Name: targeting gray rami communicantes in selective chemical lumbar sympathectomy
Uploaded: 2019-01-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy at JoVE.com

This work is funded by grants from Peking University Third Hospital Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Scholars (Grant No: 77434-01, Long Zhang) and Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project (Grant No: YETP0072, Wen-Hui Wang).

The protocol has been approved by the local medical and ethics committees. The procedure lasts approximately 15 min per side.
1. Indications
<ol>
	<li>Ensure the patient has the following indications for CLS: thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger&#39;s disease), ischemic diabetic foot, Raynaud&#39;s disease, parmoplantar hyperhidrosis, erythromelalgia, phantom limb pain, or livedo reticularis of the lower extremities.</li>
</ol>
2. Contraindications
<ol>
	<li>Exclude ...

<ol>
	<li>Karanth, V. K., Karanth, T. K., Karanth, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumbar+sympathectomy+techniques+for+critical+lower+limb+ischaemia+due+to+non-reconstructable+peripheral+arterial+disease.">Lumbar sympathectomy techniques for critical lower limb ischaemia due to non-reconstructable peripheral arterial disease.</a> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12, 011519 (2016).</li><li>Kothari, R., Maharaj, A., Tomar, T. S., Agarwal, P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+for+Buerger's+disease:+Results+in+147+patients.">Percutaneous chemical lumbar sympathectomy for Buerger's disease: Results in 147 patients.</a> Indian Journal of Vascular Endovascular Surgery. 4, 185-190 (2017).</li><li>Dong, G. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy.</a> Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery. 4, 245-246 (2004).</li><li>Dong, G. X., Zhao, J., Luan, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+for+the+treatment+of+lower+limb+ischemia.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy for the treatment of lower limb ischemia.</a> Chinese Journal of General Surgery. 1, 30-32 (2002).</li><li>Dong, G. X., Zhao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+sympathectomy+for+ischemia+of+lower+extremity.">Chemical sympathectomy for ischemia of lower extremity.</a> Journal of Beijing Medical University. 1, 59-60 (1998).</li><li>Yoshida, W. B., Cataneo, D. C., Bomfim, G. A., Hasimoto, E., Cataneo, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+in+plantar+hyperhidrosis.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy in plantar hyperhidrosis.</a> Clinical Autonomic Research. 20 (2), 113-115 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, L., Wang, W. H., Li, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+remission+of+primary+erythermalgia+with+R1150W+polymorphism+in+SCN9A+after+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.">Long-term remission of primary erythermalgia with R1150W polymorphism in SCN9A after chemical lumbar sympathectomy.</a> European Journal of Dermatology. 20 (6), 763-767 (2010).</li><li>Cerci, F. B., Kapural, L., Yosipovitch, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intractable+erythromelalgia+of+the+lower+extremities+successfully+treated+with+lumbar+sympathetic+block.">Intractable erythromelalgia of the lower extremities successfully treated with lumbar sympathetic block.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 69 (5), 270-272 (2013).</li><li>Wang, W. H., Zhang, L., Dong, G. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+in+the+treatment+of+recalcitrant+erythromelalgia.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of recalcitrant erythromelalgia.</a> Journal of Vascular Surgery. 0741 (18), 31639-31642 (2018).</li><li>Wang, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+in+the+treatment+of+idiopathic+livedo+reticularis.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of idiopathic livedo reticularis.</a> Journal of Vascular Surgery. 62 (4), 1018-1022 (2015).</li><li>Burn, J. M., Langdon, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hazard+of+chemical+sympathectomy.">Hazard of chemical sympathectomy.</a> British Medical Journal. 1 (6120), 1143 (1978).</li><li>Wijeyaratne, S. M., Seneviratne, L. N., Umashankar, K., Perera, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+access+is+not+maximal+safety:+pelviureteric+necrosis+following+percutaneous+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.">Minimal access is not maximal safety: pelviureteric necrosis following percutaneous chemical lumbar sympathectomy.</a> British Medical Journal Case Reports. , (2010).</li><li>Antao, B., Rowlands, T. E., Singh, N. P., McCleary, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pelviureteric+junction+disruption+as+a+complication+of+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.">Pelviureteric junction disruption as a complication of chemical lumbar sympathectomy.</a> Cardiovascular Surgery. 11 (1), 42-44 (2003).</li><li>Ranjan, P., Kumar, J., Chipde, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+renal+failure+due+to+bilateral+ureteric+necrosis+following+percutaneous+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.">Acute renal failure due to bilateral ureteric necrosis following percutaneous chemical lumbar sympathectomy.</a> Indian Journal of Nephrology. 22 (4), 292-294 (2012).</li><li>Cutts, S., Williams, H. T., Lee, J., Downing, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ureteric+injury+as+a+complication+of+chemical+sympathectomy.">Ureteric injury as a complication of chemical sympathectomy.</a> European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 19 (2), 212-213 (2000).</li><li>Ernst, S., Heindel, W., Fischbach, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+of+CT+guided+lumbar+sympathectomy:+our+own+experiences+and+literature+review.">Complications of CT guided lumbar sympathectomy: our own experiences and literature review.</a> Rofo. 168 (1), 77-83 (1998).</li><li>Daschner, H., Allgayer, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ureteral+obstruction+following+CT-guided+lumbar+sympathetic+exclusion.">Ureteral obstruction following CT-guided lumbar sympathetic exclusion.</a> Rofo. 161, 85-87 (1994).</li><li>Ryttov, N., Boe, S., Nielsen, H., Jacobsen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrosis+of+ureter+as+a+complication+to+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.+Report+of+a+case.">Necrosis of ureter as a complication to chemical lumbar sympathectomy. Report of a case.</a> Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. 147 (1), 79-80 (1981).</li><li>Benchekroun, A., Lachkar, A., Soumana, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ureter+injuries.+Apropos+of+42+cases.">Ureter injuries. Apropos of 42 cases.</a> Annals of Urology. 31 (5), 267-272 (1997).</li><li>Coveliers, H., Meyer, M., Gharagozloo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+selective+postganglionic+thoracic+sympathectomy+for+the+treatment+of+hyperhidrosis.">Robotic selective postganglionic thoracic sympathectomy for the treatment of hyperhidrosis.</a> Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 95 (1), 269-274 (2013).</li><li>Coveliers, H., Meyer, M., Gharagozloo, F., Wisselink, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+sympathectomy+for+hyperhidrosis:+technique+of+robotic+transthoracic+selective+postganglionic+efferent+sympathectomy.">Selective sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis: technique of robotic transthoracic selective postganglionic efferent sympathectomy.</a> European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 43 (2), 428-430 (2013).</li><li>Akil, A., Semik, M., Fischer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+Miniuniportal+Video-Assisted+Thoracoscopic+Selective+Sympathectomy+(Ramicotomy)+for+the+Treatment+of+Severe+Palmar+and+Axillar+Hyperhidrosis.">Efficacy of Miniuniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Selective Sympathectomy (Ramicotomy) for the Treatment of Severe Palmar and Axillar Hyperhidrosis.</a> Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery. , (2018).</li><li>Sanderson, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+with+radiological+assessment.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy with radiological assessment.</a> Annals of the Royal College Surgeons of England. 63 (6), 420-422 (1981).</li><li>Lee, K. S., Su, Y. F., Lieu, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+outcome+of+percutaneous+computed+tomography-guided+chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy+for+patients+with+causalgia+after+lumbar+discectomy.">The outcome of percutaneous computed tomography-guided chemical lumbar sympathectomy for patients with causalgia after lumbar discectomy.</a> Surgical Neurology. 69 (3), 274-280 (2008).</li><li>Reid, W., Watt, J. K., Gray, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenol+injection+of+the+sympathetic+chain.">Phenol injection of the sympathetic chain.</a> British Journal of Surgery. 57 (1), 45-50 (1970).</li><li>Haynsworth, R. F., Noe, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+lumbar+sympathectomy:+a+comparison+of+radiofrequency+denervation+versus+phenol+neurolysis.">Percutaneous lumbar sympathectomy: a comparison of radiofrequency denervation versus phenol neurolysis.</a> Anesthesiology. 74 (3), 459-463 (1991).</li><li>Boas, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sympathetic+blocks+in+clinical+practice.">Sympathetic blocks in clinical practice.</a> International Anesthesiology Clinics. 16 (4), 149-182 (1978).</li><li>Duncan, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+lumbar+sympathectomy.">Chemical lumbar sympathectomy.</a> Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 67 (2), 174-175 (1985).</li><li>Marhold, F., Izay, B., Zacherl, J., Tschabitscher, M., Neumayer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thoracoscopic+and+anatomic+landmarks+of+Kuntz's+nerve:+implications+for+sympathetic+surgery.">Thoracoscopic and anatomic landmarks of Kuntz's nerve: implications for sympathetic surgery.</a> Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 86 (5), 1653-1658 (2008).</li></ol>

Here we classify CLS as either conventional or selective CLS, with the major difference being the targeting of sympathetic trunk vs. gray rami communicantes (injection of phenol in front of vs. behind the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle). We have implemented selective CLS in young, female patients with livedo reticularis10, children with erythromelalgia7,9, and senile patients with end-stage arteriosclerosis obliterans a...

Chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS) has been shown to be an effective treatment for ischemic diseases1,2,3,4,5 including thromboangiitis obliterans (sometimes called Buerger&#39;s disease), ischemic diabetic foot, Raynaud&#39;s disease, parmoplantar hyperhidrosis6, erythromelalgia7,8,9, and livedo reticularis10. It has replaced open surgery due to a number of advantages. It is minimally invasive and economically attractive, it does not require general anesthesia and hospitalization, and it can be performed repeatedly. However, exquisite precision is critical. For example, paraplegia has been reported in CLS using blind technique11. The precision of the procedure is greatly improved with radiographical guidance to control the exact position of the puncture needle tip and puncture path and depth, through the use of contrast media to visualize treatment areas. However, even with radiographical guidance, damages to adjacent organs, particularly ureteropelvic organs12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, have still been reported.
It is commonly practiced to position the needle tip beyond the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle and inject the drug around the sympathetic trunk8,12,13,14,15, which we define as conventional CLS. However, because the location of the sympathetic trunk and ureter are both in front of the anterior fascia, inactivating agents may spread to the ureter and cause damage. In reports of ureteropelvic damage that presented radiographic images12,13,14,15, the drug was injected in front of the anterior fascia, according to contrast spreading.
Based on our prior experience performing CLS procedures, we have found that targeting gray rami communicantes comparably effective and safer compared to targeting the sympathetic trunk. Gray rami communicantes are postganglionic sympathetic fibers located behind the sympathetic trunk and in front of the lumber nerve root, running along the lateral edge of the vertebral body, mostly within the psoas major muscle. Thus, the anterior fascia provides a good barrier for the ureteropelvic area, and the psoas major muscle provides a good barrier for the lumbar nerve root. We define this procedure as selective CLS, and the technical details of selective CLS are described in this protocol.

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">0.9% Saline solution</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Chinese Dazhong Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">8F84D7</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">10 mL &#8569;2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">10-cm 9# puncture needle</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Peking University Third Hospital</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Not Applicable</td>
			<td>7# for children</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection solution</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Hubei Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">20180434</td>
			<td>5 mL &#8569;2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">5% Phenol diluted in aqueous solution</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Peking University Third Hospital</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Not Applicable</td>
			<td>10 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Angiography system &#65288;DSA&#65289;</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">FD20</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">have X-ray fluoroscopy function</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Aseptic puncture kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Peking University Third Hospital</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Not Applicable</td>
			<td>6 pieces of surgical towel, gauze, cotton balls, blood vessel forceps, etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Contrast media&#65288;iodixanol injection; 320&#65289;</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">14160155</td>
			<td>320 mg I/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Infrared frontal thermometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">OMRON health care (China) Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">MC-720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Iodophors skin disinfectants&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Shanghai Likang Disinfectant Hi-Tech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">20180404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Sterile surgical gloves</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Beijing Ruijing Latex products Co., Ltd.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">2018070352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Syringes and needles 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Shandong Weigao Group Medical Plolymer Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">20180711</td>
			<td>10 mL &#8569;2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Syringes and needles 5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Shandong Weigao Group Medical Plolymer Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">20180721</td>
			<td>5 mL &#8569;1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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targeting gray rami communicantes in selective chemical lumbar sympathectomy

Chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS) is a commonly used, minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of conditions including ischemic diseases of the lower extremities, hyperhidrosis, etc. It is commonly practiced to position the puncture needle tip in front of the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle and inject the inactivating agent around the sympathetic trunk, which is defined as conventional CLS. Although relatively rare, ureteropelvic damage is the most frequently reported complication of conventional CLS and can cause serious harm to patients. We found that injecting the inactivating agent behind the anterior fascia, which only targets gray rami communicantes, helped achieve therapeutic efficacy in&#160;vasodilation, sweat reduction, and pain relief comparable to conventional CLS, and serious complications were largely reduced. We define this procedure as selective CLS. Here, we present a protocol of selective CLS. The precise needle tract and accurate evaluation of the spreading of the contrast agent are critical to ensure that the drug is injected behind the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle. The needle tip is at approximately one-third the dividing line of the vertebral body in the lateral view of a lumbar X-ray. The contrast is mainly confined around the needle tip and spreads outward and downward along the psoas muscle fibers. In this way, the anterior fascia provides a natural barrier for the ureteropelvic area, and the psoas major muscle provides a natural barrier for the lumbar nerve root. There are several highlights of this article, including 1) a detailed description of the selective CLS procedures, 2) an explanation of the anatomical basis for the implementation of selective CLS, and 3) an explanation of the differences between selective and conventional CLS.

The needle tip should be in the optimal area as shown in Figure 1. In selective CLS, the contrast is injected behind the anterior fascia of the psoas major muscle, targeting gray rami communicantes. A comparison of contrast spreading in selective CLS (A) and conventional CLS (B) is shown in Figure 2.
The expected clinical effects are vasodilation (for treatment of Rayna...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy at JoVE.com

Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy

We present a protocol for selective chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS), which inactivates only gray rami communicantes and not the sympathetic trunk. Selective CLS can help achieve therapeutic efficacy in vasodilation, sweat reduction, and pain relief that are comparable to conventional CLS, and serious complications, particularly ureteropelvic damages, can be reduced.

Chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS) is a commonly used, minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of conditions including ischemic diseases of the ...

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