Name: murine model of metastatic liver tumors in the setting of ischemia reperfusion injury
Uploaded: 2019-08-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury at JoVE.com

The authors thank Sara Minemyer and Alexander Comerci for the linguistic revision.

All animal protocols are approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and adhered to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guidelines. Instruments used for any surgical procedure were thoroughly sterilized.
1. Initial preparation
<ol>
	<li>Before injecting cancer cells into the mouse spleen, autoclave and sterilize all instruments to be used during the procedure.</li>
	<li>Sterilize and/or autoclave a heating pad, surgical gloves, gauze, pairs of scissors, small clamps, vess...

<ol>
	<li>Riihim&#228;ki, M., Hemminki, A., Sundquist, J., Hemminki, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+metastasis+in+colon+and+rectal+cancer.">Patterns of metastasis in colon and rectal cancer.</a> Scientific Reports. 6 (1), 29765 (2016).</li><li>Oki, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+treatment+for+colorectal+liver+metastasis.">Recent advances in treatment for colorectal liver metastasis.</a> Annals of gastroenterological surgery. 2 (3), 167-175 (2018).</li><li>Wolpin, B. M., Mayer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+treatment+of+colorectal+cancer.">Systemic treatment of colorectal cancer.</a> Gastroenterology. 134 (5), 1296-1310 (2008).</li><li>van Golen, R. F., Reiniers, M. J., Olthof, P. B., van Gulik, T. M., Heger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sterile+inflammation+in+hepatic+ischemia/reperfusion+injury:+present+concepts+and+potential+therapeutics.">Sterile inflammation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury: present concepts and potential therapeutics.</a> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 28 (3), 394-400 (2013).</li><li>Demicheli, R., Retsky, M. W., Hrushesky, W. J. M., Baum, M., Gukas, I. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+surgery+on+tumor+growth:+a+century+of+investigations.">The effects of surgery on tumor growth: a century of investigations.</a> Annals of Oncology. 19 (11), 1821-1828 (2008).</li><li>Tohme, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+Extracellular+Traps+Promote+the+Development+and+Progression+of+Liver+Metastases+after+Surgical+Stress.">Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development and Progression of Liver Metastases after Surgical Stress.</a> Cancer Research. 76 (6), 1367-1380 (2016).</li><li>Tseng, W., Leong, X., Engleman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+mouse+model+of+colorectal+cancer.">Orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (10), 484 (2007).</li><li>Elkin, M., Vlodavsky, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tail+vein+assay+of+cancer+metastasis.">Tail vein assay of cancer metastasis.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. 19 (19.2), (2001).</li><li>Thalheimer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+intraportal+injection+model:+A+practical+animal+model+for+hepatic+metastases+and+tumor+cell+dissemination+in+human+colon+cancer.">The intraportal injection model: A practical animal model for hepatic metastases and tumor cell dissemination in human colon cancer.</a> BMC Cancer. 9 (1), 29 (2009).</li><li>Frampas, E., Maurel, C., Thedrez, P., Le Sa&#235;c, P. R. e. m. a. u. d. -., Faivre-Chauvet, A., Barbet, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+intraportal+injection+model+for+liver+metastasis:+Advantages+of+associated+bioluminescence+to+assess+tumor+growth+and+influences+on+tumor+uptake+of+radiolabeled+anti-carcinoembryonic+antigen+antibody.">The intraportal injection model for liver metastasis: Advantages of associated bioluminescence to assess tumor growth and influences on tumor uptake of radiolabeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody.</a> Nuclear Medicine Communications. 32 (2), 147-154 (2011).</li><li>Goddard, E. T., Fischer, J., Schedin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Portal+Vein+Injection+Model+to+Study+Liver+Metastasis+of+Breast+Cancer.">A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (118), (2016).</li><li>Limani, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+portal+vein+injection+for+the+design+of+syngeneic+models+of+liver+malignancy.">Selective portal vein injection for the design of syngeneic models of liver malignancy.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 310 (9), G682-G688 (2016).</li></ol>

The animal model described in this manuscript is based upon two major approaches. The first is to recognize the ability of cancer cells to localize and proliferate in the liver lobes. The second is to study the effect of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury influencing the tumor growth and metastases. This model permits the relevant study of liver metastases in the absence of secondary metastases in an immunocompetent mouse. The model is useful in addressing the questions of metastatic efficiency, such as cell survival ex...

The liver is one of the most common sites for the development of metastatic disease1. Mortality is almost invariably attributable to complications associated with tumor growth in the liver. In patients with metastatic solid tumors in the liver, surgery remains a crucial intervention for disease control and a possible curative approach. However, the vast majority of patients ultimately present with recurrent disease, predominantly in the liver2,3. During hepatic surgery, intraoperative bleeding is common, often necessitating blood transfusion and different technical approaches for control of bleeding, including vascular clamping methods. However, such measures cause hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) to the liver tissue. The adverse effects of I/R on hepatocellular function have been well documented. The liver I/R insult ignites inflammatory cascades during the restoration of blood flow via inflammatory pathways4. Not only does liver I/R injury contribute to liver failure, but current evidence also shows that I/R injury stimulates tumor cell adhesion, and promotes the incidence of metastases formation and the growth of existing micrometastatic disease5. We have previously reported that surgical stress induces activation of immune cells which not only helps in the growth of the primary tumor, but also facilitates metastases by capturing cancer cells within the circulation6.
Here we describe in detail a technique to establish a liver metastasis mouse tumor model. In this model, we also present a method to induce hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury which acts as a surrogate to the surgical stress present clinically during hepatectomies. The combined methods of cancer injection and hepatic I/R can successfully interpret the development of CRLM in patients who have undergone primary tumor resection.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-614F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>900-108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>15-140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stretomysin</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>15-140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3023701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>sh30042.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture Flask 75cm</td>
			<td>5 Cells Star</td>
			<td>658170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15ml PP Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>BioExcell</td>
			<td>41021037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain</td>
			<td>Giibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>1376152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cautry</td>
			<td>Bovie</td>
			<td>AA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvascular clamp</td>
			<td>Finescience tools</td>
			<td>18055-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Serrefine clamp applicator with lock</td>
			<td>Fine science toosl</td>
			<td>FST-18056-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissor</td>
			<td>Fine science toosl</td>
			<td>FST-15021-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vessel Dilator</td>
			<td>Fine science toosl</td>
			<td>FST-00276-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic fixator Retraction system</td>
			<td>Fine science toosl</td>
			<td>FST-18200020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science toosl</td>
			<td>FST-11019-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science toosl</td>
			<td>FST-11018-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 polypropylene suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>K881H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>72-8826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Pad</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>1443915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clipper</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>559A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-Iodine solution</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MDS093945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1ml 25G</td>
			<td>BD safety Glide</td>
			<td>305903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe 0.5 ml</td>
			<td>BD insulin Syringes</td>
			<td>32946</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton -Tipped Applicator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>LR92240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mycoplasma Elisa Kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11663925910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Putney</td>
			<td>#056344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>NADA</td>
			<td>#139-236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ALT strip</td>
			<td>Heska</td>
			<td>15809554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AST strip</td>
			<td>Heska</td>
			<td>15809542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDH strip</td>
			<td>Heska</td>
			<td>15809607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine model of metastatic liver tumors in the setting of ischemia reperfusion injury

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce multiple tissue and organ damage. Despite recent advances and therapeutic approaches, the overall morbidity has remained unsatisfactory especially in patients with underlying parenchymal abnormalities. In the context of aggressive cancer growth and metastasis, surgical I/R is suspected to be the promoter regulating tumor recurrence. This article aims to describe a clinically relevant murine model of liver I/R and colorectal liver metastasis. In doing so, we aim to assist other investigators in establishing and perfecting this model for their routine research practice to better understand the effects of liver I/R on promoting liver metastases.

All wildtype (C57BL6) mice (n = 20) were subjected to the liver metastases model using the protocol described above. All injected mice with or without ischemia reperfusion injury survived until the date of sacrifice. The schematic diagram Figure 1A of a cancer-injected liver illustrates the clamping of the portal triad (hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct) which induces a partial liver ischemic (70%) insult towards the median and left lateral lobes. An increase in the number of liver ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury at JoVE.com

Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

We describe in detail a clinically relevant colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) tumor model and the influence of liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in tumor growth and metastasis. This model can help to better understand the mechanisms underlying surgery-induced promotion of liver metastatic growth.

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce ...

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