بدعم من منحة جبهة الخلاص الوطني 0920060، المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح DC004395، NHMRC المنحة 1009482، مكتب نيو ساوث ويلز للعلوم والبحوث الطبية، وعتيق غارنيت ورودني وليامز مؤسسة النصب التذكاري.

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	<li>Evans, E. F., Nelson, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+responses+of+single+neurones+in+the+cochlear+nucleus+of+the+cat+as+a+function+of+their+location+and+the+anaesthetic+state.">The responses of single neurones in the cochlear nucleus of the cat as a function of their location and the anaesthetic state.</a> Exp. Brain Res. 17, 402-427 (1973).</li><li>Joris, P. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+classes+in+the+dorsal+cochlear+nucleus+and+its+output+tract+in+the+chloralose-anesthetized+cat.">Response classes in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and its output tract in the chloralose-anesthetized cat.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 3955-3966 (1998).</li><li>Populin, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anesthetics+change+the+excitation/inhibition+balance+that+governs+sensory+processing+in+the+cat+superior+colliculus.">Anesthetics change the excitation/inhibition balance that governs sensory processing in the cat superior colliculus.</a> J. Neurosci. 25, 5903-5914 (2005).</li><li>Young, E. D., Brownell, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+to+tones+and+noise+of+single+cells+in+dorsal+cochlear+nucleus+of+unanesthetized+cats.">Responses to tones and noise of single cells in dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized cats.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 39, 282-300 (1976).</li><li>Donoghue, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrasting+properties+of+neurons+in+two+parts+of+the+primary+motor+cortex+of+the+awake+rat.">Contrasting properties of neurons in two parts of the primary motor cortex of the awake rat.</a> Brain Res. , 333-3173 (1985).</li><li>Westby, G. W., Wang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+floating+microwire+technique+for+multichannel+chronic+neural+recording+and+stimulation+in+the+awake+freely+moving+rat.">A floating microwire technique for multichannel chronic neural recording and stimulation in the awake freely moving rat.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 76, 123-133 (1997).</li><li>Suga, N., O'Neill, W. E., Manabe, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+neurons+sensitive+to+combinations+of+information-bearing+elements+of+biosonar+signals+in+the+mustache+bat.">Cortical neurons sensitive to combinations of information-bearing elements of biosonar signals in the mustache bat.</a> Science. 200, 778-781 (1978).</li><li>O'Neill, W. E., Suga, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target+range-sensitive+neurons+in+the+auditory+cortex+of+the+mustache+bat.">Target range-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat.</a> Science. 203, 69-73 (1979).</li><li>Suga, N., O'Neill, W. E., Manabe, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harmonic-sensitive+neurons+in+the+auditory+cortex+of+the+mustache+bat.">Harmonic-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat.</a> Science. 203, 270-274 (1979).</li><li>Portfors, C. V., Felix, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2nd+Spectral+integration+in+the+inferior+colliculus+of+the+CBA/CaJ+mouse.">2nd Spectral integration in the inferior colliculus of the CBA/CaJ mouse.</a> Neuroscience. , 136-1159 (2005).</li><li>Felix, R. A., Portfors, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitatory,+inhibitory+and+facilitatory+frequency+response+areas+in+the+inferior+colliculus+of+hearing+impaired+mice.">Excitatory, inhibitory and facilitatory frequency response areas in the inferior colliculus of hearing impaired mice.</a> Hear Res. 228, 212-229 (2007).</li><li>Portfors, C. V., Jonson, K. G., Roberts, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Over-representation+of+species-specific+vocalizations+in+the+awake+mouse+inferior+colliculus.">Over-representation of species-specific vocalizations in the awake mouse inferior colliculus.</a> Neuroscience. 162, 486-500 (2009).</li><li>Franklin, K. B. J., Paxinos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (2007).</li></ol>

ليس لدينا ما يكشف.

في الاستفادة من نظام ضبط النفس وجها لآخر للتجارب الكهربية وتشريحي عصبي في الفأر هو أن يمكن إجراء تجارب على الفئران، unanesthetized مستيقظا، والقضاء على احتمال تلوث استجابة بسبب أدوية التخدير. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، مجموعة يمكن أن تستخدم حتى خلال أيام عدة للسماح للاستخدام الحي...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> حفر جل لتنظيف الجمجمة قبل الاسمنت الأسنان </td><td> هنري شين </td><td> 101-5396 </td><td> 12/pk مع المحاقن 1.2 مل </td></tr><tr><td> التمهيدي للأسمنت الأسنان </td><td> كير Optibond </td><td> 25881 </td><td> 8 مل زجاجة </td></tr><tr><td> لاصق على الاسمنت الأسنان </td><td> كير Optibond </td><td> 25882 </td><td> 8 مل زجاجة </td></tr><tr><td> تطبيقها على الاسمنت الأسنان </td><td> كير Optibond </td><td> 24680 </td><td> 200/pk </td></tr><tr><td> طب الأسنان للأسمنت </td><td> الكاريزما، هيراوس Kulzer </td><td> 66000085 </td><td> 4gm الحقنة العبوة الجديدة </td></tr><tr><td> التنغستن رود (دبوس الأرضي) </td><td> نظم AM </TD&gt; <td> 717200 </td><td> 0،010 &quot;قطر </td></tr><tr><td> ضوء الأشعة فوق البنفسجية المعالجة اقتصاد </td><td> هنري شين </td><td> CU-80 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> وجها آخر </td><td> بنيت في المنزل </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تصاعد شريط </td><td> بنيت في المنزل </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تصاعد كتلة </td><td> بنيت في المنزل </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> التجسيمي الإطار </td><td> ديفيد Kopf الآلات </td><td> 902 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> الماوس وحديثي الولادة محول الجرذ </td><td> Stoelting </td><td> 51625 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Deltaphase الوسادة متساوي الحرارة </td><td> برينتري العلمية، المؤتمر الوطني العراقي. </td><td> 39DP </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of an awake mouse for recording neural responses and injecting tracers

فمن المعروف أن التخدير يغير خصائص استجابة العصبية في مناطق مختلفة من الدماغ. 13. في النظام السمعي، يتم تغيير الخصائص الأساسية للاستجابة الخلايا العصبية الدماغ بما في ذلك الحد الأدنى، والنوعية تردد، وsidebands المثبطة في نواح هامة تحت التخدير 1-2. دفعت هذه الملاحظات فسيولوجي للبحث عن سبل لتسجيل واحدة من الخلايا العصبية من دون آثار تلوث من التخدير. وكان نتيجة واحدة استعدادا منزوع الدماغ، حيث كان مقطوع تماما الدماغ على مستوى المخ الأوسط 4. المآخذ على هذا الإعداد هي جراحة هائلة، والقضاء على النزول التوقعات من الدماغ الأمامي، وعدم القدرة على استخدام الحواس لدراسة هياكل فوق الدماغ المتوسط. وكانت استراتيجية مختلفة لزرع قطب كهربائي صفائف مزمن لتسجيل واحدة من الخلايا العصبية والتكتلات المتعددة الوحدات في حين يكون الحيوان مستيقظا و / أو التصرف 5،6 </suP&gt;. لكن هذه التقنيات ليست متوافقة مع حقن الأصباغ التتبع بعد 1 تميز electrophysiologically بنية الدماغ. لتجنب تغيير خصائص استجابة العصبية مع التخدير أثناء تسجيل خصائص استجابة الخلايا العصبية الكهربية من واحد، وقد تكيفت لدينا أسلوب ضبط النفس رئيس استخدمت لفترة طويلة في الخفافيش 7-9 على الماوس 10-12. باستخدام هذه الطريقة، ونحن قادرون على إجراء التسجيلات الكهربية على مدى عدة أيام في الماوس unanesthetized. في نهاية جلسات تسجيل، يمكننا بعد ذلك حقن صبغة لإعادة بناء مواقف القطب ومواقع تسجيل أو حقن التتبع بحيث يمكن تحديد المسارات من وإلى مواضع تسجيل. هذا الأسلوب يسمح للعزل جيد التسجيلات عصبون واحد أكثر من عدة أيام من دون استخدام مواد التخدير.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of an Awake Mouse for Recording Neural Responses and Injecting Tracers at JoVE.com

Preparation of an Awake Mouse for Recording Neural Responses and Injecting Tracers

توصيف الكهربية من الاستجابات العصبية مهم لفهم وظائف المخ ولتوجيه وضع الأصباغ لتتبع مسار. ومع ذلك، يتم تنفيذ العديد من الدراسات على الحيوانات تخدير. لفهم وظائف الدماغ من دون تخدير، طورنا طريقة لتسجيل العقارات استجابة الخلايا العصبية وحقن الأصباغ في الماوس مستيقظا.

إعداد الفأر استيقظ لتسجيل الردود العصبية وحقن الراسمات

It is well known that anesthesia alters neural response properties in various regions of the brain.13.  In the auditory system, fundamental response ...

preparation-an-awake-mouse-for-recording-neural-responses-injecting

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

19.3K Views.  Johns Hopkins University. توصيف الكهربية من الاستجابات العصبية مهم لفهم وظائف المخ ولتوجيه وضع الأصباغ لتتبع مسار. ومع ذلك، يتم تنفيذ العديد من الدراسات على الحيوانات تخدير. لفهم وظائف الدماغ من دون تخدير، طورنا طريقة لتسجيل العقارات استجابة الخلايا العصبية وحقن الأصباغ في الماوس مستي?...

Video: Preparation of an Awake Mouse for Recording Neural Responses and Injecting Tracers

Analyzing Responses of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons Using the Air-phase Electroolfactogram Recording

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and other social interactions. The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy to conduct, and reliable method to assay olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. Since the 1956 description of the EOG by Ottoson in frogs1, the EOG recording has been applied in many vertebrates including salamanders, rabbits, rats, mice, and humans (reviewed by Scott and Scott-Johnson, 2002, ref. 2). The recent advances in genetic modification in mice have rekindled interest in recording the EOG for physiological characterization of olfactory function in knock-out and knock-in mice. EOG recordings have been successfully applied to demonstrate the central role of olfactory signal transduction components3-8, and more recently to characterize the contribution of certain regulatory mechanisms to OSN responses9-12.
Odorant detection occurs at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on the cilia of OSNs, where a signal transduction cascade leads to opening of ion channels, generating a current that flows into the cilia and depolarizes the membrane13. The EOG is the negative potential recorded extracellularly at the surface of the olfactory epithelium upon odorant stimulation, resulting from a summation of the potential changes caused by individual responsive OSNs in the recording field2. Comparison of the amplitude and kinetics of the EOG thus provide valuable information about how genetic modification and other experimental manipulations influence the molecular signaling underlying the OSN response to odor. 
Here we describe an air-phase EOG recording on a preparation of mouse olfactory turbinates. Briefly, after sacrificing the mouse, the olfactory turbinates are exposed by bisecting the head along the midline and removing the septum. The turbinate preparation is then placed in the recording setup, and a recording electrode is placed at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on one of the medial turbinates. A reference electrode is electrically connected to the tissue through a buffer solution. A continuous stream of humidified air is blown over the surface of the epithelium to keep it moist. The vapor of odorant solutions is puffed into the stream of humidified air to stimulate the epithelium. Responses are recorded and digitized for further analysis.

The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy-to-conduct, and reliable way of assessing olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. This protocol describes a recording setup, mouse tissue preparation, data collection, and basic data analysis.

تحليل الردود من الخلايا العصبية الحسية الشمية ماوس باستخدام تسجيل Electroolfactogram الهواء المرحلة

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

تسجيل خلية كاملة من إعداد عضوي النمط شريحة من القشرة المخية الحديثة

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

كشف عن نقص الأكسجة Microregional في اللحاء المخي الفأر بواسطة التصوير ثنائي الفوتون من الإسفار NADH الذاتية

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative response mounted by PNS neurons thereby possibly illuminating the failures of CNS regeneration1. Sciatic nerve crush (axonotmesis) is one of the most common models of peripheral nerve injury in rodents2. Crushing interrupts all axons but Schwann cell basal laminae are preserved so that regeneration is optimal3,4. This allows the investigator to study precisely the ability of a growing axon to interact with both the Schwann cell and basal laminae4. Rats have generally been the preferred animal models for experimental nerve crush. They are widely available and their lesioned sciatic nerve provides a reasonable approximation of human nerve lesions5,4. Though smaller in size than rat nerve, the mouse nerve has many similar qualities. Most importantly though, mouse models are increasingly valuable because of the wide availability of transgenic lines now allows for a detailed dissection of the individual molecules critical for nerve regeneration6, 7. Prior investigators have used multiple methods to produce a nerve crush or injury including simple angled forceps, chilled forceps, hemostatic forceps, vascular clamps, and investigator-designed clamps8,9,10,11,12. Investigators have also used various methods of marking the injury site including suture, carbon particles and fluorescent beads13,14,1. We describe our method to obtain a reproducibly complete sciatic nerve crush with accurate and persistent marking of the crush-site using a fine hemostatic forceps and subsequent carbon crush-site marking. As part of our description of the sciatic nerve crush procedure we have also included a relatively simple method of muscle whole mount we use to subsequently quantify regeneration.

In this report we describe a method to crush mouse sciatic nerve. This method uses readily available hemostatic forceps and easily and reproducibly produces complete sciatic nerve crush. In addition, we describe a method to prepare muscle whole mounts suitable for analysis of nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush.

استنساخه سحق الفأر العصب الوركي وتقييم لاحق للتجديد من قبل الجامعة جبل تحليل العضلات

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological effects of insecticides. This article describes the scope of cockroach sensory modalities that can be used to assay how an insect nervous system responds to environmental perturbations. Emphasis here is on the escape behavior mediated by cerci to giant fiber transmission in Periplaneta americana. This in situ preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of neuronal activity. Peptides or other chemical reagents can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline. Insecticides could also be administered prior to dissection and the escape circuit can serve as a proxy for the excitable state of the central nervous system. In this context the assays described herein would also be useful to researchers interested in limb regeneration and the evolution of nervous system development for which P. americana is an established model organism.

This article describes the cockroach ventral nerve cord dissection and extracellular recordings from the cercal nerve and connectives. Evoked responses are generated by electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve or direct mechanical stimulation of the cerci.

العصبية الدائرة تسجيل من الصرصور الجهاز العصبي سليمة

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological ...

Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity Combined with Microiontophoretic Application of Neuroactive Substances in Awake Mice

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and awake animals. Therefore, methods allowing the manipulation of synaptic systems in awake animals are required in order to determine the contribution of synaptic inputs to neuronal processing unaffected by anesthetics. Here, we present methodology for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. By combining these procedures, we performed microiontophoretic injections of gabazine to selectively block GABAA receptors in neurons of the inferior colliculus of head-restrained mice. Gabazine successfully modified neural response properties such as the frequency response area and stimulus-specific adaptation. Thus, we demonstrate that our methods are suitable for recording single-unit activity and for dissecting the role of specific neurotransmitter receptors in auditory processing.
The main limitation of the described procedure is the relatively short recording time (~3 hr), which is determined by the level of habituation of the animal to the recording sessions. On the other hand, multiple recording sessions can be performed in the same animal. The advantage of this technique over other experimental procedures used to manipulate the level of neurotransmission or neuromodulation (such as systemic injections or the use of optogenetic models), is that the drug effect is confined to the local synaptic inputs to the target neuron. In addition, the custom-manufacture of electrodes allows adjustment of specific parameters according to the neural structure and type of neuron of interest (such as the tip resistance for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recordings).

We present methods for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. This technique allows the detailed analysis of putative local synaptic inputs to the neuron of interest.

خارج الخلية تسجيل النشاط العصبية جنبا إلى جنب مع Microiontophoretic تطبيق المواد Neuroactive في الفئران مستيقظا

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

الطريقة الكهربية لالردود تسجيل بين الخلايا الجهد ل<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; خلايا مستقبلة للضوء وInterneurons إلى النور المحفزات<em&gt; في فيفو</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

تصنيع عالية الاتصال الكثافة، مسطحة واجهة أقطاب العصب للتسجيل وتحفيز تطبيقات

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems neuroscience. One key component of this technique consists of the precise placement of multiple electrodes into desired brain regions and the maintenance of their stability. Here, we describe a protocol for the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive, which includes eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes, and is specifically designed for in vivo extracellular neural recording in freely behaving rats. The tetrodes attached to the microdrives can either be individually advanced into multiple brain regions along the track, or can be used to place an array of electrodes into a smaller area. The multiple tetrodes allow for simultaneous examination of action potentials from dozens of individual neurons, as well as local field potentials from populations of neurons in the brain during active behavior. In addition, the design provides for simpler 3D drafting software that can easily be modified for differing experimental needs.

We present the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive with eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes. The hyperdrive is designed to record brain activity in freely behaving rats over a period of several weeks.

بناء Hyperdrive تيترودي متعددة محسنة لتسجيل العصبية على نطاق واسع في التصرف الفئران

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems ...

Wide-field Single-photon Optical Recording in Brain Slices Using Voltage-sensitive Dye

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural circuits. Due to the fractional change in the light signal, it has been difficult to use this method as a quantitative assay. This article describes special optics and slice handling systems, which render this technique stable and reliable. The present article demonstrates the slice handling, staining, and recording of the VSD-stained hippocampal slices in detail. The system maintains physiological conditions for a long time, with good staining, and prevents mechanical movements of the slice during the recordings. Moreover, it enables staining of slices with a small amount of the dye. The optics achieve high numerical aperture at low magnification, which allows recording of the VSD signal at the maximum frame rate of 10 kHz, with 100 pixel x 100-pixel spatial resolution. Due to the high frame rate and spatial resolution, this technique allows application of the post-recording filters that provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to assess the changes in neural circuits.

We introduce a reproducible and stable optical recording method for brain slices using voltage-sensitive dye. The article describes voltage-sensitive dye staining and recording of optical signals using conventional hippocampal slice preparations.

تسجيل بصري ذو صورة واحدة في شرائح الدماغ باستخدام صبغ حساس للجهد الكهربائي

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural ...