Name: fabricating van der waals heterostructures with precise rotational alignment
Uploaded: 2019-07-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge funding from University of Ottawa and NSERC Discovery grant RGPIN-2016-06717 and NSERC SPG QC2DM.

1. Instrumentation for the transfer procedure
<ol>
	<li>In order to visualize the transfer process, utilize an optical microscope that can operate under bright-field illumination. Since the typical sizes of the 2D crystals are 1&#8211;500 &#181;m2, equip the microscope with 5x, 50x, and 100x long working distance objectives. The microscope must also be equipped with a camera that connects to a computer (Figure 1a).</li>
	<li>Use separate manipulators to individually control the ...

<ol>
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S. J., Steele, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folded+MoS2+layers+with+reduced+interlayer+coupling.">Folded MoS2 layers with reduced interlayer coupling.</a> Nano Research. 7 (4), 572-578 (2014).</li><li>van der Zande, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailoring+the+Electronic+Structure+in+Bilayer+Molybdenum+Disulfide+via+Interlayer+Twist.">Tailoring the Electronic Structure in Bilayer Molybdenum Disulfide via Interlayer Twist.</a> Nano Letters. 14 (7), 3869-3875 (2014).</li><li>Huang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+the+Interlayer+Coupling+of+Twisted+Bilayer+MoS2+Using+Photoluminescence+Spectroscopy.">Probing the Interlayer Coupling of Twisted Bilayer MoS2 Using Photoluminescence Spectroscopy.</a> Nano Letters. 14 (10), 5500-5508 (2014).</li><li>Liu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+interlayer+coupling+in+twisted+molybdenum+disulfide+bilayers.">Evolution of interlayer coupling in twisted molybdenum disulfide bilayers.</a> Nature Communications. 5, 4966 (2014).</li><li>Cao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlated+insulator+behaviour+at+half-filling+in+magic-angle+graphene+superlattices.">Correlated insulator behaviour at half-filling in magic-angle graphene superlattices.</a> Nature. 556, 80 (2018).</li><li>. Tuning superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.07865">https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.07865</a> (2018)</li><li>Blake, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+graphene+visible.">Making graphene visible.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 91 (6), 063124 (2007).</li><li>Lin, Y. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Layer+ReS2:+Two-Dimensional+Semiconductor+with+Tunable+In-Plane+Anisotropy.">Single-Layer ReS2: Two-Dimensional Semiconductor with Tunable In-Plane Anisotropy.</a> ACS Nano. 9 (11), 11249-11257 (2015).</li><li>Chenet, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-Plane+Anisotropy+in+Mono-+and+Few-Layer+ReS2+Probed+by+Raman+Spectroscopy+and+Scanning+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy.">In-Plane Anisotropy in Mono- and Few-Layer ReS2 Probed by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy.</a> Nano Letters. 15 (9), 5667-5672 (2015).</li><li>Masubuchi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+robotic+searching+and+assembly+of+two-dimensional+crystals+to+build+van+der+Waals+superlattices.">Autonomous robotic searching and assembly of two-dimensional crystals to build van der Waals superlattices.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 1413 (2018).</li><li>Ling, X., Wang, H., Huang, S., Xia, F., Dresselhaus, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+renaissance+of+black+phosphorus.">The renaissance of black phosphorus.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (15), 4523-4530 (2015).</li><li>Huang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Layer-dependent+ferromagnetism+in+a+van+der+Waals+crystal+down+to+the+monolayer+limit.">Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit.</a> Nature. 546, 270 (2017).</li><li>Kim, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One+Million+Percent+Tunnel+Magnetoresistance+in+a+Magnetic+van+der+Waals+Heterostructure.">One Million Percent Tunnel Magnetoresistance in a Magnetic van der Waals Heterostructure.</a> Nano Letters. 18 (8), 4885-4890 (2018).</li></ol>

The home-built transfer setup presented here offers a method for building novel layered materials with both lateral and rotational control. Compared to other solutions described in the literature10,25, our system does not require complex infrastructure, yet it achieves the goal of controlled alignment of 2D crystals.
The most critical step in the procedure is that of aligning and placing the top crystal in contact with the bottom one. ...

Research in the burgeoning field of two-dimensional (2D) materials began after researchers developed a technique which enabled the isolation of graphene1,2,3 (an atomically flat sheet of carbon atoms) from graphite. Graphene is a member of a larger class of layered 2D materials, also referred to as van der Waals materials or crystals. They have strong covalent intralayer bonding and weak van der Waals interlayer coupling. Therefore, the technique for isolating graphene from graphite can also be applied to other 2D materials where one can break the weak interlayer bonds and isolate single layers. One key development in the field was the demonstration that just as the van der Waals bonds holding adjacent layers of two-dimensional materials together can be broken, they can also be put back together2,4. Therefore, crystals of 2D materials can be created by controllably stacking together layers of 2D materials with distinct properties. This spurred a great deal of interest, as materials previously inexistent in nature can be created with the goal of either uncovering formerly inaccessible physical phenomena4,5,6,7,8,9 or developing superior devices for technology applications. Therefore, having precise control over stacking 2D materials has become one of the main goals in the research field10,11,12.
In particular, the twist angle between adjacent layers in van der Waals heterostructures was shown to be an important parameter for controlling material properties13. For example, at some angles, the introduction of a relative twist between adjacent layers can effectively electronically decouple the two layers. This was studied both in graphene14,15 as well as in transition metal dichalcogenides16,17,18,19. More recently, it was surprisingly found that it can also alter the state of matter of these materials. The discovery that bilayer graphene oriented at a &#8220;magic angle&#8221; behaves as a Mott insulator at low temperatures and even a superconductor when the electron density is properly tuned has sparked great interest and a realization of the importance of the angular control when fabricating layered van der Waals heterostructures13,20,21.
Motivated by the scientific opportunities opened up by the idea of tuning the properties of novel van der Waals materials by adjusting the relative orientation between the layers, we present a home-built instrument along with the procedure to create such structures with angular control.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5X objective lens</td>
			<td>Nikon Metrology</td>
			<td>MUE12050</td>
			<td>23.5 mm working distance and 0.15 numerical aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50X objective lens</td>
			<td>Nikon Metrology</td>
			<td>MUE21500</td>
			<td>19 mm working distance and 0.4 numerical aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X objective lens</td>
			<td>Nikon Metrology</td>
			<td>MUE21900</td>
			<td>4.5 mm working distance and 0.8 numerical aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270725</td>
			<td>Purity &#8805;99.90%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive tape</td>
			<td>Ultron Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anisole</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomic force microscope</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Dimension Icon</td>
			<td>We typicall use the ScanAsyst mode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom stage rotation manipulator</td>
			<td>Zaber Technologies</td>
			<td>X-RSW60A-PTB2</td>
			<td>360&#176; travel with step size of 4.091 &#956;rad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom stage X manipulator</td>
			<td>Zaber Technologies</td>
			<td>X-LSM025A-PTB2</td>
			<td>25 mm travel with step size of 47.625 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom stage Y manipulator</td>
			<td>Zaber Technologies</td>
			<td>X-LSM025A-PTB2</td>
			<td>25 mm travel with step size of 47.625 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom stage Z manipulator</td>
			<td>Zaber Technologies</td>
			<td>X-VSR40A-KX14A</td>
			<td>40 mm travel with step size of 95.25 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>563935</td>
			<td>Purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabVIEW software</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macor</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8489K238</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>426555-0000-000</td>
			<td>5 megapixel, 47 fps live frame rate, exposure time of 100 &#956;s - 2 s, color camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)</td>
			<td>HQ Graphene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical breadboard</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, Inc.</td>
			<td>MB4545/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Metrology</td>
			<td>LV150N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen plasma etcher</td>
			<td>Plasma Etch, Inc.</td>
			<td>PE-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS stamp</td>
			<td>Gel-Pak</td>
			<td>PF-20-X4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMMA 950 A6</td>
			<td>MichroChem Corp.</td>
			<td>M230006 0500L1GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene carbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>389021-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVA Partall #10</td>
			<td>Composites Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhenium disulfide (ReS2)</td>
			<td>HQ Graphene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Si/SiO2 substrate</td>
			<td>Nova Electronics Materials</td>
			<td>HS39626-OX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>Laurell Technologies</td>
			<td>WS-650-23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controller</td>
			<td>Auber Instruments</td>
			<td>SYL-23X2-24</td>
			<td>Controls the temperature of the bottom stage via a J type thermocouple</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top stage controller unit</td>
			<td>Mechonics</td>
			<td>CF.030.0003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top stage X manipulator</td>
			<td>Mechonics</td>
			<td>MS.030.1800</td>
			<td>18 mm travel with step size of 11 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top stage Y manipulator</td>
			<td>Mechonics</td>
			<td>MS.030.1800</td>
			<td>18 mm travel with step size of 11 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top stage Z manipulator</td>
			<td>Mechonics</td>
			<td>MS.030.3000</td>
			<td>30 mm travel with step size of 11 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td>Elma Schmidbauer GmbH</td>
			<td>Elmasonic P 30 H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabricating van der waals heterostructures with precise rotational alignment

In this work we describe a technique for creating new crystals (van der Waals heterostructures) by stacking distinct ultrathin layered 2D materials. We demonstrate not only lateral control but, importantly, also control over the angular alignment of adjacent layers. The core of the technique is represented by a home-built transfer setup which allows the user to control the position of the individual crystals involved in the transfer. This is achieved with sub-micrometer (translational) and sub-degree (angular) precision. Prior to stacking them together, the isolated crystals are individually manipulated by custom-designed moving stages that are controlled by a programmed software interface. Moreover, since the entire transfer setup is computer controlled, the user can remotely create precise heterostructures without coming into direct contact with the transfer setup, labeling this technique as &#8220;hands-free&#8221;. In addition to presenting the transfer set-up, we also describe two techniques for preparing the crystals that are subsequently stacked.

To illustrate the outcomes and effectiveness of our procedure we present a sequence of angle-controlled stacks of rhenium disulfide (ReS2) thin crystals. To emphasize that the described method can also be applied to atomically thin layers, we also exemplify the construction of two relatively twisted monolayers of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2).
To demonstrate the angular alignment capabilities of the transfer ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment at JoVE.com

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

In this work we describe a technique that is used to create new crystals (van der Waals heterostructures) by stacking ultrathin layered 2D materials with precise control over position and relative orientation.

In this work we describe a technique for creating new crystals (van der Waals heterostructures) by stacking distinct ultrathin layered 2D materials. We ...

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