وأيد هذا العمل من قبل مجلس الحكام في دولة LEQSF لويزيانا (2009-12)-RD-A-19 (PI: WL Murfee) وارتفاع ضغط الدم تولان ومركز الكلى للتميز التي تمولها منحة المعاهد الوطنية للصحة P20RR017659-08 (PI : L. غابرييل نافار).

<ol>
	<li>Carmeliet, P., Jain, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+in+cancer+and+other+diseases.">Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases.</a> Nature. 407, 249-257 (2000).</li><li>le Noble, F. A., Stassen, F. R., Hacking, W. J., Struijker Boudier, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+and+hypertension.">Angiogenesis and hypertension.</a> J. Hypertens. 16, 1563-1572 (1998).</li><li>Peirce, S. M., Skalak, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvascular+remodeling:+a+complex+continuum+spanning+angiogenesis+to+arteriogenesis.">Microvascular remodeling: a complex continuum spanning angiogenesis to arteriogenesis.</a> Microcirculation. 10, 99-111 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, C. R., Ponce, A. M., Price, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+identification+of+an+extracellular+matrix+scaffold+that+microguides+capillary+sprouting+in+vivo.">Immunohistochemical identification of an extracellular matrix scaffold that microguides capillary sprouting in vivo.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 52, 1063-1072 (2004).</li><li>Ponce, A. M., Price, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenic+stimulus+determines+the+positioning+of+pericytes+within+capillary+sprouts+in+vivo.">Angiogenic stimulus determines the positioning of pericytes within capillary sprouts in vivo.</a> Microvasc. Res. 65, 45-48 (2003).</li><li>Franzen, L., Ghassemifar, R., Malcherek, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+mast+cell+activation+improves+connective+tissue+repair+in+the+perforated+rat+mesentery.">Experimental mast cell activation improves connective tissue repair in the perforated rat mesentery.</a> Agents Actions. 33, 371-377 (1991).</li><li>Anderson, C. R., Hastings, N. E., Blackman, B. R., Price, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capillary+sprout+endothelial+cells+exhibit+a+CD36+low+phenotype:+regulation+by+shear+stress+and+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor-induced+mechanism+for+attenuating+anti-proliferative+thrombospondin-1+signaling.">Capillary sprout endothelial cells exhibit a CD36 low phenotype: regulation by shear stress and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced mechanism for attenuating anti-proliferative thrombospondin-1 signaling.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 173, 1220-1228 (2008).</li><li>Norrby, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+models+of+angiogenesis.">In vivo models of angiogenesis.</a> J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10, 588-612 (2006).</li><li>Norrby, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+Mesentery+Angiogenesis+Assay.">Rat Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (52), e3078 (2011).</li><li>Murfee, W. L., Rehorn, M. R., Peirce, S. M., Skalak, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perivascular+cells+along+venules+upregulate+NG2+expression+during+microvascular+remodeling.">Perivascular cells along venules upregulate NG2 expression during microvascular remodeling.</a> Microcirculation. 13, 261-273 (2006).</li><li>Stapor, C. P., Murfee, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+class+III+&#946;-tubulin+as+a+marker+of+angiogenic+perivascular+cells.">Identification of class III &#946;-tubulin as a marker of angiogenic perivascular cells.</a> Microvascular Research. , (2011).</li><li>Yang, M., Aragon, M., Murfee, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+in+Mesenteric+Microvascular+Networks+from+Spontaneously+Hypertensive+Versus+Normotensive+Rats.">Angiogenesis in Mesenteric Microvascular Networks from Spontaneously Hypertensive Versus Normotensive Rats.</a> Microcirculation. , (2011).</li><li>Robichaux, J. 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ليس لدينا ما يكشف.

وذكرت ونموذج الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية في عام 2006 ويتم تكييف سابقة الميكانيكية نماذج إصابة مساريق الفئران من الأوعية الدموية 4-7 وتعطي نتائج مماثلة لنماذج راسخة حقن الملكية الفكرية التي تستفيد من الفئران مساريق 9. تم تحديد تجريبيا في الوقت الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية 20 دقيقة على إنتاج رد فعل قوي عائية. في حين يمكن أن تختلف هذه الفترة الزمنية، فإنه لا يسمح للتطبيق المحلي لمثبطات عائية (4) لدراسات الآلية والتطبيق المباشر للخلايا الخارجية للدراسات نسب الخلية. ويدعم جدوى دمج الخلية إلى إعادة عرض الأنسجة المساريقي بواسطة الدراسات الأولية في مختبرنا باستخدام مسبقا المسماة خلايا نخاع العظم والخلايا الجذعية الوسيطة (الشكل 7)، ونجاح التحقيق في مصير الدهنية المشتقة من انسجة بشرية الملكية الفكرية حقن الخلايا 14 . في مختبرنا، وقد استخدمنا هذا النموذج لتحديد خلية حوطية كايسيotypic التغييرات على مدار الساعة للاستجابة عائية (10) وإلى تقييم إمكانات عائية خلال الحالات المرضية، مثل ارتفاع ضغط الدم 12. ويمكن أيضا للاستجابة عائية وتغيرات النمط الظاهري الخلية المرتبطة بهذا النموذج يمكن ملاحظته في الموديلات الأخرى المساريقي الفئران عائية بما في ذلك التعرض للنقص الأكسجة المزمن 10 و 11. وجود قيود على نموذج الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية هو أن الآليات الدقيقة اثار من الأوعية الدموية غير معروفة. وقد تم ربط الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية للمساريق إلى تحبب الخلايا البدينة ومستويات الهيستامين زيادة 6، بعد إجراء مزيد من التحقيق مطلوب لكسب مزيد من التبصر. الحافز عائية مما لا شك فيه متعدد مضروب، مما ينتج عنه استجابة إعادة عرض قوي عبر التسلسل الهرمي لشبكة الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة. في حين أن آليات غير معروف يبقى نقد الرئيسية لهذا النموذج، واستنساخ وبساطته جعلها جذابة للتعرف على ديناميات الخلوية involفيد في العملية الشعرية المعقدة بطبيعتها تنتشر. يتم اعتماد استنساخ هذا النموذج من قبل مقاييس عائية مماثلة على مدار الساعة للنمو الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة عبر شبكة سلالات الفئران متعددة (ويستار الذكور والإناث، سبراغ داولي) في الدراسات التي نشرت سابقا من مختبرنا 10 و 12. منذ ذلك الحين، أن غالبية البالغين الأنسجة المساريقي الفئران هي أوعية دموية، ونموذج يسمح أيضا لأنسجة متعددة للفحص لكل حيوان. للأسف، وهذا النموذج لا ينطبق بالطبع على نماذج الماوس الوراثية ويندوز المساريقي الماوس على الأوعية الدموية أقل الأم، وفي تجربتنا، وتفتقر عادة ملاحظتها الشبكات المتفرعة. التطبيقات المستقبلية تشمل التحقيق في وظائف سفينة خلال الأوعية الدموية داخل حيوي باستخدام المجهر في نقطة زمنية محددة، والتحقيق في ديناميات الخلوية ذات الصلة المشاركة في lymphangiogenesis وتكوين الخلايا العصبية. على الرغم من أن حجم الأوعية الدموية الأصلي في نافذة المساريقي يبدو أن ROUالنسبي ghly مع تقدم العمر، وقد لاحظنا المتفرعة شبكات الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة في فئران ويستار الذكور في سن 4-5 أسابيع من العمر. هذه الملاحظات تشير إلى أنه يمكن أيضا نموذج الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية يمكن تطبيقها على مقارنة الاختلافات عائية عبر العصور.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات إضافية </td></tr><tr><td> ثنى </td><td> الكاردينال الصحة </td><td> 4012 </td><td> 12 &quot;X12&quot; بيو درع التعقيم العادية الأغطية </td></tr><tr><td> نوييز مايكرو مقصية </td><td> Roboz أداة جراحية </td><td> RS-5677 </td><td> نوييز مايكرو تشريح مقص الربيع؛ على التوالي، وشارب، بلانت نقطة؛ 13mm حافة قطاعات؛ 0.25mm العرض تلميح، 4 1/2 &quot;الطول الكلي </td></tr><tr><td> غريف Forcep </td><td> Roboz أداة جراحية </td><td> RS-5135 </td><td> الجزئي تشريح الملقط، مسنن، منحنى طفيف، 0.8mm العرض تلميح؛ 4 &quot;طول </td></tr><tr><td> غريف Forcep </td><td> Roboz أداة جراحية </td><td> RS-5130 </td><td> الملقط الصغير تشريح، مسنن، مستقيم، 0.8mm العرض تلميح؛ 4 &quot;طول </td></TR&gt; <tr><td> 4-0 خاط </td><td> ETHICON </td><td> 699G </td><td> (1.5 متري) خياطة نايلون ETHILON حيدة الأسود </td></tr><tr><td> 5-0 خاط </td><td> ETHICON </td><td> 8556 </td><td> (1.0 متري) البرولين Polyprolene حيدة خياطة الأزرق </td></tr><tr><td> 7-0 خاط </td><td> ETHICON </td><td> 1647G </td><td> (0.5 متري) خياطة نايلون ETHILON حيدة الأسود </td></tr><tr><td> Castroviejo حامل مايكرو الإبرة </td><td> أدوات العلم غرامة </td><td> 12060-02 </td><td> العرض تلميح: 0.6mm لقط المدة: 5mm المدة: 9cm مستقيم الحافة </td></tr><tr><td> Castroviejo الإبرة حامل </td><td> أدوات العلم غرامة </td><td> 12565-14 </td><td> شكل نصيحة: مستقيم العرض تلميح: 1.5mm لقط المدة: 10MM مقص: لا قفل: نعم المدة: ل 14cm مسنن: نعم </td></tr><tr><td> مشرط مقبض </td><td> روبوZ أداة جراحية </td><td> RS-9843 </td><td> مشرط مقبض، # 3، الصلبة، 4 &quot;طول </td></tr><tr><td> بليد الجراحية المعقمة </td><td> سينسيناتي الجراحية </td><td> 0110 </td><td> الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ، مقاس 10 </td></tr><tr><td> طبق بتري </td><td> فيشر العلمية </td><td> 08-757-13 </td><td> ريدج، Slippable مشطوف </td></tr></tbody></table> طاولة من المواد الجراحية وأدوات محددة. <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات إضافية </td></tr><tr><td> Beuthanasia </td><td> شيرينغ بلاو صحة الحيوان شركة الاتحاد (مصنف من الإمدادات البيطرية زارة المياه والري) </td><td> # زارة المياه والري: 011168 </td><td> العنصر النشط: لكل 100ML، 390 ملغ صوديوم بنتوباربيتال، الصوديوم الفينيتوين 50mg </td></tr><tr><td> الكيتامين </td><td> فورت دودج صحة الحيوان (مصنف من الإمدادات البيطرية زارة المياه والري) </td><td> # زارة المياه والري: 000680 </td><td> Kateset 100 ملغ / مل </td></tr><tr><td> زيلازين </td><td> لويد. المؤتمر الوطني العراقي. (مصنف من الإمدادات البيطرية زارة المياه والري) </td><td> # زارة المياه والري: 009307 </td><td> Anased 100 ملغ / مل </td></tr><tr><td> ملحي </td><td> هوسبيرا المؤتمر الوطني العراقي. </td><td> 94-217-JT </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> برنامج تلفزيوني </td><td> SIGMA </td><td> 011M8207 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> سابونين </td><td> سيغما </td><td> BCBB4080 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PECAM (CD31) </td><td> دينار بحريني Pharmingen </td><td> 553371 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Streptavidin-CY3 </td><td> جاكسون ImmunoResearch </td><td> 016-160-084 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> جيش صرب البوسنة </td><td> جاكسون ImmunoResearch </td><td> 096555 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> VECTASTAIN النخبة ABC </td><td> ناقلات مختبرات </td><td> PK-6100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ناقلات نوفا الأحمر </td><td> ناقلات مختبرات </td><td> SK-4800 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> VectaMount </td><td> ناقلات مختبرات </td><td> H-500 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> جدول الكواشف محددة

rat mesentery exteriorization: a model for investigating the cellular dynamics involved in angiogenesis

Microvacular نمو الشبكة وإعادة عرض من الجوانب الحاسمة لالتئام الجروح، والالتهابات، واعتلال الشبكية السكري، ونمو الورم والحالات المرضية الأخرى 1 و 2. ويعزى عادة إلى نمو شبكة الأوعية الدموية، الذي يعرف بأنه نمو أوعية جديدة من السفن الموجودة من قبل. كما عائية عملية مرتبطة مباشرة تخلق الشرايين، الذي يعرف بأنه اكتساب الشعرية من طلاء خلية حول الأوعية وتوسيع الوعاء. وغني عن القول الأوعية الدموية معقد وينطوي على عدة لاعبين على مستوى الخلوية والجزيئية 3. فهم كيف يمكن لشبكة الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة ينمو يتطلب التعرف على ديناميات المكانية والزمانية على طول التسلسل الهرمي للشبكة على مدار الساعة من الأوعية الدموية. هذه المعلومات هو أمر حاسم لتطوير علاجات تستهدف التلاعب نمو الأوعية. نموذج الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية الموضحة في هذه المقالة يمثل بسيط، نموذج يمكن استنساخه لstimulating الأوعية الدموية في مساريق الفئران. تم تكييفه من التئام الجروح في الفئران نماذج مساريق 4-7، و هو بديل لتحفيز الأوعية الدموية في مساريق عن طريق الحقن الملكية الفكرية المؤيدة للعائية وكلاء 8 و 9. نموذج الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية غير جذابة لأنها تتطلب الحد الأدنى من التدخل الجراحي وتنتج دراماتيكي، ويزيد من استنساخه في براعم الشعرية، مجال الأوعية الدموية والأوعية الدموية أكثر كثافة دورة زمنية قصيرة نسبيا في الأنسجة التي تسمح لتصور ثنائية الأبعاد من شبكات الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة كله وصولا الى واحد خلية مستوى. حفز النمو يعكس ردود عائية الطبيعية في بيئة الفسيولوجية دون تدخل من الجزيئات عائية الأجنبية. باستخدام طرق وضع العلامات المناعى، وقد ثبت هذا النموذج مفيدا للغاية في تحديد أحداث رواية الخلوية العاملة في الأوعية الدموية. ويمكن ربط المحققون بسهولة المقاييس عائية أثناء وقت من اعادة عرض مع الوقت ليرة سوريةديناميات ecific، مثل التغيرات المظهرية الخلوية أو التفاعلات الخلوية 4، 5، 7، 10، 11.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rat Mesentery Exteriorization: A Model for Investigating the Cellular Dynamics Involved in Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

Rat Mesentery Exteriorization: A Model for Investigating the Cellular Dynamics Involved in Angiogenesis

توضح هذه المقالة نموذج بسيط لتحفيز الأوعية الدموية في مساريق الفئران. نموذج تنتج زيادات هائلة في مجال الشعرية، التي تنتشر الأوعية الدموية والأوعية الدموية أكثر كثافة دورة زمنية قصيرة نسبيا في الأنسجة التي تسمح EN تصور وجه من شبكات الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة كله وصولا الى مستوى خلية واحدة.

جرذ الاهتمام لأمور ظاهرية مساريق: نموذج للتحقيق في حيوية الخلوي شارك في الأوعية الدموية

Microvacular network growth and remodeling are critical aspects of wound healing, inflammation, diabetic retinopathy, tumor growth and other disease ...

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19.0K Views.  Tulane University. توضح هذه المقالة نموذج بسيط لتحفيز الأوعية الدموية في مساريق الفئران. نموذج تنتج زيادات هائلة في مجال الشعرية، التي تنتشر الأوعية الدموية والأوعية الدموية أكثر كثافة دورة زمنية قصيرة نسبيا في الأنسجة التي تسمح EN تصور وجه من شبكات الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة كله وص...

Video: Rat Mesentery Exteriorization: A Model for Investigating the Cellular Dynamics Involved in Angiogenesis

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis Interview

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro. He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

كريستوفر هيوز : حدث في نموذج المختبر لدراسة الأوعية الدموية (مقابلة)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that ...

Rat Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in vivo [see review papers], which is the dominating form of angiogenesis in human tumors and non-tumor 
tissues, as discussed in invited review papers1,2. Angiogenesis induced in the membranous mesenteric parts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a pro-angiogenic factor can be modulated
by subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) treatment with modifying agents of choice. Each membranous part of the mesentery is 
translucent and framed by fatty tissue, giving it a window-like appearance.
The assay has the following advantageous features: (i) the test tissue is natively vascularized, albeit 
sparsely, and since it is extremely thin, the microvessel network is virtually two-dimensional, which allows the entire network 
to be assessed microscopically in situ; (ii) in adult rats the test tissue lacks significant physiologic angiogenesis, which characterizes
 most normal adult mammalian tissues; the degree of native vascularization is, however, correlated with age, as discussed in1; 
(iii) the negligible level of trauma-induced angiogenesis ensures high sensitivity; (iv) the 
assay replicates the clinical situation, as the angiogenesis-modulating test drugs are administered systemically and the responses 
observed reflect the net effect of all the metabolic, cellular, and molecular alterations induced by the treatment; (v) the assay 
allows assessments of objective, quantitative, unbiased variables of microvascular spatial extension, density, and network pattern 
formation, as well as of capillary sprouting, thereby enabling robust statistical analyses of the dose-effect and molecular 
structure-activity relationships; and (vi) the assay reveals with high sensitivity the toxic or harmful effects of treatments in 
terms of decreased rate of physiologic body-weight gain, as adult rats grow robustly.
Mast-cell-mediated angiogenesis was first demonstrated using this assay3,4. The model demonstrates a high level of 
discrimination regarding dosage-effect relationships and the measured effects of systemically administered chemically or functionally closely related drugs and proteins, 
including: (i) low-dosage, metronomically administered standard chemotherapeutics that yield diverse, drug-specific effects (i.e., 
angiogenesis-suppressive, neutral or angiogenesis-stimulating activities5); (ii) natural iron-unsaturated human lactoferrin, which stimulates 
VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis6, and natural iron-unsaturated bovine lactoferrin, which inhibits VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis7; and (iii) 
low-molecular-weight heparin fractions produced by various means8,9. Moreover, the assay is highly suited to studies of the combined 
effects on angiogenesis of agents that are administered systemically in a concurrent or sequential fashion.
The idea of making this video originated from the late Dr. Judah Folkman when he visited our laboratory and witnessed the methodology being demonstrated.
Review papers (invited) discussing and appraising the assay
Norrby, K. In vivo models of angiogenesis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10, 588-612 (2006).
Norrby, K. Drug testing with angiogenesis models. Expert Opin. Drug. Discov. 3, 533-549 (2008).

Normal adult vascularized mammalian tissue that lacks physiologic angiogenesis and that has not been exposed to surgical intervention is used to study: (i) the initiation and development of angiogenesis following intraperitoneal administration of test agents; and (ii) modification of angiogenesis following systemic administration of selected test agents.

الفئران الفحص مساريق الأوعية الدموية

The adult rat mesentery window angiogenesis assay is biologically appropriate and is exceptionally well suited to the 
study of sprouting angiogenesis in ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

مقايسة لتقييم سلوك يزدرع الخلوية من اللحمة المتوسطة القحف

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo4,5. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy6. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- &beta; - like ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-&beta; signaling components7. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

We demonstrate how to use the RNAi feeding technique to knock down target genes and score body size phenotype in C. elegans. This method could be used for a large scale screen to identify potential genetic components of interest, such as those involved in body size regulation by DBL-1/TGF-&beta; signaling.

باستخدام الحمض النووي الريبي التي تتوسط استراتيجية التغذية التدخل للكشف عن الجينات المسؤولة عن تنظيم حجم الجسم في نيماتودا<em&gt; C. ايليجانس</em

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate depends on properties intrinsic to each channel protein as well as the mechanism by which it is generated and controlled and represents an important area of current research. Information about the operational dynamics of ion channel proteins can be obtained by observing long stretches of current produced by a single molecule. Described here is a protocol for obtaining one-channel cell-attached patch-clamp current recordings for a ligand gated ion channel, the NMDA receptor, expressed heterologously in HEK293 cells or natively in cortical neurons. Also provided are instructions on how to adapt the method to other ion channels of interest by presenting the example of the mechano-sensitive channel PIEZO1. This method can provide data regarding the channel&#8217;s conductance properties and the temporal sequence of open-closed conformations that make up the channel&#8217;s activation mechanism, thus helping to understand their functions in health and disease.

Described here is a procedure for obtaining long stretches of current recording from one ion channel with the cell-attached patch-clamp technique. This method allows for observing, in real time, the pattern of open-close channel conformations that underlie the biological signal. These data inform about channel properties in undisturbed biological membranes.

قناة واحدة الخلية المرفقة تسجيل التصحيح، المشبك

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate ...

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular permeability in cultured endothelial cell monolayers and the functional exchange properties of whole microvascular beds. A method to cannulate and perfuse venular microvessels of rat mesentery and measure the hydraulic conductivity of the microvessel wall is described. The main equipment needed includes an intravital microscope with a large modified stage that supports micromanipulators to position three different microtools: (1) a beveled glass micropipette to cannulate and perfuse the microvessel; (2) a glass micro-occluder to transiently block perfusion and enable measurement of transvascular water flow movement at a measured hydrostatic pressure, and (3) a blunt glass rod to stabilize the mesenteric tissue at the site of cannulation. The modified Landis micro-occlusion technique uses red cells suspended in the artificial perfusate as markers of transvascular fluid movement, and also enables repeated measurements of these flows as experimental conditions are changed and hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure difference across the microvessels are carefully controlled. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity first using a control perfusate, then after re-cannulation of the same microvessel with the test perfusates enable paired comparisons of the microvessel response under these well-controlled conditions. Attempts to extend the method to microvessels in the mesentery of mice with genetic modifications expected to modify vascular permeability were severely limited because of the absence of long straight and unbranched microvessels in the mouse mesentery, but the recent availability of the rats with similar genetic modifications using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology is expected to open new areas of investigation where the methods described herein can be applied.

The modified Landis technique enables paired measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of individual microvessels in the mesentery of normal and genetically modified rats under control and test conditions using microperfusion techniques. It provides a convenient method to evaluate mechanisms that regulate microvessel permeability and transvascular exchange under physiological conditions.

تروية دقيقة التقنية المعنية بالتحقيق في تنظيم Microvessel النفاذية في الفئران مساريق

Experiments to measure the permeability properties of individually perfused microvessels provide a bridge between investigation of molecular and cellular ...

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.

We describe a simple cell-based bioassay for detecting, quantifying and monitoring the activity of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands. The assay uses chimeric receptors expressed in a factor-dependent cell line to provide a semi-quantitative or quantitative assessment of receptor binding and cross-linking by the ligand.

والأحيائي بسيط لتقييم العوامل الأوعية الدموية غشائي النمو

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

عالية الدقة التصوير الوقت الفاصل بين وتحليل الآلي للأنيبيب حيوية في المعيشة السري الإنسان خلايا الوريد غشائي

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as well as pathological changes in endothelial phenotype and gene expression. In particular, maladaptive effects of periodic, unidirectional flow induced shear stress can trigger a variety of effects on several vascular cell types, particularly endothelial cells. While by now endothelial cells from diverse anatomic origins have been cultured, in-depth analyses of their responses to fluid shear have been hampered by the relative complexity of shear models (e.g., parallel plate flow chamber, cone and plate flow model). While these all represent excellent approaches, such models are technically complicated and suffer from drawbacks including relatively lengthy and complex setup time, low surface areas, requirements for pumps and pressurization often requiring sealants and gaskets, creating challenges to both maintenance of sterility and an inability to run multiple experiments. However, if higher throughput models of flow and shear were available, greater progress on vascular endothelial shear responses, particularly periodic shear research at the molecular level, might be more rapidly advanced. Here, we describe the construction and use of shear rings: a novel, simple-to-assemble, and inexpensive tissue culture model with a relatively large surface area that easily allows for a high number of experimental replicates in unidirectional, periodic shear stress studies on endothelial cells.

The Assembly and Application of &#039;Shear Rings&#039;: A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

Different levels and patterns of fluid shear are known to modulate endothelial gene expression, phenotype and susceptibility to disease. We discuss the assembly and use of 'shear rings': a model that produces unidirectional, periodic shear stress patterns. Shear rings are simple to assemble, economical and can produce high cell yields.

الجمعية وتطبيق &quot;خواتم القص &#39;: رواية غشائي نموذج لالمداري، أحادي الاتجاه والدوري السائل تدفق وإجهاد القص

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as ...