp and an NBPF. However, lasers cannot be used, because coherent interference patterns would appear on the images. Common optical lenses and glass cells for visible-light use can be used, as they transmit an adequate amount of light at &#955; =...

A technique to measure temperature near a small heat source within a medium is required in many scientific research fields and applications. For example, in the research on magnetic hyperthermia, which is a cancer therapy method using electromagnetic induction of magnetic particles, or small magnetic pieces, it is critical to accurately predict the temperature distributions generated by the magnetic particles1,2. However, although microwave3,4, ultrasound5,6,7,8, optoacoustic9, Raman10, and magnetic resonance11,12-based temperature measurement techniques have been researched and developed, such an inner temperature distribution cannot be accurately measured at present. Thus far, single-position temperatures or temperatures at a few positions have been measured via temperature sensors, which, in the case of induction heating, are non-magnetic optical fiber temperature sensors13,14. Alternatively, the surface temperatures of media have been remotely measured via infrared radiation thermometers to estimate the inner temperatures14. However, when a medium containing a small heat source is a water layer or a non-turbid aqueous medium, we have demonstrated that a near-infrared (NIR) absorption technique is useful to measure the temperatures15,16,17,18,19. This paper presents the detailed protocol of this technique and representative results.
The NIR absorption technique is based on the principle of temperature dependence of the absorption bands of water in the NIR region. As is shown in Figure 1a, the &#957;1 + &#957;2 + &#957;3 absorption band of water is observed in the 1100-nm to 1250-nm wavelength (&#955;) range and shifts to shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases19. Here, &#957;1 + &#957;2 + &#957;3 means that this band corresponds to the combination of the three fundamental O-H vibration modes: symmetric stretching (&#957;1), bending (&#957;2), and antisymmetric stretching (&#957;3)20,21. This change in the spectrum indicates that the most temperature-sensitive wavelength in the band is &#955; &#8776; 1150 nm. Other absorption bands of water also exhibit similar behavior with respect to the temperature15,16,17,18,20,21. The &#957;1 + &#957;3 band of water observed within the range &#955; = 1350&#8722;1500 nm and its temperature dependence are shown in Figure 1b. In the &#957;1 + &#957;3 band of water, 1412 nm is the most temperature-sensitive wavelength. Thus, it is possible to obtain two-dimensional (2D) temperature images by using an NIR camera to capture 2D absorbance images at &#955; = 1150 or 1412 nm. As the absorption coefficient of water at &#955; = 1150 nm is smaller than that at &#955; = 1412 nm, the former wavelength is suitable for approximately 10-mm-thick aqueous media, while the latter is suitable for approximately 1-mm-thick ones. Recently, using &#955; = 1150 nm, we obtained the temperature distributions in a 10-mm-thick water layer containing an induction-heated 1-mm-diameter steel sphere19. Moreover, the temperature distributions in a 0.5-mm-thick water layer have been measured by using &#955; = 1412 nm15,17.
An advantage to the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is that it is simple to setup and implement because it is a transmission-absorption measurement technique and needs no fluorophore, phosphor, or other thermal probe. In addition, its temperature resolution is less than 0.2 K15,17,19. Such a good temperature resolution cannot be achieved by other transmission techniques based on interferometry, which have often been used in heat and mass transfer studies22,23,24. We note, however, that the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is not suitable in cases with considerable local temperature change, because the deflection of light caused by the large temperature gradient becomes dominant19. This matter is referred in this paper in terms of practical use.
This paper describes the experimental setup and procedure for the NIR-based temperature imaging technique for a small magnetic sphere heated via induction; additionally, it presents the results of two representative 2D absorbance images. One image is of a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 10.0-mm-thick water layer that is captured at &#955; = 1150 nm. The second image is of a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 2.0-mm-thick maltose syrup layer that is captured at &#955; = 1412&#160;nm. This paper also presents the calculation method and results of the three-dimensional (3D) radial distribution of temperature by applying the inverse Abel transform (IAT) to the 2D absorbance images. The IAT is valid when a 3D temperature distribution is assumed to be spherically symmetric as in the case of a heated sphere (Figure 2)19. For the IAT calculation, a multi-Gaussian function fitting method is employed here, because the IATs of Gaussian functions can be obtained analytically25,26,27,28,29 and fit well to monotonically decreasing data; this includes experiments employing thermal conduction from a single heat source.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:727px;" width="727">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Induction heating system</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">CEIA, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPW900/56</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">780 kHz, 5.6 kW (max).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Coil</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">SA-Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td>Water-cooled copper tube; two-turn; outer dia. 28 mm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Water chiller</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Matsumoto Kikai, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MP-401CT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Halogen lamp</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Hayashi Watch-Works, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LA-150UE-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Narrow bandpass filter for &#955; = 1150 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Andover</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">115FS10-25</td>
			<td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Narrow bandpass filter for &#955; = 1412 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Andover</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">semi-custom</td>
			<td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Bandpass filter for &#955; = 850&#8722;1300 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Spectrogon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP-1300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Bandpass filter for &#955; = 1100&#8722;2000 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Spectrogon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">NIR camera</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">FLIR Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Alpha NIR</td>
			<td>InGaAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">FLIR Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IRvista</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>ver. 1.51r</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Matlab</td>
			<td>ver. 2016a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Telecentric lens</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Edmond Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">55350-L</td>
			<td>X1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Steel sphere (0.5 mm dia.)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Kobe Steel, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Steel sphere (2.0 mm dia.)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Kobe Steel, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Maltose syrup as aqueous gel</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sonton, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Mizuame</td>
			<td>Food product</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This technique utilizes wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm, at which the absorption coefficient of water is dependent on temperature. Water or a non-turbid aqueous gel containing a 2.0-mm- or 0.5-mm-diameter magnetic sphere is irradiated with 1150 nm or 1412 nm incident light, as selected using a narrow bandpass filter; additionally, two-dimensional absorbance images, which are the transverse projections of the absorption coefficient, are acquired via a near-infrared camera. When the three-dimensional distributions of temperature can be assumed to be spherically symmetric, they are estimated by applying inverse Abel transforms to the absorbance profiles. The temperatures were observed to consistently change according to time and the induction heating power.

Images of &#916;Ai(x, z) at &#955; = 1150 nm for a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in water and at &#955; = 1412 nm for a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup are presented in Figure 5a and Figure 6a, respectively. In both cases, the sphere was located 12 mm below the bottom of the coil along its central axis. Figu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere at JoVE.com

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique utilizing wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm to measure the temperature of water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented.

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

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Engineering

Chemistry

Mechanical Engineering

Unit 1

Units, Dimensions, and Measurements

Physics Basics

Electronic Structure of Atoms

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed ...

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

In Situ Surface Temperature Measurement in a Conveyor Belt Furnace via Inline Infrared Thermography

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. ...