Chapter 18
Temperature and Heat
Температура и тепловое равновесие
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...
Нулевой закон термодинамики
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...
Термометры и температурные весы
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases ...
Газовые термометры и шкала Кельвина
The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy ...
Тепловое расширение
The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a ...
Термическое напряжение
If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is ...
Тепловое расширение и термическое напряжение: решение проблемы
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is ...
Тепловой поток и удельная теплоемкость
Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...
Фазовые изменения
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the ...
Калориметрия
When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A ...
Механизмы теплообмена I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...
Механизмы теплообмена II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...
Проводимость, конвекция и излучение: решение проблем
There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...
Радиация: применение
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...
Поглощение излучения
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...
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