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* These authors contributed equally
This study describes protocols for nonradiometric methods, a bioluminescent ADP detection assay and a phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE, to determine the kinase activity of cardiac myosin light chain kinase (cMLCK) and the phosphorylation level of its substrate, myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2v).
Cardiac-specific myosin regulatory light chain kinase (cMLCK) regulates cardiac sarcomere structure and contractility by phosphorylating the ventricular isoform of the myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2v). MLC2v phosphorylation levels are significantly reduced in failing hearts, indicating the clinical importance of assessing the activity of cMLCK and the phosphorylation level of MLC2v to elucidate the pathogenesis of heart failure. This paper describes nonradioactive methods to assess both the activity of cMLCK and MLC2v phosphorylation levels. In vitro kinase reactions are performed using recombinant cMLCK with recombinant calmodulin and MLC2v in the presence of ATP and calcium at 25 °C, which are followed by either a bioluminescent ADP detection assay or a phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE. In the representative study, the bioluminescent ADP detection assay showed a strict linear increase of the signal at cMLCK concentrations between 1.25 nM to 25 nM. Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE also showed a linear increase of phosphorylated MLC2v in the same cMLCK concentration range. Next, the time-dependency of the reactions was examined at the concentration of 5 nM cMLCK. A bioluminescent ADP detection assay showed a linear increase in the signal during 90 min of the reaction. Similarly, phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE showed a time-dependent increase of phosphorylated MLC2v. The biochemical parameters of cMLCK for MLC2v were determined by a Michaelis-Menten plot using the bioluminescent ADP detection assay. The Vmax was 1.65 ± 0.10 mol/min/mol kinase and the average Km was around 0.5 USA µM at 25 °C. Next, the activity of wild type and the dilated cardiomyopathy-associated p.Pro639Valfs*15 mutant cMLCK were measured. The bioluminescent ADP detection assay and phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE correctly detected defects in cMLCK activity and MLC2v phosphorylation, respectively. In conclusion, a combination of the bioluminescent ADP detection assay and the phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE is a simple, accurate, safe, low-cost, and flexible method to measure cMLCK activity and the phosphorylation level of MLC2v.
The cardiac-specific myosin regulatory light chain kinase (cMLCK) encoded by the MYLK3 gene is the kinase predominantly responsible for maintaining the phosphorylation of cardiac ventricular myosin regulatory light chain 2 (MLC2v)1,2. By phosphorylating MLC2v at Ser-15, cMLCK promotes sarcomere organization1 and potentiates cardiac contractility2,3 as a result of increasing cross-bridge formation and therefore an increase in the lever-arm stiffness of myosin II4. Defects in cMLCK activity or reduced levels of MLC2v phosphorylation contribute to the development of heart failure in animal models3,5,6. Thus, cMLCK activity plays critical roles in cardiac contractility in both physiological and pathological conditions by regulating the phosphorylation level of MLC2v.
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by systolic dysfunction and an enlarged left ventricular chamber size and is a major cause of congestive heart failure and heart transplantations. So far more than 40 genes have been identified as DCM-causing mutations7. Recently, a novel DCM-associated MYLK3 mutation (p.Pro639Valfs*15) was identified that completely abolishes kinase activity due to truncation of the cMLCK protein at the middle portion of its catalytic domain8. Two cases of familial DCM-associated mutations in MYLK3 showing depressed or abolished cMLCK activity have also been reported9. Thus, depressed or abolished cMLCK activity in familial DCM may contribute to the development of the disease by decreasing MLC2v phosphorylation levels. MLC2v phosphorylation levels are also significantly reduced in failing human hearts even without mutations in MYLK310,11. Thus, the reduction of the MLC2v phosphorylation levels seems to be common in human heart failure, indicating that the assessment of cMLCK activity and MLC2v phosphorylation levels is clinically important. It is necessary to explain how the reduced MLC2v phosphorylation levels contribute to depressed cardiac contractility. Accordingly, assays that measure cMLCK activity and MLC2v phosphorylation levels are extremely important for elucidating the pathogenesis of heart failure.
The classical method for measuring cMLCK activity is a radiometric-based assay that quantifies the incorporation of [γ-32P] from radioactively labelled ATP into MLC2v2. However, due to its hazardous nature it requires special safety and environmental considerations, and the cost of waste disposal is high. In addition, the short half-life of32 Prestricts the flexibility of the radiometric assay. To overcome these drawbacks, alternative nonradiometric protein kinase assay techniques have been developed12. The bioluminescent ADP detection assay developed by Promega Corporation measures ADP generated by the protein kinase reaction without using radioisotopes13. It shows comparable results to the radiometric assay for protein kinases with varying levels of activity13. Because the bioluminescent ADP detection assay measures ADP produced by a kinase reaction, phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE in parallel with bioluminescent ADP detection assay was used to verify whether MLC2v is actually phosphorylated. Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE is a phosphate-affinity electrophoresis technique that can detect changes in the mobility of phosphorylated substrate proteins compared to their nonphosphorylated counterparts14.
This article describes protocols for measuring the activity of cMLCK and the phosphorylation level of its substrate, MLC2v, using nonradioactive methods. After performing an in vitro kinase reaction, both the bioluminescent ADP detection assay and phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE are employed to calculate biochemical values of MLCK and the phosphorylation level of MCL2v, respectively. Overall, a protocol combining the two nonradioactive kinase assays is valuable for the study of kinases.
1. Cloning and purification of recombinant wild type and DCM-associated mutant cMLCK
2. Cloning and purification of recombinant calmodulin
3. In vitro kinase assay
NOTE: All steps are performed on ice to prevent the kinase reaction from proceeding. Additionally, the MLCK and substrate solutions are mixed separately to avoid an overly fast reaction.
4. Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE
NOTE: Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol (see Table of Materials).
5. Bioluminescent ADP detection assay
NOTE: The bioluminescent ADP detection assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
6. Data Analysis
The classical method for measuring kinase activity is a radiometric-based assay that quantifies the radiolabeled phosphate incorporated into the kinase substrate. For the method presented here, a nonradioactive, in vitro cMLCK kinase assay using purified wild type cMLCK (Figure 1A), MLC2v, and calmodulin was developed (Figure 1B), and kinase activity was determined using a bioluminescent ADP detection assay. For the experiments used to establish the cMLCK assay,...
The present study was undertaken to assess whether the combination of nonradioactive methods, the bioluminescent ADP detection assay and the phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE could successfully be used to determine the activity of cMLCK. It is essential to perform the kinase reactions under the optimal temperature and reaction time. Increasing either of these will rapidly and strongly promote the enzyme reaction. In the present study, the in vitro kinase reaction was performed with 5 nM of cMLCK at 25 °C, which ensured si...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP17K09578 and JP18H04050.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
30% acrylamide/Bis solution | Bio-Rad | 1610156 | Store at 4℃ |
acrylamide | Bio-Rad | 1610156 | Store at 4℃ |
Amicon Ultra-15 | Merck | UFC901008 | |
ammonium persulfate | Wako | 019-03435 | |
ampicillin sodium | Wako | 014-23302 | Store at -20℃ |
BugBuster | Milipore | 71456-4 | Store at 4℃ |
CaCl2 | Wako | 031-00435 | |
CHAPS | Dojindo | 349-04722 | Store at 4℃ |
chemiluminescence imaging analyzer TriStar2 | CBERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES | LB942-A | |
dithiothreitol | Wako | 047-08973 | Store at -20℃ |
ECL (Enhanced Chemi Luminescence) reagent | GE Healthcare | RPN2106 | Mix reagent 1 and reagent 2 in equal amounts |
EDTA | DOJINDO | 345-01865 | |
Ethanol | Wako | 057-00456 | |
FBS | Sigma-Aldrich | 172012-500ML | Store at -20℃ |
FLAG agarose | Merck | A2220 | Store at -20℃ |
FLAG peptide | Merck | F3290-4MG | Store at 4℃ |
GateWay pEF-DEST51 Vector | Invitrogen | 12285011 | Store at -20℃ |
glycine | Sigma-Aldrich | 12-1210-5 | |
HEPES | Dojindo | 342-01375 | |
Igepal CA-630 (NP40) | Sigma-Aldrich | 13021-500ML | |
Imiadasole | Wako | 095-00015 | |
L-(+)-Arabinose | Sigma-Aldrich | A3256-25G | Store at -20℃ |
LAS-4000 | GE Healthcare | 28955810 | |
LB | Merck | WM841485 824 | |
Lipofectamine 2000 | Invitrogen | 11668-019 | |
Manganase (II) Chloride Tetrahydrate | Wako | 134-15302 | |
MgCl2 | nacalai-tesque | 20909-42 | |
N, N, N’, N’- tetramethylethylenediamin | Wako | 110-18-9 | |
NaCl | Wako | 191-01665 | |
OneShot BL21 AI | Invitrogen | 44-0184 | Store at -80℃ |
OptiMEM | gibco | 31985-070 | Store at 4℃ |
PBS | NISSUI PHARMACEUTICAL | 5913 | Store at 4℃ |
penicillin streptmycin | gibco | 15140-122 | Store at -20℃ |
pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit | Invitrogen | K240020 | Store at -20℃ |
Phos-tag Acrylamide | Wako | AAL-107 | Store at 4℃ |
Promega ADP-Glo | Promega | V9104 | Store at -20℃ |
protease inhibitor cock-tail | nacalai-tesque | 25955-11 | |
PVDF membrane | Merck | IPVH00010 | Pore size : 0.45 μm |
QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (150) | QIAGEN | 20021 | |
SDS | Wako | 191-07145 | |
sodium phosphate | Wako | 192-02815 | |
TALON affinity resin | TaKaRa | 635504 | Store at 4℃ |
Tris | Sigma-Aldrich | T1503-1KG | |
Tween 20 | Wako | 167-11515 | Store at 4℃ |
Ultra Pure Agarose | Invitrogen | 16500-500 | |
Ultra Pure ATP, 100mM | Promega | V703B-C | Store at -20℃ |
Urea | Sigma-Aldrich | U0631-1KG |
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