Name: simultaneous recordings of cortical local field potentials and electrocorticograms in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats
Uploaded: 2019-01-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats at JoVE.co

This work was supported by CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology,&#160;the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671141 and 31822025), the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XXH13506), and the Scientific Foundation project of the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y6CX021008).

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 400 - 450 g) were used in the experiment. All surgical and experimental procedures followed the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The procedures were approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1. Electrode Implantation
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the rat in a chamber with 5% isoflurane and an air flow rate of 1 L/min before the surgery.</li>
	<li>Usi...

<ol>
	<li>Klimesch, W., Doppelmayr, M., Schwaiger, J., Winkler, T., Gruber, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theta+oscillations+and+the+ERP+old/new+effect:+independent+phenomena?.">Theta oscillations and the ERP old/new effect: independent phenomena?.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 111 (5), 781-793 (2000).</li><li>Peng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+oscillations+reflecting+pain-related+behavior+in+freely+moving+rats.">Brain oscillations reflecting pain-related behavior in freely moving rats.</a> Pain. 159 (1), 106-118 (2018).</li><li>Treede, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+studies+of+pain+pathways+in+peripheral+and+central+nervous+system+disorders.">Neurophysiological studies of pain pathways in peripheral and central nervous system disorders.</a> Journal of Neurology. 250 (10), 1152-1161 (2003).</li><li>Iannetti, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+specific+spinal+pathway+for+the+sense+of+warmth+in+humans.">Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 89 (1), 562-570 (2003).</li><li>Bromm, B., Treede, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nerve+fibre+discharges,+cerebral+potentials+and+sensations+induced+by+CO2+laser+stimulation.">Nerve fibre discharges, cerebral potentials and sensations induced by CO2 laser stimulation.</a> Human Neurobiology. 3 (1), 33-40 (1984).</li><li>Valentini, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+primary+somatosensory+cortex+largely+contributes+to+the+early+part+of+the+cortical+response+elicited+by+nociceptive+stimuli.">The primary somatosensory cortex largely contributes to the early part of the cortical response elicited by nociceptive stimuli.</a> NeuroImage. 59 (2), 1571-1581 (2012).</li><li>Valeriani, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parallel+spinal+pathways+generate+the+middle-latency+N1+and+the+late+P2+components+of+the+laser+evoked+potentials.">Parallel spinal pathways generate the middle-latency N1 and the late P2 components of the laser evoked potentials.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 118 (5), 1097-1104 (2007).</li><li>Kuo, C. C., Yen, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+anterior+cingulate+and+primary+somatosensory+neuronal+responses+to+noxious+laser-heat+stimuli+in+conscious,+behaving+rats.">Comparison of anterior cingulate and primary somatosensory neuronal responses to noxious laser-heat stimuli in conscious, behaving rats.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (3), 1825-1836 (2005).</li><li>Hu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+primary+somatosensory+cortex+and+the+insula+contribute+differently+to+the+processing+of+transient+and+sustained+nociceptive+and+non-nociceptive+somatosensory+inputs.">The primary somatosensory cortex and the insula contribute differently to the processing of transient and sustained nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory inputs.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 36 (11), 4346-4360 (2015).</li><li>Xia, X. L., Peng, W. W., Iannetti, G. D., Hu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-evoked+cortical+responses+in+freely-moving+rats+reflect+the+activation+of+C-fibre+afferent+pathways.">Laser-evoked cortical responses in freely-moving rats reflect the activation of C-fibre afferent pathways.</a> NeuroImage. 128, 209-217 (2016).</li><li>Jin, Q. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatotopic+Representation+of+Second+Pain+in+the+Primary+Somatosensory+Cortex+of+Humans+and+Rodents.">Somatotopic Representation of Second Pain in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex of Humans and Rodents.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 38 (24), 5538-5550 (2018).</li><li>Lenkov, D. N., Volnova, A. B., Pope, A. R., Tsytsarev, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advantages+and+limitations+of+brain+imaging+methods+in+the+research+of+absence+epilepsy+in+humans+and+animal+models.">Advantages and limitations of brain imaging methods in the research of absence epilepsy in humans and animal models.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 212 (2), 195-202 (2013).</li><li>Mouraux, A., Iannetti, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Across-trial+averaging+of+event-related+EEG+responses+and+beyond.">Across-trial averaging of event-related EEG responses and beyond.</a> Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 26 (7), 1041-1054 (2008).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracting+Neural+Oscillation+Signatures+of+Laser-Induced+Nociception+in+Pain-Related+Regions+in+Rats.">Extracting Neural Oscillation Signatures of Laser-Induced Nociception in Pain-Related Regions in Rats.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 11, 71 (2017).</li><li>Zhao, Z. F., Li, X. Z., Wan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+Information+Trace+in+Local+Field+Potentials+by+a+Computational+Method+of+Two-Dimensional+Time-Shifting+Synchronization+Likelihood+Based+on+Graphic+Processing+Unit+Acceleration.">Mapping the Information Trace in Local Field Potentials by a Computational Method of Two-Dimensional Time-Shifting Synchronization Likelihood Based on Graphic Processing Unit Acceleration.</a> Neuroscience Bulletin. 33 (6), 653-663 (2017).</li><li>Buzsaki, G., Anastassiou, C. A., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+of+extracellular+fields+and+currents--EEG,+ECoG,+LFP+and+spikes.">The origin of extracellular fields and currents--EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes.</a> Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 13 (6), 407-420 (2012).</li><li>Bimbi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+scalp+recorded+EEG+and+local+field+potentials+from+monkey+ventral+premotor+cortex+during+action+observation+and+execution+reveals+the+contribution+of+mirror+and+motor+neurons+to+the+mu-rhythm.">Simultaneous scalp recorded EEG and local field potentials from monkey ventral premotor cortex during action observation and execution reveals the contribution of mirror and motor neurons to the mu-rhythm.</a> NeuroImage. 175, 22-31 (2018).</li><li>Musall, S., von Pfostl, V., Rauch, A., Logothetis, N. K., Whittingstall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+neural+synchrony+on+surface+EEG.">Effects of neural synchrony on surface EEG.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 24 (4), 1045-1053 (2014).</li><li>Bruyns-Haylett, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurogenesis+of+P1+and+N1:+A+concurrent+EEG/LFP+study.">The neurogenesis of P1 and N1: A concurrent EEG/LFP study.</a> NeuroImage. 146, 575-588 (2017).</li><li>Kang, S., Bruyns-Haylett, M., Hayashi, Y., Zheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concurrent+Recording+of+Co-localized+Electroencephalography+and+Local+Field+Potential+in+Rodent.">Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (129), e56447 (2017).</li><li>Shikano, Y., Sasaki, T., Ikegaya, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Recordings+of+Cortical+Local+Field+Potentials,+Electrocardiogram,+Electromyogram,+and+Breathing+Rhythm+from+a+Freely+Moving+Rat.">Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (134), e56980 (2018).</li><li>Cloutier, S., LaFollette, M. R., Gaskill, B. N., Panksepp, J., Newberry, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tickling,+a+Technique+for+Inducing+Positive+Affect+When+Handling+Rats.">Tickling, a Technique for Inducing Positive Affect When Handling Rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (135), e57190 (2018).</li><li>Fan, R. J., Kung, J. C., Olausson, B. A., Shyu, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nocifensive+behaviors+components+evoked+by+brief+laser+pulses+are+mediated+by+C+fibers.">Nocifensive behaviors components evoked by brief laser pulses are mediated by C fibers.</a> Physiology &amp; Behavior. 98 (1-2), 108-117 (2009).</li><li>Fan, R. J., Shyu, B. C., Hsiao, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+nocifensive+behavior+induced+in+rats+by+CO2+laser+pulse+stimulation.">Analysis of nocifensive behavior induced in rats by CO2 laser pulse stimulation.</a> Physiology &amp; Behavior. 57 (6), 1131-1137 (1995).</li><li>Hu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Was+it+a+pain+or+a+sound?+Across-species+variability+in+sensory+sensitivity.">Was it a pain or a sound? Across-species variability in sensory sensitivity.</a> Pain. 156 (12), 2449-2457 (2015).</li><li>Catarino, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-related+functional+connectivity+in+autism+spectrum+conditions:+an+EEG+study+using+wavelet+transform+coherence.">Task-related functional connectivity in autism spectrum conditions: an EEG study using wavelet transform coherence.</a> Molecular Autism. 4 (1), 1 (2013).</li><li>Polterovich, A., Jankowski, M. M., Nelken, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviance+sensitivity+in+the+auditory+cortex+of+freely+moving+rats.">Deviance sensitivity in the auditory cortex of freely moving rats.</a> PLoS One. 13 (6), e0197678 (2018).</li><li>Li, G., Baker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+envelope-responsive+neurons+in+early+visual+cortex:+organization+of+carrier+tuning+properties.">Functional organization of envelope-responsive neurons in early visual cortex: organization of carrier tuning properties.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (22), 7538-7549 (2012).</li><li>Fujita, S., Toyoda, I., Thamattoor, A. K., Buckmaster, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preictal+activity+of+subicular,+CA1,+and+dentate+gyrus+principal+neurons+in+the+dorsal+hippocampus+before+spontaneous+seizures+in+a+rat+model+of+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">Preictal activity of subicular, CA1, and dentate gyrus principal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus before spontaneous seizures in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (50), 16671-16687 (2014).</li></ol>

In the present study, we described a technique to concurrently record ECoGs and cortical LFP responses elicited by nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. The results showed that LEP responses could be clearly detected after the onset of laser stimuli in both ECoG and LFP signals. The simultaneous recording of ECoG and cortical LFP signals will enable scientists to investigate their relationship for better understanding the contribution of neuronal activities to the LEP components.
...

EEG is a technique to record electrical potentials and oscillatory brain activities generated by the synchronized activities of thousands of neurons in the brain. It is popularly used in many basic studies and clinical applications1,2. For instance, EEG responses to intense laser heat pulses (i.e., LEPs) are widely adopted to investigate the peripheral and central processing of nociceptive sensory input3,4,5. In humans, LEPs mainly consist of three distinct deflections: the early component (N1) that is somatotopically organized and likely to reflect the activity of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)6, and the late components (N2 and P2) that are centrally distributed and more likely to reflect the activity&#160;of the secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex7,8. In previous studies9,10, we demonstrated that rat LEPs, sampled using ECoG (a type of intracranial EEG) from electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain, also consist of three distinct deflections (i.e., somatotopically organized N1 and the centrally distributed N2 and P2). The polarity, order, and topography of the rat LEP components are similar to human LEPs11. However, due to the limited spatial resolution of the scalp EEG and subdural ECoG recordings12, as well as the inaccurate nature of EEG source analysis techniques13, the detailed contribution of the neural activities to the LEP components is much debated. For example, it is unclear if and the extent to which S1 contributes to the early part of the cortical response (N1) elicited by laser stimuli6.
Different from the recording technique at the macroscopic level, direct intracranial recordings using microwire arrays aided by a stereotaxic apparatus and microdrives14,15 could measure neural activities (e.g., LFPs) of specific regions. LFPs mainly reflect the summation of inhibitory or excitatory postsynaptic potentials of local neuronal populations16. Since LFP-sampled neural activities reflect neuronal processes occurring within hundreds of micrometers around the recording electrode, this recording technique is widely used to investigate the information processing in the brain at the mesoscopic level. However, it only focuses on precise local changes of brain activities and cannot answer the question of how signals from multiple regions are integrated (e.g., how LEP components are integrated at multiple brain regions).
It is worth noting that the simultaneous recording of an ECoG and cortical LFPs from freely moving rats could facilitate the investigation of cortical information processing at both macroscopic and mesoscopic levels. In addition, this methodology provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the extent to which the neural activities of the predefined brain regions contribute to the LEPs. Indeed, several previous studies have assessed the coherence between spikes, cortical LFP, and ECoG signals17,18 and demonstrated that the LFP19,20 adjacent to the EEG electrode contributes to the formation of stimulus-related brain responses. However, the existing technique is usually used to record brain responses from anesthetized animals due to the lacking of a protective shell to prevent the electrodes from being damaged by the collision. In other words, the technique that could build the bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic (cortical LFP) and macroscopic (EEG and ECoG) levels in freely moving rats is still lacking.
To address this issue, we developed a technique that could record an ECoG and cortical LFPs in multiple brain regions simultaneously from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish the direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thus facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:680px;" width="679">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Male Sprague-Drawley rats</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Vital River</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">RWD Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:200px;">Small animal isoflurane anaesthetic system</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">RWD Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Including the anesthesia gas mask for rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">RWD Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:200px;">The apparatus with combined ECoG and LFP electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The apparatus is home-made, which assembles the ECoG and depth wire electrodes to a connector module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="108">
			<td height="108" style="height:108px;width:200px;">3D-printed protective shell</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The texture of shell is polylactic, and the shell is home-made and contains three parts: a base, a wall and a cap. The wall is covered by copper tapers to construct as a Faraday cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:200px;">Tungsten wires (diameter: 50 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">California Fine Wires Company</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The electrodes for cortical LFP recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:200px;">&#160;Stainless steel screws 
			(diameter: 0.6 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The electrodes for ECoG recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Electric cranial drill</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">RWD Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:200px;">&#160;Drill bit (diameter: 0.5 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">RWD Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The drill is used for drilling the holes of ECoG screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:200px;">&#160;Drill bit (diameter: 0.2 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">RWD Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The drill is used for drilling the holes of depth wires&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Dental arylic powder</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">SNC dental</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Dental arylic liquid</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">SNC dental</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:200px;">Paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:259px;">The mixture is used for seal the craniotomy to ensure the following movement of micro-wire arrays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:200px;">Mineral Oil</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:200px;">Electrocoagulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Bovie medical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">RHD2132 Amplifier Boards&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Intan Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">A 32-channel headstage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">RHD2000 systerm</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Intan Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">The data acquisition systerm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:200px;">Infrared neodymium yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser generator</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Electronical Engineering</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:200px;">Matlab R2016b</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">The MathWorks&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous recordings of cortical local field potentials and electrocorticograms in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

In the representative experiment, the electrophysiological data from five rats were recorded. The laser stimuli were delivered to the right forepaw of each rat for 20 times with &#62;40 s interstimulus intervals. The laser-evoked brain responses were recorded using both ECoG screws and depth wires, and the depth wires were implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (S1) and primary motor cortices (M1).
As summarized i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats at JoVE.co

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy

Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy

In vivo circuit and cellular level functional imaging is a critical tool for understanding the brain in action. High resolution imaging of mouse cortical ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...