Chapter 18
Temperature and Heat
温度和热平衡
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...
热力学零定律
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...
温度计和温标
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases ...
气体温度计和开尔文标度
The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy ...
热膨胀
The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a ...
热应力
If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is ...
热膨胀和热应力:问题解决
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is ...
热流和比热
Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...
相位变化
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the ...
量热学
When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A ...
传热机制 I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...
传热机制 II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...
传导、对流和辐射:问题解决
There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...
辐射:应用
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...
辐射吸收
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...
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