فإن الكتاب أود أن أنوه ADIR (معاون à الموطن منتدى قلعة Insuffisants Respiratoires) ومؤسسة DE L&#39;أفينير لدعمها المالي وللدكتور Fanie Barnabé-حيدر لتحرير المخطوطة.

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U.S.A. 107, 21040-21045 (2010).</li><li>Guerout, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+gene+expression+profiling+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+from+olfactory+bulb+and+olfactory+mucosa.">Comparative gene expression profiling of olfactory ensheathing cells from olfactory bulb and olfactory mucosa.</a> Glia. 58, 1570-1580 (1002).</li><li>Honore, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+characterization,+and+genetic+profiling+of+subpopulations+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+from+the+olfactory+bulb.">Isolation, characterization, and genetic profiling of subpopulations of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory bulb.</a> Glia. 60, 404-413 (2012).</li><li>Franssen, E. H., de Bree, F. M., Verhaagen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+glia:+their+contribution+to+primary+olfactory+nervous+system+regeneration+and+their+regenerative+potential+following+transplantation+into+the+injured+spinal+cord.">Olfactory ensheathing glia: their contribution to primary olfactory nervous system regeneration and their regenerative potential following transplantation into the injured spinal cord.</a> Brain Res. Rev. 56, 236-258 (2007).</li><li>Lakatos, A., Franklin, R. J., Barnett, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells+and+Schwann+cells+differ+in+their+in+vitro+interactions+with+astrocytes.">Olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells differ in their in vitro interactions with astrocytes.</a> Glia. 32, 214-225 (2000).</li><li>Woodhall, E., West, A. K., Chuah, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultured+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+express+nerve+growth+factor,+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor,+glia+cell+line-derived+neurotrophic+factor+and+their+receptors.">Cultured olfactory ensheathing cells express nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and their receptors.</a> Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 88, 203-213 (2001).</li><li>Dombrowski, M. A., Sasaki, M., Lankford, K. L., Kocsis, J. D., Radtke, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+and+nodal+formation+of+regenerated+peripheral+nerve+fibers+following+transplantation+of+acutely+prepared+olfactory+ensheathing+cells.">Myelination and nodal formation of regenerated peripheral nerve fibers following transplantation of acutely prepared olfactory ensheathing cells.</a> Brain Res. 1125, 1-8 (2006).</li><li>Guerout, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+promotes+axonal+regeneration+and+functional+recovery+of+peripheral+nerve+lesion+in+rats.">Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery of peripheral nerve lesion in rats.</a> Muscle Nerve. 43, 543-551 (2011).</li><li>Guntinas-Lichius, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+stimulates+the+collateral+sprouting+from+axotomized+adult+rat+facial+motoneurons.">Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells stimulates the collateral sprouting from axotomized adult rat facial motoneurons.</a> Exp. Neurol. 172, 70-80 (2001).</li><li>Makoukji, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium+enhances+remyelination+of+peripheral+nerves.">Lithium enhances remyelination of peripheral nerves.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 109, 3973-3978 (2012).</li><li>Guerout, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-transplantation+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+from+mucosa+and+bulb+origin+enhances+functional+recovery+after+peripheral+nerve+lesion.">Co-transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells from mucosa and bulb origin enhances functional recovery after peripheral nerve lesion.</a> PloS one. 6, 22816 (2011).</li><li>Paviot, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+laryngeal+motor+nerve+repair+is+greater+with+bulbar+than+with+mucosal+olfactory+ensheathing+cells.">Efficiency of laryngeal motor nerve repair is greater with bulbar than with mucosal olfactory ensheathing cells.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 41, 688-694 (2011).</li><li>Girard, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolating+nasal+olfactory+stem+cells+from+rodents+or+humans.">Isolating nasal olfactory stem cells from rodents or humans.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Nash, H. H., Borke, R. C., Anders, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+method+of+purification+for+establishing+primary+cultures+of+ensheathing+cells+from+the+adult+olfactory+bulb.">New method of purification for establishing primary cultures of ensheathing cells from the adult olfactory bulb.</a> Glia. 34, 81-87 (2001).</li><li>Bianco, J. I., Perry, C., Harkin, D. G., Mackay-Sim, A., Feron, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotrophin+3+promotes+purification+and+proliferation+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+from+human+nose.">Neurotrophin 3 promotes purification and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells from human nose.</a> Glia. 45, 111-123 (2004).</li><li>Paviot, A., Bon-Mardion, N., Duclos, C., Marie, J. P., Guerout, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Although+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+have+remarkable+potential+to+sustain+nerve+regeneration,+they+cannot+be+applied+to+a+severe+vagus+nerve+section/resection+model.">Although olfactory ensheathing cells have remarkable potential to sustain nerve regeneration, they cannot be applied to a severe vagus nerve section/resection model.</a> Muscle Nerve. 43, 919-920 (2011).</li></ol>

والكتاب ليس لديهم ما يكشف.

التقنيات المقدمة هنا جعل الكاريبي نموذجا مفيدا لدراسة زرع الخلوية في نماذج إصابة الأعصاب الطرفية. بروتوكول خلية ثقافة واضحة نسبيا ويمكن حملها بسهولة. من ناحية أخرى، والعمليات الجراحية، ولا سيما الفرع / مفاغرة من RLN، تحتاج إلى خبرة ويجب أن تنفذ من قبل موظفين مؤهلين. </p...

ويتكون النظام الأساسي للحاسة الشم قسمين منفصلين؛ الغشاء المخاطي الشمي (OM) في الجهاز العصبي المحيطي والبصلة الشمية (OB) في الجهاز العصبي المركزي. ويتميز نظام حاسة الشم الابتدائي بحلول قدرة الخلايا العصبية الشمية الابتدائي (PON) لتجديد الذاتي في جميع مراحل الحياة في أنواع الثدييات. يرصد هذه القدرة ممكن بسبب وجود الخلايا الجذعية العصبية في OM. ومما يسهل نمو وإعادة نمو PON من OM إلى OB من قبل خلايا متخصصة تسمى الخلايا الدبقية مغمد الشمية (الكاريبي). منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي هي الخلايا العصبية التي تخلق قمة المكروية مواتية لتكوين الخلايا العصبية من PON من OM إلى OB 1. وبالتالي، منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي يمكن العثور عليها في وOM في OB تشكل مجموعات سكانية فرعية مختلفة من الخلايا 2،3. خصائص مختلفة من منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي يكون العلماء الرصاص لاستخدامها لزرع الخلوية في عدة نماذج النظام العصبي الآفة 4. في الواقع، وعوامل نمو إنتاج منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي، والحد من اخافة الدبقية، والعلاقات العامةإعادة نمو محور عصبي omote، ويمكن أن تختلط بحرية مع الخلايا النجمية 5،6. ومع ذلك، تقوم الغالبية العظمى من هذه الدراسات على إصابة الحبل الشوكي (النخاع الشوكي)، وقد استخدمت قليل منها منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي بعد إصابة الأعصاب الطرفية (PNI) 7،8. على الرغم من أن الجهاز العصبي المحيطي لديه قدرة كبيرة على التجدد بعد إصابة العصب، أقسام كاملة لحث الشاذة محور عصبي إعادة النمو. في الواقع، بعد transections كاملة من الوجه أو الأعصاب الحنجري الراجع (RLN) محاور misrouted يعد يسبب cocontractions العضلات تسمى حركة تصاحبية. لذا فإنه من الأهمية الأساسية لاقتراح نموذج للPNI لتحديد ليس فقط إعادة نمو محور عصبي ولكن أيضا لتقييم كفاءة تقلصات العضلات. في الأدب ويستند النموذج الأكثر شيوعا الموصوفة على الوجه الآفة العصب 9،10. في هذا النموذج، وتستند تقييمات وظيفية على الانتعاش من الحركات الطولي 10. ومع ذلك معقد للتدليل على كفاءة وسائل التحققبيانات أدلى وتميز cocontractions الظواهر العضلات. نقترح هنا نموذجا يعتمد على آفة RLN. هذا النموذج يسمح للتقييم ليس فقط إعادة نمو محور عصبي وحركات الحبال الصوتية ولكن أيضا من كفاءة وظيفة هذه الحركات بعد زرع الخلايا 11،12. يوفر هذا البروتوكول خطوة الإجراء خطوة لزرع الثقافة ومنظمة دول شرق الكاريبي من OM وOB في نموذج القسم RLN / مفاغرة وتقييم الحيوانات بعد الجراحة.

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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>E3387M</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicilin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>1152-8876</td>
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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>M3467Y</td>
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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>M3513P</td>
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			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.03256.0100</td>
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			<td>00563-450</td>
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			<td>BIOVALLEY</td>
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			<td>BIOVALLEY</td>
			<td>08791-500</td>
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			<td>550589</td>
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			<td>361590-0025</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma 2-16PK</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminar flow hood</td>
			<td>Faster</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">BH-EN 2003 S</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience&#160;</td>
			<td>FACSCalibur</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Videolaryngoscope</td>
			<td>Karl Storz Endoskope</td>
			<td>Telecam SL NLSC 20212120</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acquisition system</td>
			<td>ADInstruments</td>
			<td>Powerlab system</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pyramitome Ultramicrotomy System&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Leica</td>
			<td>Ultracut S</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Image analysis system</td>
			<td>Explora Nova</td>
			<td>Mercator</td>
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transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells to evaluate functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury

<html> الخلايا الشمية مغمد (الكاريبي) هي الخلايا العصبية التي تتيح قمة النمو وإعادة نمو الخلايا العصبية الشمية الأولية. في الواقع، يتميز نظام حاسة الشم الأولية من خلال قدرتها على أن تؤدي إلى خلايا عصبية جديدة حتى في الحيوانات البالغة. ويعزى ذلك جزئيا إلى وجود منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي الذي خلق المكروية مواتية لتكوين الخلايا العصبية هذه القدرة خاصة. وقد استخدم هذا العقار لمنظمة دول شرق الكاريبي لزرع الخلايا كما هو الحال في نماذج إصابات الحبل الشوكي. على الرغم من أن الجهاز العصبي المحيطي لديه قدرة أكبر على التجدد بعد إصابة العصب من الجهاز العصبي المركزي، أقسام كاملة لحث misrouting خلال إعادة نمو محور عصبي ولا سيما بعد الوجه من الحنجرة transection العصب. على وجه التحديد، باجتزاء الكامل للعصب الحنجري الراجع (RLN) يدفع إعادة نمو محور عصبي الشاذة الناتجة في حركة تصاحبية من الحبال الصوتية. ، أظهرنا في هذا النموذج المحدد الذي زرع الكاريبي يزيد كفاءة محور عصبي إعادة النمو. وتشكل ve_content &quot;&gt; منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي من عدة مجموعات سكانية فرعية موجودة في كل من الغشاء المخاطي الشمي (OM-الكاريبي) وبصيلات الشم (OB-الكاريبي)، ونحن نقدم هنا نموذجا لزرع خلوية تعمل على أساس استخدام هذه المجموعات السكانية الفرعية المختلفة في منظمة دول شرق الكاريبي RLN نموذج الاصابة. باستخدام هذا النموذج، تم زرع الثقافات الأولية من OB-الكاريبي ومنظمة دول شرق الكاريبي في OM-Matrigel بعد القسم ومفاغرة من RLN. وبعد شهرين من الجراحة، قمنا بتقييم الحيوانات زرعها بواسطة التحليلات التكميلية على أساس videolaryngoscopy، الكهربائي (EMG) ، والدراسات النسيجية. أولا، يسمح videolaryngoscopy لنا لتقييم وظائف الحنجرة، ولا سيما cocontractions العضلات الظواهر، ثم يحلل EMG ثراء شرحها وتزامن الأنشطة العضلات. وأخيرا، سمحت الدراسات النسيجية على أساس طولويدين تلطيخ الأزرق الكمي لعدد والملف الشخصي من ألياف العصبي. كل ذلك معا، ونحن هنا تصف كيفية عزل، والثقافة، وبيئة تطوير متكاملةntify وزرع الكاريبي من OM وOB بعد RLN المقطع مفاغرة وكيفية تقييم وتحليل كفاءة هذه الخلايا التي تم زرعها على إعادة نمو وظائف الحنجرة محور عصبي.

وقد تم اختيار الرسوم التوضيحية مع سيطرة وreinnervated (القسم / anastomosed) الحيوانات كما يمكن أن تختلف النتائج تبعا لزرع الخلوية تنفيذ (OM، OB أو OM + OB). خلية ثقافة الخلايا التقيد بسرعة إلى السطح البلاستيك وأصبح فصل في مساحات موازية من ا?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

الخلايا الشمية مغمد (الكاريبي) هي خلايا قمة العصبية التي تسمح نمو الخلايا العصبية الشمية الأولية. هذه الخاصية محددة يمكن استخدامها لزرع الخلايا. نقدم هنا نموذجا لزرع خلوية تعمل على أساس استخدام الكاريبي في العصب نموذج إصابة الحنجرة.

زرع الخلايا الشمية مغمد لتقييم الانتعاش وظيفية بعد إصابة العصب المحيطي

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

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11.7K Views.  University of Rouen.  الخلايا الشمية مغمد (الكاريبي) هي خلايا قمة العصبية التي تسمح نمو الخلايا العصبية الشمية الأولية. هذه الخاصية محددة يمكن استخدامها لزرع الخلايا. نقدم هنا نموذجا لزرع خلوية تعمل على أساس استخدام الكاريبي في العصب نموذج إصابة الحنجرة. 

Video: Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the study of nerve regeneration and myelination. The glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells (SC), are key facilitators of these processes; it is therefore crucial that the interactions of these cellular components are studied together. Direct contact between DRG neurons and glial cells provides additional stimuli sensed by specific membrane receptors, further improving the neuronal response. SC release growth factors and proteins in the culture medium, which enhance neuron survival and stimulate neurite sprouting and extension. However, SC require long proliferation time to be used for tissue engineering applications and the sacrifice of an healthy nerve for their sourcing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) differentiated into SC phenotype are a valid alternative to SC for the set-up of a co-culture model with DRG neurons to study nerve regeneration. The present work presents a detailed and reproducible step-by-step protocol to harvest both DRG neurons and ASC from adult rats; to differentiate ASC towards a SC phenotype; and combines the two cell types in a direct co-culture system to investigate the interplay between neurons and SC in the peripheral nervous system. This tool has great potential in the optimization of tissue-engineered constructs for peripheral nerve repair.

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are structures containing the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. When dissociated, they can be co-cultured with SC-like adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), providing a valuable model to study in vitro nerve regeneration and myelination, mimicking the in vivo environment at the injury site.

الظهرية جذر العقد الخلايا العصبية والخلايا الجذعية المتباينة الدهنية المشتقة: ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; المشارك الثقافة نموذج لدراسة الأعصاب الطرفية التجديد

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the ...

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Xenopus tadpoles offer a unique platform to investigate the function of the nervous system. They provide multiple experimental advantages, such as accessibility to numerous imaging approaches, electrophysiological techniques and behavioral assays. The Xenopus tadpole olfactory system is particularly well suited to investigate the function of synapses established during normal development or reformed after injury. Here, we describe methodologies to evaluate the processing of olfactory information in living Xenopus larvae. We outline a combination of in vivo measurements of presynaptic calcium responses in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb with olfactory-guided behavior assays. Methods can be combined with the transection of olfactory nerves to study the rewiring of synaptic connectivity. Experiments are presented using both wild-type and genetically modified animals expressing GFP reporters in central nervous system cells. Application of the approaches described to genetically modified tadpoles can be useful for unraveling the molecular bases that define vertebrate behavior.

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Xenopus tadpoles offer a unique platform to investigate the function of the nervous system in vivo. We describe methodologies to evaluate the processing of olfactory information in living Xenopus larvae in normal rearing conditions or after injury.

تقييم وظيفي لمسارات حاسة الشم في المعيشة النمو الضفادع الصغيرة

Xenopus tadpoles offer a unique platform to investigate the function of the nervous system. They provide multiple experimental advantages, such as ...

A Preclinical Model to Assess Brain Recovery After Acute Stroke in Rats

The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an animal brain ischemia model in the recovery and sequela stages. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in male Sprague-Dawley rats was chosen. By changing the rat&#39;s weight (260&#8722;330 g), the thread bolt type (2636/2838/3040/3043) and the brain infarct time (2-3 h), a higher Longa&#39;s score, a larger infarct volume and a greater model success ratio were screened using the Longa&#39;s score and TTC staining. The optimum model condition (300 g, 3040 thread bolt, 3 h brain infarct time) was acquired and used in a 1-90 day observation period after reperfusion via assessment of sensorimotor functions and infarct volume. At these conditions, the bilateral asymmetry test had a significant difference from 1 to 90 days, and the grid-walking test had a significant difference from 1 to 60 days; both differences could be a suitable sensorimotor functional test. Thus, the most appropriate condition of a novel rat model in the recovery and sequela stages of brain ischemia was found: 300 g rats that underwent MCAO with a 3040 thread bolt for a 3 h brain infarct and then reperfused. The appropriate sensorimotor functional tests were a bilateral asymmetry test and a grid-walking test.

The&#160;purpose of this study is to establish and validate an animal model for research in the recovery and sequela stages of brain ischemia by testing brain infarction and sensorimotor function after middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) after 1-90 days in rats.

نموذج قبل السريرية لتقييم تعافي الدماغ بعد السكتة الدماغية الحاده في الفئران

The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an animal brain ischemia model in the recovery and sequela stages. A middle cerebral artery ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

3D تحليل الحركية للتقييم الوظيفي في نموذج الفئران من عرق النسا الأعصاب سحق الإصابة

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Purification of Fibroblasts and Schwann Cells from Sensory and Motor Nerves in Vitro

The principal cells in the peripheral nervous system are the Schwann cells (SCs) and the fibroblasts. Both these cells distinctly express the sensory and motor phenotypes involved in different patterns of neurotrophic factor gene expression and other biological processes, affecting nerve regeneration. The present study has established a protocol to obtain highly purified rat sensory and motor SCs and fibroblasts more rapidly. The ventral root (motor nerve) and the dorsal root (sensory nerve) of neonatal rats (7-days-old) were dissociated and the cells were cultured for 4-5 days, followed by isolation of sensory and motor fibroblasts and SCs by combining differential digestion and differential adherence methods sequentially. The results of immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analyses showed that the purity of the sensory and motor SCs and fibroblasts were &#62;90%. This protocol can be used to obtain a large number of sensory and motor fibroblasts/SCs more rapidly, contributing to the exploration of sensory and motor nerve regeneration.

Here, we present a method to purify fibroblasts and Schwann cells from sensory and motor nerves in vitro.

تنقية الخلايا الليفية وخلايا شوان من الأعصاب الحسية والحركية في المختبر

The principal cells in the peripheral nervous system are the Schwann cells (SCs) and the fibroblasts. Both these cells distinctly express the sensory and ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

التسليم داخل الشرايين للخلايا الجذعية العصبية إلى الدماغ الفئران والفأر: تطبيق على الإقفاري الدماغي

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

Automated Gait Analysis to Assess Functional Recovery in Rodents with Peripheral Nerve or Spinal Cord Contusion Injury

Peripheral and central nerve injuries are mostly studied in rodents, especially rats, given the fact that these animal models are both cost-effective and a lot of comparative data has been published in the literature. This includes a multitude of assessment methods to study functional recovery following nerve injury and repair. Besides evaluation of nerve regeneration by means of histology, electrophysiology, and other in vivo and in vitro assessment techniques, functional recovery is the most important criterion to determine the degree of neural regeneration. Automated gait analysis allows recording of a vast quantity of gait-related parameters such as Paw Print Area and Paw Swing Speed as well as measures of inter-limb coordination. Additionally, the method provides digital data of the rats&#8217; paws after neuronal damage and during nerve regeneration, adding to our understanding of how peripheral and central nervous injuries affect their locomotor behavior. Besides the predominantly used sciatic nerve injury model, other models of peripheral nerve injury such as the femoral nerve can be studied by means of this method. In addition to injuries of the peripheral nervous systems, lesions of the central nervous system, e.g., spinal cord contusion can be evaluated. Valid and reproducible data assessment is strongly dependent on meticulous adjustment of the hard- and software settings prior to data acquisition. Additionally, proper training of the experimental animals is of crucial importance. This work aims to illustrate the use of computerized automated gait analysis to assess functional recovery in different animal models of peripheral nerve injury as well as spinal cord contusion injury. It also emphasizes the method&#8217;s limitations, e.g., evaluation of nerve regeneration in rats with sciatic nerve neurotmesis due to limited functional recovery. Therefore, this protocol is thought to help researchers interested in peripheral and central nervous injuries to assess functional recovery in rodent models.

Automated gait analysis is a feasible tool to evaluate functional recovery in rodent models of peripheral nerve injury and spinal cord contusion injury. While it requires only one setup to assess locomotor function in various experimental models, meticulous hard- and soft-ware adjustment and training of the animals is highly important.

تحليل مشية الآلي لتقييم الانتعاش الوظيفي في القوارض مع الأعصاب الطرفية أو إصابة كدمة الحبل الشوكي

Peripheral and central nerve injuries are mostly studied in rodents, especially rats, given the fact that these animal models are both cost-effective and ...

Coculture of Axotomized Rat Retinal Ganglion Neurons with Olfactory Ensheathing Glia, as an In Vitro Model of Adult Axonal Regeneration

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory bulb. Throughout adult life, they are key for axonal growing of newly generated olfactory neurons, from the lamina propria to the ONL. Due to their pro-regenerative properties, these cells have been used to foster axonal regeneration in spinal cord or optic nerve injury models.
We present an in vitro model to assay and measure OEG neuroregenerative capacity after neural injury. In this model, reversibly immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) is cultured as a monolayer, retinas are extracted from adult rats and retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) are cocultured onto the OEG monolayer. After 96 h, axonal and somatodendritic markers in RGNs are analyzed by immunofluorescence and the number of RGNs with axon and the mean axonal length/neuron are quantified.
This protocol has the advantage over other in vitro assays that rely on embryonic or postnatal neurons, that it evaluates OEG neuroregenerative properties in adult tissue. Also, it is not only useful for assessing the neuroregenerative potential of ihOEG but can be extended to different sources of OEG or other glial cells.

We present an in vitro model to assess olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) neuroregenerative capacity, after neural injury. It is based on a coculture of axotomized adult retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) on OEG monolayers and subsequent study of axonal regeneration, by analyzing RGN axonal and somatodendritic markers.

ثقافة اكسال من الخلايا العصبية الجرذ الشبكية جانجليون مع الشم Ensheathing غليا، كنموذج في المختبر من تجديد أكسونال الكبار

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory ...

Motor Dual-Tasks for Gait Analysis and Evaluation in Post-Stroke Patients

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask gait analysis consisted of a single walking task (Task 0), a simple motor dual-task (water-holding, Task 1), and a complex motor dual-task (crossing obstacles, Task 2). The task of crossing obstacles was considered to be equivalent to the combination of a simple walking task and a complex motor task as it involved more nervous system, skeletal movement, and cognitive resources. To eliminate heterogeneity in the results of the gait analysis of the stroke patients, the dual-task gait cost values were calculated for various kinematic parameters. The major differences were observed in the proximal joint angles, especially in the angles of the trunk, pelvis, and hip joints, which were significantly larger in the dual motor tasks than in the single walking task. This research protocol aims to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis of gait function and an in-depth study of motor control in stroke patients with motor control deficits through the analyses of dual-motor walking tasks.

This paper presents a protocol specifically for dual motor task gait analysis in stroke patients with motor control deficits.

المهام الحركية المزدوجة لتحليل المشي وتقييمه لدى مرضى ما بعد السكتة الدماغية

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask ...

Multifactorial Assessment of Motor Behavior in Rats after Unilateral Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

The induction of a peripheral nerve injury is a widely used method in neuroscience for the assessment of repair and pain mechanisms among others. In addition, in the research field of movement disorders, sciatic crush injury has been employed to trigger a dystonia-like phenotype in genetically predisposed DYT-TOR1A rodent models of dystonia. To achieve consistent, reproducible and comparable results after a sciatic nerve crush injury, a standardized method for inducing the nerve crush is essential, in addition to a standardized phenotypical characterization. Attention must be paid not only to the specific assortment of behavioral tests, but also to the technical requirements, the correct execution and consecutive data analysis. This protocol describes in detail how to perform a sciatic nerve crush injury and provides a behavioral test battery for the assessment of motor deficits in rats that includes the open field test, the CatWalk XT gait analysis, the beam walking task, and the ladder rung walking task.

We provide a protocol for the assessment of motor behavior via a behavioral test battery in rats after sciatic nerve crush injury.

تقييم متعدد العوامل للسلوك الحركي في الفئران بعد إصابة سحق العصب الوركي من جانب واحد

The induction of a peripheral nerve injury is a widely used method in neuroscience for the assessment of repair and pain mechanisms among others. In ...