Name: sandy soil improvement through microbially induced calcite precipitation (micp) by immersion
Uploaded: 2019-09-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. 1531382 and MarTREC.

NOTE: All relevant material used in the following procedures are non-hazardous. Personal protective equipment (safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, full length pants, closed-toe shoes) are still needed.
1. Preparation of bacteria solution
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of growth medium (NH4-YE medium) 
	NOTE: The components of growth media per liter of deionized water are: 20 g of yeast extract; 10 g of (NH4)2SO4; and 0.13 M Tris buffer (pH 9.0).
	<ol>
		...

<ol>
	<li>Cheng, L., Shahin, M. A., Mujah, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+key+environmental+conditions+on+microbially+induced+cementation+for+soil+stabilization.">Influence of key environmental conditions on microbially induced cementation for soil stabilization.</a> Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 143 (1), 04016083-04016091 (2016).</li><li>Whiffin, V. S., van Paassen, L. A., Harkes, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+carbonate+precipitation+as+a+soil+improvement+technique.">Microbial carbonate precipitation as a soil improvement technique.</a> Geomicrobiology Journal. 24 (5), 417-423 (2007).</li><li>van Paassen, L. A., Ghose, R., van der Linden, T. J., van der Star, W. R., van Loosdrecht, M. 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B., N&#252;sslein, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbially+induced+cementation+to+control+sand+response+to+undrained+shear.">Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear.</a> Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 132 (11), 1381-1392 (2006).</li><li>Zhao, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+improvement+of+engineering+properties+of+MICP-treated+soil+catalyzed+by+bacteria+and+urease.">Factors affecting improvement of engineering properties of MICP-treated soil catalyzed by bacteria and urease.</a> Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 26 (12), 04014094 (2014).</li><li>Castanier, S., Le M&#233;tayer-Levrel, G., Perthuisot, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ca-carbonates+precipitation+and+limestone+genesis&#8212;the+microbiogeologist+point+of+view.">Ca-carbonates precipitation and limestone genesis&#8212;the microbiogeologist point of view.</a> Sedimentary Geology. 126 (1-4), 9-23 (1999).</li><li>Burne, R. A., Chen, Y. Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+ureases+in+infectious+diseases.">Bacterial ureases in infectious diseases.</a> Microbes and Infection. 2 (5), 533-542 (2000).</li><li>Bernardi, D., DeJong, J. T., Montoya, B. M., Martinez, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-bricks:+biologically+cemented+sandstone+bricks.">Bio-bricks: biologically cemented sandstone bricks.</a> Construction and Building Materials. 55, 462-469 (2014).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+fiber+addition+on+mechanical+properties+of+MICP-treated+sand.">Influence of fiber addition on mechanical properties of MICP-treated sand.</a> Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 28 (4), 04015166 (2015).</li><li>Achal, V., Kawasaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogrout:+a+novel+binding+material+for+soil+improvement+and+concrete+repair.">Biogrout: a novel binding material for soil improvement and concrete repair.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 7, 314 (2016).</li><li>Al Qabany, A., Soga, K., Santamarina, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+efficiency+of+microbially+induced+calcite+precipitation.">Factors affecting efficiency of microbially induced calcite precipitation.</a> Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 138 (8), 992-1001 (2011).</li><li>Lin, H., Suleiman, M. T., Brown, D. G., Kavazanjian, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+behavior+of+sands+treated+by+microbially+induced+carbonate+precipitation.">Mechanical behavior of sands treated by microbially induced carbonate precipitation.</a> Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 142 (2), 04015066 (2015).</li><li>Lauchnor, E. G., Topp, D. M., Parker, A. E., Gerlach, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+cell+kinetics+of+ureolysis+by+sporosarcina+pasteurii.">Whole cell kinetics of ureolysis by sporosarcina pasteurii.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 118 (6), 1321-1332 (2015).</li><li>Nafisi, A., Montoya, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+framework+for+identifying+cementation+level+of+MICP-treated+sands.">A new framework for identifying cementation level of MICP-treated sands.</a> IFCEE. , (2018).</li><li>Zhao, Q., Li, L., Li, C., Zhang, H., Amini, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+full+contact+flexible+mold+for+preparing+samples+based+on+microbial-induced+calcite+precipitation+technology.">A full contact flexible mold for preparing samples based on microbial-induced calcite precipitation technology.</a> Geotechnical Testing Journal. 37 (5), 917-921 (2014).</li><li>Bu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Rigid+Full-Contact+Mold+for+Preparing+Biobeams+through+Microbial-Induced+Calcite+Precipitation.">Development of a Rigid Full-Contact Mold for Preparing Biobeams through Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation.</a> Geotechnical Testing Journal. 42 (3), 656-669 (2018).</li><li>Li, M., Wen, K., Li, Y., Zhu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+oxygen+availability+on+microbially+induced+calcite+precipitation+(MICP)+treatment.">Impact of oxygen availability on microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) treatment.</a> Geomicrobiology Journal. 35 (1), 15-22 (2018).</li><li>Martinez, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+optimization+of+microbial-induced+carbonate+precipitation+for+soil+improvement.">Experimental optimization of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation for soil improvement.</a> Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 139 (4), 587-598 (2013).</li></ol>

The MICP technique by immersion was presented in this paper. Soil samples were immersed into the batch reactor to get fully penetrated by cementation media in the MICP process. In this method, a full contact flexible mold, a rigid full contact mold, and a cored brick mold were applied to prepare MICP-treated samples.
Different molds can be designed for different geometry requirements. The fibrous structure of geotextile increased the contact area between sand and cementation media, which effec...

As a biological ground improvement technology, microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is capable of improving engineering properties of soil. It has been used to enhance the strength, stiffness, and permeability of soil. The MICP technique has gained much attention for soil improvement worldwide1,2,3,4. Carbonate precipitation naturally happens and can be induced by nonpathogenic organisms that are native to the soil environment5. The MICP biogeochemical reaction is driven by the existence of ureolytic bacteria, urea and a calcium-rich solution5,6. Sporosarcina pasteurii is a highly active urease enzyme that catalyzes the reaction network towards precipitation of calcite7,8. The urea hydrolysis process produces dissolved ammonium (NH4+) and inorganic carbonate (CO32-). The carbonate ions react with calcium ions to precipitate as calcium carbonate crystals. The urea hydrolysis reactions are shown here:
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/60059/60059equ01.jpg" />
<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/60059/60059equ02.jpg" />
The precipitated CaCO3 can bond the sand particles together to improve the engineering properties of MICP-treated soil. The MICP technique has been applied in various applications, such as improvement of strength and stiffness of soil, repair of concrete, and environmental remediation9,10,11,12,13,14,15.
Zhao et al.16 developed an immersion method to prepare MICP-treated samples. A full contact flexible mold made of geotextile was used in this method. The precipitated CaCO3 distributed uniformly throughout their MICP-treated samples. Bu et al.17 developed a rigid full contact mold to prepare MICP-treated beam samples by an immersion method. The MICP-treated sample prepared by this method using a rigid full contact mold can form the suitable beam shape. The MICP-treated sample was divided into four and the CaCO3 contents were measured. The CaCO3 content ranged from 8.4 &#177; 1.5% to 9.4 &#177; 1.2% by weight, which indicated that the CaCO3 distributed uniformly in the MICP-treated samples by the immersion method. These MICP-treated samples also achieved better mechanical properties. These MICP-treated bio-specimens reached a 950 kPa flexure strength, which was similar to that of 20- 25% cement-treated samples (600- 1300 kPa). Li et al.10 added randomly distributed discrete fiber into the sandy soil and treated the soil by the MICP immersion method. They found that the shear strength, ductility, and failure strain of MICP-treated soil were enhanced obviously by adding appropriate fiber.
The immersion method for MICP has been continually improved10,16,17. This method can be used to prepare MICP-treated soil samples and MICP-treated prefabricated building materials, such as bricks and beams. Different geometry dimensions of sample preparation mold were developed. Fibers were added in the MICP-treated samples to enhance their properties. This detailed protocol was intended to document the immersion methods for MICP treatment.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Chloride, &#62;99%</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>40100196-3 (705033)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>30635330-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride Dihydrate, &#62;99%</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>40300016-3 (705111)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutrient Broth</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>30620056-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate, &#62;99%</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>41900068-3 (705727)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sporosarcina pasteurii</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC 11859</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthetic fiber</td>
			<td>FIBERMESH</td>
			<td>Fibermesh 150e3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Base, Biotechnology Grade, &#62;99.7%</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>42020309-2 (730205)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea, USP Grade, &#62;99%</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>42100008-2 (705986)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Bio-world</td>
			<td>30620096-3 (760095)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sandy soil improvement through microbially induced calcite precipitation (micp) by immersion

The goal of this article is to develop an immersion method to improve the microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) treated samples. A batch reactor was assembled to immerse soil samples into cementation media. The cementation media can freely diffuse into the soil samples in the batch reactor instead of cementation media being injected. A full contact flexible mold, a rigid full contact mold, and a cored brick mold were used to prepare different soil sample holders. Synthetic fibers and natural fibers were selected to reinforce the MICP-treated soil samples. The precipitated CaCO3 in different areas of the MICP-treated samples was measured. The CaCO3 distribution results demonstrated that the precipitated CaCO3 was distributed uniformly in the soil sample by the immersion method.

Figure 7 shows the distribution of precipitated CaCO3 throughout the MICP-treated sample. The MICP-treated sample was divided into three different areas. The CaCO3 content in each area was tested by the acid washing method. To dissolve precipitated carbonates, the dry MICP-treated samples were washed in a HCl solution (0.1 M), then rinsed, drained, and oven-dried for 48 hours. The difference value between the masses of samples before and after acid washing was considere...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion at JoVE.com

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation MICP by Immersion

Here, microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) technology is presented to improve soil properties by immersion.

Sandy Soil Improvement through Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) by Immersion

The goal of this article is to develop an immersion method to improve the microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) treated samples. A batch ...

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