Name: modeling human cerebellar development in vitro in 2d structure
Uploaded: 2022-09-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure at JoVE.com

Vi takker Jenny Gringer Richards for hennes grundige arbeid med å validere kontrollfagene våre, som vi genererte kontroll-iPSC-ene fra. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av NIH T32 MH019113 (til D.A.M. og K.A.K.), Nellie Ball Trust (til T.H.W. og A.J.W.), NIH R01 MH111578 (til V.A.M. og J.A.W.), NIH KL2 TR002536 (til A.J.W.), og Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust (til V.A.M., J.A.W., og A.J.W.). Figurene ble laget med BioRender.com.

Forskningen på menneskelige ble godkjent under University of Iowa Institutional Review Board godkjenningsnummer 201805995 og University of Iowa Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Committee godkjenningsnummer 2017-02. Hudbiopsier ble innhentet fra forsøkspersonene etter skriftlig informert samtykke. Fibroblastene ble dyrket i DMEM med 15% føtalt bovint serum (FBS) og 1% MEM-ikke-essensiell aminosyreoppløsning ved 37 ° C og 5% CO2. Fibroblaster ble omprogrammert ved hjelp av et episomalt omprogrammeringssett etter...

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Evnen til å modellere menneskelig cerebellær utvikling in vitro er viktig for sykdomsmodellering, samt fremme forståelsen av normal hjerneutvikling. Mindre kompliserte og kostnadseffektive protokoller skaper flere muligheter for replikerbar datagenerering og bred implementering på tvers av flere vitenskapelige laboratorier. En cerebellar differensieringsprotokoll er beskrevet her ved hjelp av en modifisert metode for å generere EBs som ikke krever enzymer eller dissosiasjonsmidler, ved bruk av vekstfaktorer...

Å forstå menneskelig cerebellar utvikling og de kritiske tidsvinduene i denne prosessen er viktig ikke bare for dekoding av mulige årsaker til nevroutviklingsforstyrrelser, men også for å identifisere nye mål for terapeutisk inngrep. Modellering av menneskelig cerebellær utvikling in vitro har vært utfordrende, men over tid har mange protokoller som skiller menneskelige embryonale stamceller (hESCs) eller iPSCs med cerebellar avstamningsskjebner dukket opp 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 . Videre er det viktig å utvikle protokoller som genererer reproduserbare resultater, er relativt enkle (for å redusere feil), og er ikke tunge på monetære kostnader.
De første protokollene for cerebellær differensiering ble generert fra 2D-kulturer fra belagte embryoide legemer (EBs), noe som induserte cerebellar skjebne med ulike vekstfaktorer som ligner på in vivo-utvikling, inkludert WNT, BMPs og FGFs 1,9. Nyere publiserte protokoller induserte differensiering primært i 3D-organoidkultur med FGF2 og insulin, etterfulgt av FGF19 og SDF1 for rhombic leppelignende strukturer3,4, eller brukte en kombinasjon av FGF2, FGF4 og FGF85. Begge cerebellar organoid induksjonsmetoder resulterte i lignende 3D cerebellar organoider da begge protokollene rapporterte lignende cerebellar markøruttrykk ved identiske tidspunkter. Holmes og Heine utvidet sin 3D-protokoll5 for å vise at 2D-cerebellarceller kan genereres fra hESCs og iPSCs, som starter som 3D-aggregater. I tillegg viste Silva et al.7 at celler som representerer modne cerebellære nevroner i 2D, kan genereres med en lignende tilnærming til Holmes og Heine, ved å bruke et annet tidspunkt for å bytte fra 3D til 2D og forlenge tiden for vekst og modning.
Den nåværende protokollen induserer cerebellar skjebne i materfrie iPSC-er ved å generere frittflytende embryoide legemer (EB) ved bruk av insulin og FGF2 og deretter plating EBs på PLO / laminin-belagte retter på dag 14 for 2D-vekst og differensiering. Ved dag 35 oppnås celler med cerebellær identitet. Evnen til å rekapitulere de tidlige stadiene av cerebellær utvikling, spesielt i et 2D-miljø, gjør det mulig for forskere å svare på spesifikke spørsmål som krever eksperimenter med en monolagsstruktur. Denne protokollen er også egnet til ytterligere modifikasjoner som mikropatterned overflater, aksonale utvekstanalyser og cellesortering for å berike de ønskede cellepopulasjonene.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-26D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-thio-glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-26B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL Filter Unit, 0.2 &#181;m aPES, 50 mm Dia</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB12566502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Easy Grip Tissue Cluture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4D Nucleofector core unit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>276885</td>
			<td>Nucleofector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-25D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Easy Grip Tissue Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well ultra-low attachment plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9&#34; Disposable Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture grade water</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>SH30529.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11905031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chroman 1</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>34681</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II, Type A2, Biological safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>NuAire, Inc.</td>
			<td>NU-540-600</td>
			<td>Hood, UV light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 24-well plate, TC treated</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6-well plate, TC treated</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO (Dimethly sulfoxide)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS+/+</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emricasan</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>22204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epi5 episomal iPSC reprogramming kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A15960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8-Flex</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A2858501</td>
			<td>PSC medium with heat-stable FGF2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOS XL Core Imaging system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AMEX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum - Premium Select</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>L-alanine-L-glutamine supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11765054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HERAcell VIOS 160i CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>50144906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Anti-EN2, mouse</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-293311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-Ki67/MKI67, rabbit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB7617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-PTF1a, rabbit</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NBP2-98726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-TUBB3, mouse</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>801213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin Mouse Protein</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>23017015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td>Basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-NEAA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Labnet International</td>
			<td>C1310</td>
			<td>Benchtop mini centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monarch RNA Cleanup Kit (50 &#181;g)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>T2040</td>
			<td>Silica spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monarch Total RNA Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>T2010</td>
			<td>Silica spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA 16%</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyamine supplement</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>3655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>746436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>54317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>See through self-sealable pouches</td>
			<td>Steriking</td>
			<td>SS-T2 (90x250)</td>
			<td>Autoclave pouches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S279-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filters, sterile, PES 0.22 &#181;m, 30 mm Dia</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>256131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-ISRIB</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>16258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>Phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express Enzyme (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12604039</td>
			<td>Cell dissociation reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vapor pressure osmometer</td>
			<td>Wescor, Inc.</td>
			<td>Model 5520</td>
			<td>Osmometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Biogems</td>
			<td>1293823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling human cerebellar development in vitro in 2d structure

Den presise og rettidige utviklingen av lillehjernen er avgjørende ikke bare for nøyaktig motorisk koordinering og balanse, men også for kognisjon. I tillegg har forstyrrelse i cerebellar utvikling vært involvert i mange nevrodevelopmental lidelser, inkludert autisme, oppmerksomhetsunderskudd-hyperaktivitetsforstyrrelse (ADHD) og skizofreni. Undersøkelser av cerebellær utvikling hos mennesker har tidligere bare vært mulig gjennom post mortem-studier eller neuroimaging, men disse metodene er ikke tilstrekkelige for å forstå de molekylære og cellulære endringene som forekommer in vivo under tidlig utvikling, som er når mange nevroutviklingsforstyrrelser oppstår. Fremveksten av teknikker for å generere menneskeskapte pluripotente stamceller (iPSCs) fra somatiske celler og evnen til ytterligere å re-differensiere iPSCs til nevroner har banet vei for in vitro-modellering av tidlig hjerneutvikling. Denne studien gir forenklede skritt mot å generere cerebellære celler for applikasjoner som krever en 2-dimensjonal (2D) monolagsstruktur. Cerebellarceller som representerer tidlige utviklingsstadier, er avledet fra humane iPSCer via følgende trinn: først blir embryoide legemer laget i 3-dimensjonal (3D) kultur, deretter behandles de med FGF2 og insulin for å fremme cerebellar skjebnespesifikasjon, og til slutt blir de terminalt differensiert som et monolag på poly-l-ornitin (PLO) / lamininbelagte substrater. Ved 35 dagers differensiering uttrykker iPSC-avledede cerebellære cellekulturer cerebellære markører, inkludert ATOH1, PTF1α, PAX6 og KIRREL2, noe som tyder på at denne protokollen genererer glutamatergiske og GABAergiske cerebellar neuronale forløpere, samt Purkinje-celleprogenitorer. Videre viser de differensierte cellene distinkt nevronmorfologi og er positive for immunfluorescensmarkører for nevronidentitet som TUBB3. Disse cellene uttrykker aksonale veiledningsmolekyler, inkludert semaforin-4C, plexin-B2 og neuropilin-1, og kan tjene som en modell for å undersøke molekylære mekanismer for neurittutvekst og synaptisk tilkobling. Denne metoden genererer menneskelige cerebellære nevroner som er nyttige for nedstrøms applikasjoner, inkludert genuttrykk, fysiologiske og morfologiske studier som krever 2D monolagsformater.

Oversikt over 3D til 2D cerebellar differensiering Cerebellar celler genereres fra iPSCs. Figur 1A viser den samlede arbeidsflyten og tillegg av hovedkomponenter for differensiering. På dag 0 lages EB-er ved å løfte iPSC-koloniene forsiktig (figur 1B) ved hjelp av en trukket glasspipette i CDM som inneholder SB431542 og Y-27632 og plasseres i ultralave festeplater. FGF2 legges til på dag 2. På dag 7 endres en tredjedel av mediet, og EB-d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure at JoVE.com

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Den nåværende protokollen forklarer genereringen av et 2D-monolag av cerebellære celler fra induserte pluripotente stamceller for å undersøke de tidlige stadiene av cerebellær utvikling.

Modellering av menneskelig cerebellær utvikling in vitro i 2D-struktur

The precise and timely development of the cerebellum is crucial not only for accurate motor coordination and balance but also for cognition. In addition, ...

Denne metoden kan bidra til å studere tidlig menneskelig cerebellær utvikling og hvordan den kan endres ved nevropsykiatriske lidelser. Den viktigste fordelen med denne metoden er å generere utviklingsmessig tidlige humane cerebellære celler i en 2D-lagstruktur uten å utføre kompliserte trinn. Det er også kostnadseffektivt.Å lage trekkpipetter kan være vanskelig i begynnelsen, men med øvelse og tid blir det lettere å trekke pipettene på en måte som blir lettere å jobbe med. Begynn den eksperimentelle forberedelsen ved å trekke en 22,9 centimeter Pasteur-pipette omtrent to centimeter under nakken, over bunsenbrenneren for å lage to glasspipetter. Den tynnere siden vil være omtrent fire centimeter kortere enn den andre.Bøy spissene på den trukket siden på flammen for å lage en jevn R, plasser deretter de trukket pipettene i autoklavhylser og steriliser dem i en autoklav. På dag null, legg til en milliliter cerebellar differensieringsmedium supplert med 10 mikromolar Y-27632 og SB-431542 til hver brønn med et seks-brønn ultra-lavt vedlegg, eller ULA, plate, og legg det i inkubatoren til de løftede koloniene er klare til å legges til brønnene. Rengjør de differensierte cellene med en trukket glasspipette.Aspirer mediet og legg til en millimeter iPSC-passeringsløsning for hver 35 millimeter tallerken. Etter tre minutters inkubasjon ved 37 grader Celsius, aspirer mediet og tilsett to millimeter cerebellar differensieringsmedium supplert med 10 mikromolar Y-27632 og SB-431542 Under 4x forstørrelse av et overført lys invertert mikroskop, løft koloniene ved hjelp av den bøyde kanten av den trukket glasspipetten. Når hver koloni er løftet, overfør forsiktig alle koloniene til en brønn på den seks-brønns ULA-platen ved hjelp av en 10 milliliter serologisk pipette.Gjenta denne prosessen for hver iPSC-plate og inkuber cellene ved 37 grader Celsius med 5% karbondioksid. På dag to, legg FGF2 til hver brønn for å justere en endelig konsentrasjon på 50 nanogram per milliliter. På dag syv, endre en tredjedel av mediet ved å aspirere en milliliter brukt medium og erstatte det med en milliliter fersk cerebellar differensieringsmedium.Inkuber de embryoide kroppene i syv dager. På dag 14, virvle platen for å samle alle embryoide kropper i midten av platen. Vipp deretter platen og aspirer hele det brukte mediet ved hjelp av en 1000 mikroliter pipetter fra kanten.Når middels mengde avtar, legg sakte platen flatt og fortsett å aspirere, og la nok medium for å unngå å trekke de embryoide kroppene ut. Deretter legger du til tre milliliter fersk cerebellar differensieringsmedium supplert med 10 mikromolar Y-27632. Overfør deretter de embryoide kroppene ved hjelp av en 10 milliliter serologisk pipette til en Poly-L-Ornithine Laminin-belagt tallerken.På dag 15, aspirer mediet og erstatt det med friskt cerebellar differensieringsmedium. På dag null ble iPSC-kolonier renset og løftet inn i cerebellar differensieringsmedium som inneholdt SB-431542 og Y-27632 og ble plassert i ultralave festeplater for generering av embryoide legemer. Tillegget av FGF2 på dag to og en endring på 1/3 medium på dag syv resulterte i embryoide legemer som viste utvidelse på den 14.Celler begynte å migrere utover fra de embryoide legemene langs den belagte overflaten på den 15. dagen. Den fullstendige endringen av medium til cerebellar modningsmedium fra den 21. dagen resulterte i et monolag av celler med nevronlignende morfologi og kompleksitet innen den 35. Genuttrykksanalysen på dag 35 viste at cellene uttrykker tidlige cerebellære stamcellemarkører som glutamatergiske forfedre, ATOH1, GABAergiske forfedre, PTF1 alfa og Purkinje stamcellemarkører KIRREL2 og SKOR2.I tillegg ble ekspresjonen av rhombic lip OTX2 og for det meste anterior neuron spesifikk SIX3 også observert. Den immunfluorescerende merkingen av cellene høstet på den 35. dagen viste positiv farging for cerebellummarkørene EN2 og PTF1 alfa, nevronmarkøren beta tubulin III og proliferasjonsmarkøren KI67. Kjernefarging med 4'6-diamidino-2-fenylindol, eller DAPI, viste cellekjerner.For en vellykket differensiering er det avgjørende å starte med sunne og udifferensierte iPSC-kolonier og bruke reagenser som er så nyrekonstituerte som mulig.

modeling-human-cerebellar-development-in-vitro-in-2d-structure

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

In this protocol we describe a method of operant learning using sensory stimuli as a reinforcer in the mouse. It requires no prior training or food restriction, and it allows the study of motivated behavior without the use of a pharmacological or natural reinforcer such as food.

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

Genetisk manipulering av Lillehjernen Granule Neuroner<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Og<em&gt; I Vivo</em&gt; Å studere nevrale morfologi og migrasjon

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Two-photon imaging, coupled to laser nanodissection, are useful tools to study degenerative and regenerative processes in the central nervous system with subcellular resolution. This protocol shows how to label, image, and dissect single climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex in vivo.

Laser nanosurgery av lillehjernen Axoner<em&gt; I Vivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

Modellering astrocytom Patogenese<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Og<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Bruke kortikal astrocytter eller nevrale stamceller fra Betinget, Genetisk konstruert Mus

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These neurotropic cancer cells have a unique ability to migrate unidirectionally along nerves towards the central nervous system (CNS). The dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model is a three dimensional (3D) in vitro model frequently used for studying the interaction between neural stroma and cancer cells. In this model, mouse or human cancer cell lines are grown in ECM adjacent to preparations of freshly dissociated cultured DRG. In this article, the DRG isolation protocol from mice, and implantation in petri dishes for co-culturing with pancreatic cancer cells are demonstrated. Five days after implantation, the cancer cells made contact with the DRG neurites. Later, these cells formed bridgeheads to facilitate more extensive polarized, neurotropic migration of cancer cells.

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

This video article shows the use of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

In vitro modellering av kreft Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

Modellering Neuronal død og forverring av musen primære lillehjernen Granule nerveceller

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and spinal muscular atrophy, which are all associated with muscular atrophy. Primary cultures of spinal MNs have been used widely to demonstrate the involvement of specific genes in such diseases and characterize the cellular consequences of their mutations. This protocol models a primary MN culture derived from the seminal work of Henderson and colleagues more than twenty years ago. First, we detail a method of dissecting the anterior horns of the spinal cord from a mouse embryo and isolating the MNs from neighboring cells using a density gradient. Then, we present a new way of efficiently transfecting MNs with expression plasmids using magnetofection. Finally, we illustrate how to fix and immunostain primary MNs. Using neurofilament mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, this protocol demonstrates a qualitative approach to expressing proteins of interest and studying their involvement in MN growth, maintenance, and survival.

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

The goal of this technique is to prepare a highly enriched culture of primary motoneurons (MNs) from murine spinal cord. To evaluate the consequences of mutations causing MN diseases, we describe here the isolation of these isolated MNs and their transfection by magnetofection.

Modellering Charcot-Marie-Tooth sykdom In Vitro av Transfecting musen primære Motoneurons

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

Vurdering av lang tids depresjon induksjon i voksen lillehjernen skiver

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...