Name: resolving water, proteins, and lipids from in vivo confocal raman spectra of stratum corneum through a chemometric approach
Uploaded: 2019-09-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach at JoVE.com

The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support from the corporate function analytical and personal cleansing care department. We want to express our gratitude to analytical associate directors Ms. Jasmine Wang and Dr. Robb Gardner for their guidance and support and Ms. Li Yang for her help on data collection.

This study was approved by the institutional review committee of Beijing Children&#8217;s Hospital in compliance with the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. It was conducted according to ICH guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. The study took place from May to July 2015.
1. Collection of in vivo confocal Raman spectra from human subjects with atopic dermatitis
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	<li>Include subjects in compliance with the following criteria.
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		<li>Include subjects between the...

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M., Matts, P. J., Kaczvinsky, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Changes in Stratum Corneum Thickness, Water Gradients and Hydration by Moisturizers. , (2012).</li><li>Pudney, P. D., M&#233;lot, M., Caspers, P. J., Van, D. P. A., Puppels, G. 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N., de Sterke, J., Hauser, M., von Stetten, O., van der Pol, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+uptake+and+skin+occlusion+following+topical+application+of+oils+on+adult+and+infant+skin.">Lipid uptake and skin occlusion following topical application of oils on adult and infant skin.</a> Journal of Dermatological Science. 50 (2), 135-142 (2008).</li><li>Choe, C., Lademann, J., Darvin, M. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> In vivo Skin Characterization by Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. , (2003).</li><li>Jaumot, J., de Juan, A., Tauler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MCR-ALS+GUI+2.0:+New+features+and+applications.">MCR-ALS GUI 2.0: New features and applications.</a> Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 140, 1-12 (2015).</li><li>Choe, C., Choe, S., Schleusener, J., Lademann, J., Darvin, M. 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During the data collection, as described in section 2 and 3 of the protocol, each depth profile was collected in an area with contact between the instrument window and the skin by finding the darker areas from the microscopic images highlighted in the red circles in Figure 2C. Once these areas were located, it was critical to start the depth profile above the skin surface to accurately determine the location of the skin surface for the data analysis procedure. The location o...

In clinical studies, in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy has shown its unique ability for determining stratum corneum thickness and water content1,2,3,4, and tracking the penetration of active materials topically applied to the skin5,6. As a noninvasive approach, confocal Raman spectroscopy detects molecular signals based on vibrational modes. Thus, labeling is not needed7. In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy provides chemical information with depth resolution based on the confocal nature of the technique. This depth-dependent information is very useful in studying the effects of skin care products4,8, aging9,10, seasonal changes3, as well as skin barrier function diseases, such as atopic dermatitis11,12. There is a lot of information in the high frequency region of confocal Raman spectroscopy (2,500&#8211;4,000 cm-1), where water produces distinct peaks in the region between 3,250&#8211;3,550 cm-1. However, the Raman peaks of proteins and lipids, which are centered between approximately 2,800&#8211;3,000 cm-1, overlap each other because the signals are mainly produced from methylene (-CH2-) and methyl (-CH3) groups13. This overlapped information presents a technical challenge when obtaining relative amounts of individual molecular species. Peak fitting14,15 and selective peak position12,16 approaches have been used to resolve this challenge. However, it is difficult for these single peak-based methods to extract pure component information because multiple Raman peaks from the same component change simultaneously17. In our recent publication18, an MCR approach was proposed to elucidate the pure component information. Using this approach, three components (water, proteins, and lipids) were extracted from a large in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopic dataset.
The execution of large clinical studies can be demanding on individuals collecting in vivo spectroscopic data. In some cases, spectral acquisition can require operating equipment for many hours in a day and the study can extend up to weeks or months. Under these conditions, spectroscopic data may be generated by equipment operators that lack the technical expertise to identify, exclude, and correct for all sources of spectroscopic artifacts. The resulting data set may contain a small fraction of spectroscopic outliers that need to be identified and excluded from the data prior to analysis. This paper illustrates in detail a chemometric analysis process to &#34;clean up&#34;&#160;a clinical Raman dataset before analyzing the data with MCR. To successfully remove the outliers, the types of outliers and the potential cause for the generation of the outlier spectra need to be identified. Then, a specific approach can be developed to remove the targeted outliers. This requires prior knowledge of the dataset, including a detailed understanding about the data generation process and the study design. In this dataset, the majority of outliers are low signal-to-noise spectra and originate primarily from 1) spectra collected above the skin surface (6,208 out of 30,862), and 2) strong contribution to the spectrum from fluorescent room light (67 out of 30,862). Spectra collected above the skin surface produce a weak Raman response, as the laser focal point approaches the skin surface and is mostly in the instrument window below the skin. Spectra with a strong contribution from fluorescent room light are generated due to either instrument operator error or subject movement, which produces a condition where the confocal Raman collection window is not fully covered by the subject&#8217;s body site. Although these types of spectral artifacts could be identified and remediated during spectral acquisition by a spectroscopic expert at the time of data acquisition, the trained instrument operators used in this study were instructed to collect all data unless a catastrophic failure was observed. The task of identifying and excluding outliers is incorporated into the data analysis protocol. The protocol presented is developed to resolve this challenge. To address the low signal-to-noise spectra above the skin surface, the location of the skin surface needs to be determined first to allow removal of spectra collected above the skin surface. The location of the skin surface is defined as the depth where the Raman laser focal point is half in the skin and half out of the skin as illustrated in Supplemental Figure 1. After removing low signal-to-noise spectra, a principal component analysis (PCA) is implemented to extract the factor dominated by fluorescent room light peaks. These outliers are removed based on the score value of the corresponding factor.
This protocol provides detailed information for how six principal components are determined in the MCR process. This is done through a PCA analysis followed by spectral shape comparison between the loadings for models generated with a different number of principal components. The experimental process for data collection of reference materials as well as the human subjects is also explained in detail.&#160;

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:34px;width:319px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Cholesterol 3-sulfate sodium</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">D-Erythro-Dihydrosphingosine</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">DI water</td>
			<td style="width:360px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Purified with Milipore(18.2M&#937;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Gen2-SCA skin analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">River Diagnostics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Gen2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Matlab 2018b</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Mathwork</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">2018b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">N-behenoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:319px;">N-Lignoceroyl-D-erythro-sphinganine(ceramide)</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Oleic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Palmitic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Palmitoleic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">PLS_Toolbox version 8.2</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Eigenvector Research Inc.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:136px;">8.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">RiverICon</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">River Diagnostics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">version 3.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Squalene</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Stearic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

resolving water, proteins, and lipids from in vivo confocal raman spectra of stratum corneum through a chemometric approach

Development of this in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopic method enables the direct measurement of water, proteins, and lipids with depth resolution in human subjects. This information is very important for skin-related diseases and characterizing skin care product performance. This protocol illustrates a method for confocal Raman spectra collection and the subsequent analysis of the spectral dataset leveraging chemometrics. The goal of this method is to establish a standard protocol for data collection and provide general guidance for data analysis. Preprocessing (e.g., removal of outlier spectra) is a critical step when processing large datasets from clinical studies. As an example, we provide guidance based on prior knowledge of a dataset to identify the types of outliers and develop specific strategies to remove them. A principal component analysis is performed, and the loading spectra are compared with spectra from reference materials to select the number of components used in the final multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis. This approach is successful for extracting meaningful information from a large spectral dataset.

In this clinical study, in vivo confocal Raman spectra were collected from 28 subjects from 4&#8211;18 years old. A total of 30,862 Raman spectra were collected with the data collection protocol mentioned above. This large spectral dataset contains 20% spectral outliers as shown in Figure 4A. The low signal-to-noise outlier spectra were removed after determining the skin surface, followed by the PCA to identify the spectra with room light features. The third factor in this PCA model is i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach at JoVE.com

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Here, we present a protocol for collection of confocal Raman spectra from human subjects in clinical studies combined with chemometric approaches for spectral outlier removal and the subsequent extraction of key features.

Development of this in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopic method enables the direct measurement of water, proteins, and lipids with depth resolution in ...

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