Name: a practical guide for the production and pet/ct imaging of 68ga-dotatate for neuroendocrine tumors in daily clinical practice
Uploaded: 2019-04-17T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Practical Guide for the Production and PET/CT Imaging of 68Ga-DOTATATE for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Daily Clinical Practice at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge all the staff involved in 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging at the department of Nuclear Medicine at the Netherlands Cancer Institute.

1. General radiation and radiopharmaceutical safety
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that radioactive materials are only worked with and handled by trained personnel. The dose to hospital staff, patients, and everyone else present should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).</li>
	<li>Regarding the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, adhere to national laws, regulations, and guidelines, such as Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). 
	CAUTION: The following protocol is for the 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imagin...

<ol>
	<li>Oronsky, B., Ma, P. C., Morgensztern, D., Carter, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nothing+but+NET:+A+Review+of+Neuroendocrine+Tumors+and+Carcinomas.">Nothing but NET: A Review of Neuroendocrine Tumors and Carcinomas.</a> Neoplasia. 19 (12), 991-1002 (2017).</li><li>Dasari, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trends+in+the+Incidence,+Prevalence,+and+Survival+Outcomes+in+Patients+With+Neuroendocrine+Tumors+in+the+United+States.">Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors in the United States.</a> JAMA Oncology. 3 (10), 1335-1342 (2017).</li><li>Krenning, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localistion+of+endocrine-related+tumours+with+radioiodinated+analogue+of+somatostatin.">Localistion of endocrine-related tumours with radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin.</a> The Lancet. 333 (8632), 242-244 (1989).</li><li>Krenning, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatostatin+receptor+scintigraphy+with+[111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-+and+[123I-Tyr3]-octreotide:+the+Rotterdam+experience+with+more+than+1000+patients.">Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients.</a> European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 20 (8), 716-731 (1993).</li><li>Balon, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Procedure+guideline+for+somatostatin+receptor+scintigraphy+with+(111)In-pentetreotide.">Procedure guideline for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with (111)In-pentetreotide.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 42 (7), 1134-1138 (2001).</li><li>Kayani, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Imaging+of+Neuroendocrine+Tumors+With+Combined+PET/CT+Using+68Ga-DOTATATE+(Dota-DPhe1,Tyr3-octreotate)+and+18F-FDG.">Functional Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors With Combined PET/CT Using 68Ga-DOTATATE (Dota-DPhe1,Tyr3-octreotate) and 18F-FDG.</a> Cancer. 112 (11), 2447-2455 (2008).</li><li>Hofman, M. S., Kong, G., Neels, O. C., Hong, E., Hicks, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+management+impact+of+Ga-68+DOTATATE+(GaTate)+PET/CT+for+imaging+neuroendocrine+and+other+somatostatin+expressing+tumours.">High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours.</a> Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 56 (1), 40-47 (2012).</li><li>Srirajaskanthan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+68Ga-DOTATATE+PET+in+patients+with+neuroendocrine+tumors+and+negative+or+equivocal+findings+on+111In-DTPA-octreotide+scintigraphy.">The role of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in patients with neuroendocrine tumors and negative or equivocal findings on 111In-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 51 (6), 875-882 (2010).</li><li>Deppen, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=68Ga-DOTATATE+Compared+with+111In-DTPA-Octreotide+and+Conventional+Imaging+for+Pulmonary+and+Gastroenteropancreatic+Neuroendocrine+Tumors:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis.">68Ga-DOTATATE Compared with 111In-DTPA-Octreotide and Conventional Imaging for Pulmonary and Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 57 (6), 872-878 (2016).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+role+of+Gallium-68+DOTATOC+and+Gallium-68+DOTATATE+PET+in+patients+with+neuroendocrine+tumors:+a+meta-analysis.">Diagnostic role of Gallium-68 DOTATOC and Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: a meta-analysis.</a> Acta Radiologica. 55 (4), 389-398 (2014).</li><li>Barrio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Impact+of+Somatostatin+Receptor-Directed+PET/CT+on+the+Management+of+Patients+with+Neuroendocrine+Tumor:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis.">The Impact of Somatostatin Receptor-Directed PET/CT on the Management of Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 58 (5), 756-761 (2017).</li><li>Strosberg, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+North+American+Neuroendocrine+Tumor+Society+Consensus+Guidelines+for+Surveillance+and+Medical+Management+of+Midgut+Neuroendocrine+Tumors.">The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Consensus Guidelines for Surveillance and Medical Management of Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors.</a> Pancreas. 46 (6), 707-714 (2017).</li><li>Virgolini, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Procedure+guidelines+for+PET/CT+tumour+imaging+with+68Ga-DOTA-conjugated+peptides:+68Ga-DOTA-TOC,+68Ga-DOTA-NOC,+68Ga-DOTA-TATE.">Procedure guidelines for PET/CT tumour imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-conjugated peptides: 68Ga-DOTA-TOC, 68Ga-DOTA-NOC, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE.</a> European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 67 (10), 2004-2010 (2010).</li><li>European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines &#38; Healthcare (EDQM). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monograph+01/2013:2482+Gallium+(68Ga)+edotreotide+injection.">Monograph 01/2013:2482 Gallium (68Ga) edotreotide injection.</a> European Pharmacopoeia 9th Edition. , (2017).</li><li>Brogsitter, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twins+in+spirit+part+II:+DOTATATE+and+high-affinity+DOTATATE+&#8211;+the+clinical+experience.">Twins in spirit part II: DOTATATE and high-affinity DOTATATE &#8211; the clinical experience.</a> European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 41 (6), 1158-1165 (2014).</li><li>Sandstr&#246;m, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+biodistribution+and+radiation+dosimetry+of+68Ga-DOTATOC+and+68Ga-DOTATATE+in+patients+with+neuroendocrine+tumors.">Comparative biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE in patients with neuroendocrine tumors.</a> Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 54 (10), 1755-1759 (2013).</li><li>Aalbersberg, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+lanreotide+on+uptake+of+68Ga-DOTATATE+in+patients+with+neuroendocrine+tumours:+a+prospective+intra-patient+evaluation.">Influence of lanreotide on uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE in patients with neuroendocrine tumours: a prospective intra-patient evaluation.</a> European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. , (2018).</li></ol>

This protocol describes the production and subsequent PET/CT imaging of 68Ga-DOTATATE. In order for the efficient use of each produced batch of 68Ga-DOTATATE, an optimal workflow with strict timing is required. Since the half-life of 68Ga is 68 min, a relatively small time delay of 15 min leads to a 15% loss of radioactivity. This requires active communication between the production facility, the personnel administrating the dose to the patient, and the PET/CT technician. Also, patients s...

NETs are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arises from neuroendocrine cells. They can occur at almost any location in the body but are most common in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lung1. Although NETs are a rare disease, their incidence in the United States has risen from 1.09 per 100,000 people in 1973 to 6.98 per 100,000 people in 20122. For an accurate diagnosis and staging of a NET, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT is the standard of care. This protocol describes the production and quality control of 68Ga-DOTATATE, as well as patient preparation and the acquisition of PET/CT images.
Well-differentiated NETs are characterized by an overexpression of somatostatin receptors1. Somatostatin analogs that bind to this receptor can be labeled with a radioactive isotope to allow for nuclear medicine imaging. At first, iodine-123 was used with gamma camera imaging, which was soon replaced by indium-111 (111In)3,4. 111In-octreotide scintigraphy was the golden standard for nuclear medicine NET imaging for over a decade5. Meanwhile, technical advances were made in PET, which has a higher sensitivity and resolution than gamma camera imaging. For NETs, somatostatin analogs coupled to the positron emitter 68Ga, such as 68Ga-DOTATATE, were developed6.
68Ga-somatostatin receptor (68Ga-SRS) PET/CT is the current modality of choice in nuclear medicine imaging of well-differentiated NETS. The superiority of 68Ga-SRS PET/CT over 111In-octreotide has been demonstrated in several studies7,8. The reported sensitivity and specificity lie around 90%-95% and 85%-100%, respectively9,10. A meta-analysis has shown that 68Ga-SRS PET/CT leads to a change in management in 44% of cases, even if preceded by 111In-octreotide scintigraphy11. In guidelines, 68Ga-SRS PET/CT is now recommended over 111In-octreotide scintigraphy for NET imaging, and it is also approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency12. A guideline for tumor imaging with 68Ga-conjugated peptides is also available13.
This protocol details the radiolabeling of 68Ga-DOTATATE (conform the quality control requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia14), patient preparation, and subsequent PET/CT imaging. Radiation safety and time constrictions due to the short half-life of 68Ga are taken into account.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:713px;" width="713">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Biosolve</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">012007</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">&#62; 99.9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium acetate</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">101116</td>
			<td>&#8805; 98 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Aqua / Water for injections</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Automated labeling system</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Scintomics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>GRP 3V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C-18 cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WAT023501</td>
			<td>Sep-Pak C18 Plus Light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dose calibrator</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Veenstra Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>VIK-202-5051</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">324503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32221-M</td>
			<td>&#8805; 99.8 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ga-68 labeling kit</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">ABX</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ge-68/Ga-68 generator</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Eckert &#38; Ziegler</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>1850 MBq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HA-DOTATATE</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Scintomics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GRPC/R-000095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HCl 0.1M for elution</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">ABX</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HCl-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375</td>
			<td>&#8805; 99.5 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iodine</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">207772</td>
			<td>&#8805; 99.8 %, solid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ITLC-SG F254 plates</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">105735</td>
			<td>TLC Silica gel 60 F254</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ITLC-SG paper</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SGI0001</td>
			<td>Glass fiber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32213-M</td>
			<td>&#8805; 99.8 %, Ph. Eur.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Non-vented filter</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Merck</td>
			<td>SLMPL25SS</td>
			<td>Millex-MP filter 0.22 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PET/CT</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gemini TOF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH indicator strips</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">109584</td>
			<td>MColorpHast (pH2.0-9.0)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tryptic soy broth medium</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Biotrading</td>
			<td>K111F010QK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vented filter</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLGV0250S&#160;</td>
			<td>Cathivex GV 0.22 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Well counter</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Canberra (now Mirion)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Osprey Digital Tube Base MCA 
			Detector 76 BP76/3M-X</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a practical guide for the production and pet/ct imaging of 68ga-dotatate for neuroendocrine tumors in daily clinical practice

Neuroendocrine tumors are a rare form of cancer that arise from neuroendocrine cells and can be present at almost any location throughout the body. Although heterogeneous in presentation, a common denominator among these tumors is the overexpression of somatostatin receptors. 68Ga-DOTATATE is a somatostatin analog labeled with the positron emitter gallium-68 (68Ga). For well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging is used for diagnosis, determination of disease burden, and therapy selection.
This protocol details the radiolabeling of 68Ga-DOTATATE, quality control, patient preparation, and subsequent PET/CT imaging. Radiolabeling of 68Ga-DOTATATE is performed with a fully automated labeling module coupled to a germanium-68 (68Ge)/68Ga generator. Quality control of the final product evaluates radiochemical purity with instant thin-layer chromatography and solid-phase chromatography, and pH prior to patient injection. Periodic quality control is performed to determine 68Ge breakthrough, sterility, and (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) content. Patient preparation includes patient instructions, a protocol for 68Ga-DOTATATE during treatment with somatostatin analogs, and intravenous administration of the radiopharmaceutical. For PET/CT imaging, the acquisition and reconstruction settings are described. For each step, radiation safety will be highlighted, as well as time constrictions due to the short half-life of 68Ga.
Fully automated in-house production and quality control of 68Ga-DOTATATE leads to very high success rates (95%) and produces two to four patient dosages per batch, depending on the yield of the generator. In conclusion, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging is a noninvasive and fast method of providing information on the tumor burden of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) while also assisting in diagnosis and therapy selection.

Making use of an automated labeling system, 357 batches of 68Ga-DOTATATE were produced between December 2014 and October 2018. Of the 357 produced, 17 batches failed and 340 batches were released, leading to an overall success rate of 95.2%. Of the failed batches, 11 were caused by a technical failure, whilst in six cases, the produced 68Ga-DOTATATE did not meet specifications. Figure 1 shows a flow chart of produced batches and the numb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Practical Guide for the Production and PET/CT Imaging of 68Ga-DOTATATE for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Daily Clinical Practice at JoVE.com

A Practical Guide for the Production and PET/CT Imaging of 68Ga-DOTATATE for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Daily Clinical Practice

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors overexpress somatostatin receptors which can be utilized for diagnostic imaging with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog 68Ga-DOTATATE. This protocol details the radiolabeling of 68Ga-DOTATATE, quality control, patient preparation, and subsequent PET/CT imaging. Radiation safety and time constrictions due to the short half-life of 68Ga are taken into account.

A Practical Guide for the Production and PET/CT Imaging of 68Ga-DOTATATE for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Daily Clinical Practice

Neuroendocrine tumors are a rare form of cancer that arise from neuroendocrine cells and can be present at almost any location throughout the body. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

As our understanding of the driver mutations necessary for initiation and progression of cancers improves, we gain critical information on how specific ...

Practical Considerations in Studying Metastatic Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma Using the Pulmonary Metastasis Assay

The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung ...

Utilizing 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging and Quantitative Histology to Measure Dynamic Changes in the Glucose Metabolism in Mouse Models of Lung Cancer

Utilizing 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging and Quantitative Histology to Measure Dynamic Changes in the Glucose Metabolism in Mouse Models of Lung Cancer

A hallmark of advanced tumors is a switch to aerobic glycolysis that is readily measured by [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography ...

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for ...

Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods

The rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) family kinases play a central role in cell biology and their dysfunction leads to cancers and developmental ...

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and ...

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The ...

Non-Invasive PET/MR Imaging in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Preclinical experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate human disease represent an important tool to study tumorigenesis and ...

Simultaneous Imaging and Flow-Cytometry-based Detection of Multiple Fluorescent Senescence Markers in Therapy-Induced Senescent Cancer Cells

Chemotherapeutic drugs can induce irreparable DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis or premature senescence. Unlike apoptotic cell death, ...

Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells

Brain metastasis is a cause of severe morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Critical aspects of metastatic diseases, such as the complex neural ...