Name: high-resolution patterning using two modes of electrohydrodynamic jet: drop on demand and near-field electrospinning
Uploaded: 2018-07-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education (2016R1D1A1B01006801), and partially supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.

For health and safety purposes, prior to using any ink and cleaning solution, refer to the material safety datasheet (MSDS).
1. Drop-on-demand Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing Using Silver Nanoparticle Ink
<ol>
	<li>Fill the filtered silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink in the ink reservoir of the EHD printing system. 
	Note: Commercially available AgNP ink can be used for the inkjet purpose. The ink should have a viscosity of around 10 cP and a surface tension of 20 ~ 40 mN/m to obtain drop-...

<ol>
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In this protocol, we focus on printing fine patterns using AgNP ink with two modes: DOD EHD printing and NFES. However, the EHD jet printing application is not limited to the conductive ink using AgNP. Here, we will discuss the general guidelines for the selection of ink, the system configuration, and other printing parameters needed to use EHD jet printing for various fine-pattern applications.
The first and most important step for EHD printing is ink selection and preparation. The ink used i...

EHD jet printing has been widely used in various areas, such as printed electronics, biotechnology, and advanced material applications, because it is capable of high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning1. The printed line width or printed dot size could be reduced to 1 &#181;m, which is significantly smaller than that of conventional piezo-based inkjet printing1.
In EHD printing, a small portion of ink (or meniscus) is pushed out of the nozzle tip and maintained by controlling the flow rate1,2,3,4,5 or the positive air pressure1,6,7. The extruded meniscus is charged and can easily be pulled down from the nozzle tip to the substrate by an electric field, as shown in Figure 1. The conical meniscus is formed during the jetting, producing an ink stream much thinner than the nozzle size.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57846/57846fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: EHD printing. The figure shows the principle of EHD jet printing. Ink is pushed via pressure and pulled via an electric field to form an extruded meniscus from the nozzle. Then, the charged ink can be easily jetted to the substrate via a DC or pulse voltage. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57846/57846fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Even though a single EHD printer can be used for the two different modes, near-field electrospinning (NFES) and drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD jet printing, the realization methods significantly differ in terms of ink, fluidic system, and driving voltage1,2,3. For example, NFES4,5 uses a relatively high-viscous ink [more than 1,000 centipoises (cP)] to form continuous micro-line patterns with high-speed printing up to 1 m/s. On the other hand, DOD EHD jet printing6,7,8 uses low-viscous ink with a viscosity of around 10 cP to print dot-based complex patterns with a low printing speed less than 10 mm/s.
Since the requirement for each mode is significantly different, it may be challenging for inexperienced researchers to achieve the desired results. The empirical &#34;know-how&#34; might be important in practice. To help researchers get used to the printing methods, we present EHD printing protocols for fine conductive patterning using Ag nanoparticle ink. However, we added comments to the protocols so that they are not limited to a conductive patterning using Ag nanoparticle ink. Finally, printing and preparation guidelines are presented in the discussion section.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="696">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">EHD integrated printing system</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Psolution Ltd., South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PS300</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Harima Ag Nanoparticle ink</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Harima Inc., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Harima NPS-JL</td>
			<td>Ag solid content: ~ 53 wt%, Viscosity: ~10 cP, Surface tension: ~30 mN/m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass capillary</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Narishige Scientific Instrument Lab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G-1</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1 mm; Used to make nozzle for DOD EHD jet printing using thermal puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nozzle thermal puller</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sutter Instrument, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sutter P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope Slides (Glass subtrate)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Paul-Marienfeld &#38; Co.KG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 006 12</td>
			<td>Dimension (L x W x T): 76 mm x 26 mm x 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Magnetic Stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Barnstead Thermolyne Corp., USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cimarec SP131635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Vortex Stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Jeiotech, South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Lab Companion VM-96T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ag nanopaste&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NPK, South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ES-R001</td>
			<td>Ag solid content: ~85.5 wt%, Viscosity: ~11000 cP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Poly ethylene oxide (PEO)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>372773-500G</td>
			<td>Mw = 400000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>459836-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution patterning using two modes of electrohydrodynamic jet: drop on demand and near-field electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning tool. EHD printing uses a fluidic supplier to maintain the extruded meniscus by pushing the ink out of the nozzle tip. The electric field is then used to pull the meniscus down to the substrate to produce high-resolution patterns. Two modes of EHD printing have been used for fine patterning: continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing. According to the printing modes, the requirements for the printing equipment and ink viscosity will differ. Even though two different modes can be implemented with a single EHD printer, the realization methods significantly differ in terms of ink, fluidic system, and driving voltage. Consequently, without a proper understanding of the jetting requirements and limitations, it is difficult to obtain the desired results. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline so that inexperienced researchers can reduce the trial and error efforts to use the EHD jet for their specific research and development purposes. To demonstrate the fine-patterning implementation, we use Ag nanoparticle ink for the conductive patterning in the protocol. In addition, we also present the generalized printing guidelines that can be used for other types of ink for various fine-patterning applications.

Dot-based drop-on-demand printing: 
DOD printing is based on one droplet jetting per one jetting trigger. To produce DOD jetting, low-viscous ink with a viscosity of approximately 10 cP should be used. The ink requirement for EHD DOD printing is similar to that of the conventional DOD inkjet, as is the EHD printing method to that of the conventional DOD inkjet. In the case of conventional inkjet printing, the raster printing technique has been widely used, because it...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning at JoVE.com

High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning

Here, we present a protocol to produce high-resolution conductive patterns using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. The protocol includes two modes of EHD jet printing: the continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and the dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing.

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning ...

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