Chapter 18
Temperature and Heat
درجة الحرارة والتوازن الحراري
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...
القانون الصفري للديناميكا الحرارية
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...
موازين الحرارة ومقاييس درجة الحرارة
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases ...
موازين حرارة الغاز ومقياس كلفن
The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy ...
التمدد الحراري
The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a ...
الإجهاد الحراري
If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is ...
التمدد الحراري والإجهاد الحراري: حل المشكلات
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is ...
تدفق الحرارة والحرارة النوعية
Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...
تغييرات المرحلة
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the ...
قياس السعرات الحرارية
When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A ...
آليات نقل الحرارة I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...
آليات نقل الحرارة II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...
التوصيل والحمل الحراري والإشعاع: حل المشكلات
There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...
الإشعاع: التطبيقات
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...
امتصاص الإشعاع
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...
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