Chapter 18
Temperature and Heat
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases ...
Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy ...
Thermal Expansion
The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a ...
Thermal Stress
If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is ...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is ...
Heat Flow and Specific Heat
Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...
Phase Changes
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the ...
Calorimetry
When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A ...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...
Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving
There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...
Radiation: Applications
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...
Absorption of Radiation
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...
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