Name: physical activity measurement in children accepting table tennis training
Uploaded: 2022-07-27T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical Activity Measurement in Children Accepting Table Tennis Training at JoVE.com

We thank Ms Shuo Tian for the digital technology support. This study was supported by the Wu Jieping Foundation (Grant No. 320.6750.18456).

This study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University in Hohhot, China. The parents of all children included in this study provided signed and informed consent. In the study, we used the Actigraph GT3X+ device which is referred to as an accelerometer hereafter.
1. General aspects of method development
<ol>
	<li>Obtain accelerometers to evaluate PA. The accelerometer is a small (3.3 cm x 4.6 cm x 1.5 cm, 19 g), watch-like unobtrusive de...

<ol>
	<li>Janssen, I., LeBlanc, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+the+health+benefits+of+physical+activity+and+fitness+in+school-aged+children+and+youth.">Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth.</a> The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7 (1), 1-16 (2010).</li><li>Biddle, S., Asare, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+and+mental+health+in+children+and+adolescents:+a+review+of+reviews.">Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews.</a> British Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (11), 886-895 (2011).</li><li>Donnelly, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity,+fitness,+cognitive+function,+and+academic+achievement+in+children:+a+systematic+review.">Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48 (6), 1197-1222 (2016).</li><li>Tremblay, M. 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Global Matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries.</a> Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13, 343-366 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, Z., Chen, P., Zhuang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+Chinese+children+and+youth's+energy+expenditure+using+ActiGraph+accelerometers:+a+calibration+and+cross-validation+study.">Predicting Chinese children and youth's energy expenditure using ActiGraph accelerometers: a calibration and cross-validation study.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 84, 56-63 (2013).</li><li>Composing and Editorial Board of Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+Activity+Guidelines+for+Chinese+(2021).">Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021).</a> Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 43 (1), 5-6 (2022).</li><li>Kokko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+sports+club+participation+contribute+to+physical+activity+among+children+and+adolescents?+A+comparison+across+six+European+countries.">Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? A comparison across six European countries.</a> Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 47 (8), 851-858 (2019).</li><li>Lee, E. J., So, W. Y., Youn, H. S., Kim, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+school-based+physical+activity+programs+on+health-related+physical+fitness+of+Korean+adolescents:+a+preliminary+study.">Effects of school-based physical activity programs on health-related physical fitness of Korean adolescents: a preliminary study.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (6), 2976 (2021).</li><li>Pradas, F., Ara, I., Toro, V., Courel-Ibanez, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benefits+of+regular+table+tennis+practice+in+body+composition+and+physical+fitness+compared+to+physically+active+children+aged+10-11+years.">Benefits of regular table tennis practice in body composition and physical fitness compared to physically active children aged 10-11 years.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (6), 2854 (2021).</li><li>Xiao, Y., Huang, W., Lu, M., Ren, X., Zhang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social-ecological+analysis+of+the+factors+influencing+Shanghai+adolescents'+table+tennis+skills:+a+cross-sectional+study.">Social-ecological analysis of the factors influencing Shanghai adolescents' table tennis skills: a cross-sectional study.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 11, 1372 (2020).</li><li>Yang, X., Leung, A. 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As shown in Table 1, children in the Sports group exhibited a significantly higher VPA and MVPA (64.20 &#177; 2.33 vs 57.85 &#177; 3.36, P &#60; 0.001) relative to those in the Control group. According to the findings of previous reports in both adolescents25 and young adults26, accelerometer devices represent an accurate method for the estimation of PA, relative to subjective surveys.
Bland-Altman plots demonstrated tha...

Physical activity (PA) is very important in childhood and is positively associated with physical and mental health. It is well documented that PA is associated with beneficial effects in school-going children with regards to obesity, bone health, mental wellbeing, cognitive function, and academic achievements1,2,3. However, most children in China still experience lower levels of PA than recommended for their age4; furthermore, sedentary time is known to increase with age. According to the National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance Study for Students in China, the number of students with obesity has remained significantly high over the first two decades of the 21st century5.
International PA guidelines for children and adolescents recommend at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day and vigorous physical activity (VPA) on 3 days/week6 in order to achieve health benefits. Similarly, the latest version of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021)7 highlights that accumulated sedentary behavioral time should not last for more than 60 min, based on international PA guidelines. Participation in sports clubs or school activities is a highly beneficial way by which children can meet PA guidelines8. Table tennis is a compound and technically difficult game that is popular in China. Recent studies have confirmed that regular table tennis training has a positive effect on the health-related physical fitness of children and adolescents9,10. As such, table tennis club/school-based training is a very suitable method for children to increase their levels of PA11.
It is important to consider several issues that might impede the fulfillment of the recommendations made by international PA guidelines. For example, most surveys of PA in children are based on parent-reported questionnaires12; there is a significant lack of data acquired by objective methods in China. Furthermore, the activity patterns of children are characterized by relatively short bouts of spontaneous, but intense PA13,14. This type of pattern is difficult to summarize and report by observation alone; additionally, questionnaires or parental reports are prone to error15. Secondly, children spend a significant amount of leisure time at home, for example, during the evenings and weekends, and tend to accumulate a substantial part of their daily PA in a home-based setting. It is difficult to collect or estimate leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in children outside of school hours. LTPA is essential for health and is one of the most important components of total PA16. Thirdly, the PA of children may be influenced by gender differences and parental life style8. Collectively, this information highlights the need to acquire accurate measurements of PA to evaluate overall health, its social impact, and its use in policy making. If the activity levels of specific subpopulations (e.g., children undergoing table tennis training) are not correctly estimated, it is possible that the data may even misdirect policies and public health priorities12.
As the most widely used objective measurement for PA patterns in youths, accelerometers have been recognized as the gold standard for measuring PA in children17,18,19,20. With technological improvements, actigraphic devices have progressed into cost-effective capacitive sensors. In most cases, these devices need to be attached to the right hip21, an issue that might be a potential risk factor and lowers compliance22. Over recent years, several research studies have indicated that PA data derived from devices worn at other anatomical locations can be comparable when set-up appropriately23,24.
In the present study, we aimed to develop a wrist-worn actigraphy accelerometer-based method to assess PA in children undergoing table tennis training.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Actigraph&#160;</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>&#160;GT3X+</td>
			<td>device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ActiLife</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>&#160;v6.13.3</td>
			<td>software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS 22.0 software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>statistical analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

physical activity measurement in children accepting table tennis training

An increasing body of evidence now shows that the majority of children in China experience lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the recommended guideline. Table tennis is a compound and technically difficult game that is popular in China; undertaking table tennis training in clubs can help children to elevate their levels of PA. Given that children cannot complete self-evaluated questionnaires themselves and caregiver-based observations are not suitable for children, we hypothesized that an actigraphy-based method can be an objective method to measure PA. In the present study, we describe a procedure that can be used to evaluate PA levels using an actigraphic device and software. Furthermore, since hip-worn devices are known to reduce compliance, we attempted to assess the agreement between hip-worn and wrist-worn device data. Collectively, our results indicate that these devices are suitable for measuring PA and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) levels. Together with subjective questionnaires, both hip-worn and wrist-worn devices are highly suitable for evaluating PA in Chinese children undergoing table tennis training in clubs.

Demographic data are shown in Table 1, including&#160;gender, age, height, weight, ethnicity, and dominant hand. As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences between the groups with regards to gender, age, height, weight, and dominant hand. Furthermore, participants from the Sports group did not exhibit any significantly different parameters in terms of sedentary behaviors (SB; 441.05 &#177; 31.80 vs 442.25 &#177; 30.74, P = 0.904), LPA (213.10 &#177; 15.00 vs ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physical Activity Measurement in Children Accepting Table Tennis Training at JoVE.com

Physical Activity Measurement in Children Accepting Table Tennis Training

This study proposes an accelerometer-based method to objectively measure physical activity (PA) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in Chinese children accepting table tennis training in clubs.

An increasing body of evidence now shows that the majority of children in China experience lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the recommended ...

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