الدعم المالي من قبل هيئة الإنصاف والمصالحة من خلال متقدم باحث غرانت HYMEM، من قبل DFG من خلال مبادرة ميونيخ النانو (نيم) ومن خلال Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB1032)، ومن المسلم به المشروع A8 بامتنان. ونحن ممتنون للدكتور الكسندر Ohlinger الدكتور سول كاريتيرو-بالاسيوس ومنتجعات Nedev للحصول على الدعم ومناقشات مثمرة.

1. الإعداد التجريبية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام المجهر يصل الحق ومظلم مكثف النفط الميدان مع الفتحة العددية (NA) = 1.2 لإضاءة حقل مظلم. استخدام الهدف الغمر بالماء مع التكبير 100X وNA = 1.0 لملاحظات ومحاصرة الجسيمات. استخدام هدفا 10X الهواء مع التكبير وNA = 0.2 لمتابعة حركة اليرقات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام الإعداد ملاقط بصرية مع 1،064 نانومتر ليزر الموجة المستمرة في جانب المجهر يصل الحق. تعيين قوة الليزر من فخ البصرية إلى 100 ميغاواط (قياس مع السلطة متر بعد الهدف). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام CMOS كاميرا عالية السرعة أو العاكسة الرقمية وحيدة العدسة (DSLR) كاميرا لكشف وصورة حركة الجسيمات الذهب في فخ البصرية والحركة من اليرقات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام مرشح من الدرجة الأولى لمنع الليزر من دخول الكاميرا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام السلطة متر لقياس قوة الليزر بعد الهدف. </li></ol> 2. إعداد نموذج </p&gt; <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ماصة قطرات الماء (180 ميكرولتر) على شريحة زجاجية المجهر ووضع العينة على المجهر حقل مظلم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ماصة على اليرقات من خزان مياه صغير لقطرة الماء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام هدفا الهواء 10X لمراقبة حركة اليرقات في الحل وتسجيل دفق الفيديو. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام جسيمات متناهية الصغر من الذهب التي يبلغ قطرها 60 نانومتر كما كشف لمراقبة حركة السوائل الناتجة عن اليرقات. لذلك، إضافة 5 ميكرولتر من حل الجسيمات مخففة للغاية في قطرات الماء، بحيث أن ما يقرب من واحد الجسيمات يمكن رؤيته في مجال الرؤية مع الهدف الماء الغمر 100X. </li></ol> 3. تتبع الجسيمات التجربة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فخ واحد جسيمات متناهية الصغر من الذهب مع منتاش الضوئية. وبالتالي، جعل 1،064 نانومتر محاصرة الليزر على مقربة من جسيمات متناهية الصغر الذهب الذي نشرها في حل عن طريق تحريك المرحلة المجهر. قوات البصرية جذابة سحب جسيمات متناهية الصغر من الذهب نحو نقطة محورية في اله شعاع الليزر. الجسيمات المحاصرين لا نشرها بعد الآن، وبدلا يبقي موقفها. اتخاذ دفق الفيديو من جسيمات متناهية الصغر المحاصرين مع كاميرا DSLR بمعدل 50 إطار هرتز لمدة 30 ثانية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إيقاف تشغيل الليزر من منتاش البصرية والافراج عن جسيمات متناهية الصغر من الذهب من الفخ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام برنامج تتبع الجسيمات إلى قراءات موقف الجسيمات المحاصرين الذهب بصريا في كل إطار من دفق الفيديو. وتحول فورييه السريع (الاتحاد الفرنسي للتنس) من موقف س ص-الجسيمات مع مرور الوقت يكشف عن الطيف الترددي. ملاحظة: وهنا، تم استخدام &quot;ايغور PRO &#39;كود برنامج كمبيوتر المكتوبة النفس لتحليل موقف وسط الجسيمات في الطائرة س ص مع مرور الوقت لتحليل والاتحاد الفرنسي للتنس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كبديل للرمز ايغور الذاتي مكتوب استخدم برنامج &#39;فيديو بقعة المقتفي&#39; لتتبع الجسيمات في الفيديو متاحة بحرية. استخدام البرمجيات التجارية &quot;المنشأ&quot; لتنفيذ التحول فورييه للبيانات تتبع: <oل&gt; <li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اسحب ملف الفيديو إلى البرنامج المفتوح &quot;سبوت فيديو المقتفي &#39;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> النقر بالماوس على الجسيمات يظهران في الصورة الأولى من دفق الفيديو، ومنطقة دائرية من يظهر الاهتمام. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختيار &quot;متماثل&quot; و &quot;الأمثل&quot; في أعلى إطار موجه الأوامر لتحسين تتبع للجسيمات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الماوس فوق &quot;تسجيل&quot; في أعلى إطار موجه الأوامر واختيار مجلد لحفظ البيانات. سيتم حفظ البيانات تتبع في جدول البيانات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الماوس فوق &quot;تشغيل الفيديو&quot; على يسار إطار موجه الأوامر من برنامج التعقب والانتظار حتى يتم تحليل جميع الأطر من شريط الفيديو. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إغلاق البرنامج وفتح جدول البيانات المحفوظة مع &#39;الأصل&#39;. تعيين قيم العمود باسم &quot;ذ 1&quot; و &quot;ذ 2&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعيين الخطوات الزمنية لكل إطار الفيديو بأنه &quot;س&quot; في جدول بيانات &quot;المنشأ&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> علامة سموقف العمود وتنفيذ الاتحاد الفرنسي للتنس عن طريق اختيار &quot;تحليل البيانات&quot; و &quot;الاتحاد الفرنسي للتنس&quot; في أعلى إطار موجه الأوامر. كرر الخطوة للعمود ص الموقف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> رسم سعة إشارة الاتحاد الفرنسي للتنس محسوب في س و ص الاتجاه مقابل التردد. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. المحاكاة العددية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب α الاستقطاب من 60 نانومتر الذهب الجسيمات باستخدام برنامج كمبيوتر &#39;الرياضيات&#39;. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام المعادلة (1) لحساب الاستقطاب وفقا لKuwata وآخرون 16.: <img alt="المعادلة 1" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq1.jpg" width="300" /> (1) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعريف المعلمات الثلاث التالية في رمز البرنامج: وظيفة عازلة المعقدة التي تعتمد على الطول الموجي للجسيمات الذهب، ونصف قطرها جسيمات متناهية الصغر، ومعامل الانكسار من الوسط المحيط. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام وصف كهربائيتوزيع الحقل TRIC من شعاع جاوس تركيزا وفقا لAgayan 17 آخرون لحساب القوات البصرية بناء على 60 نانومتر الذهب الجسيمات.: <img alt="المعادلة 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq2.jpg" width="500" /> (2) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> . استخدام المعادلات (3) - (6) من Agayan 17 آخرون لحساب حد سواء، والتدرج ونثر القوى المؤثرة على الجسيمات: <img alt="المعادلة 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq3.jpg" width="350" /> (3) <img alt="المعادلة 4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq4.jpg" width="300" /> (4) <img alt="المعادلة 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq5.jpg" width="500" /> (5) <img alt="المعادلة 6" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq6.jpg" width="300" /> (6) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في رمز البرنامج، وتحديد معايير لقوة الليزر، الفتحة العددية للسbjective، والاستقطاب معقدة من جسيمات متناهية الصغر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نلخص قوة التدرج والقوة نثر لحساب مجموع قوة البصرية المؤثرة على الجسيمات الذهب في فخ البصرية. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تشغيل المحاكاة عن طريق الضغط في وقت واحد &quot;السيطرة&quot; و &quot;أدخل&quot;. </li></ol>

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يعلن الكتاب أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

الظلام المجهر الحقل هو أداة قوية لتصور جزيئات الذهب ذات أبعاد أقل من الحد حيود البصرية، منذ المقطع العرضي للتشتت المعادن النانوية يتجاوز القسم الهندسي على الصليب (cp. الشكل 2A) 18. في إعداد منتاش، فإن هذا النهج حتى يسمح للتمييز إذا محاصرون فقط واحدة أو متع...

تقييم نوعية المياه على أساس المؤشرات الكيميائية والبيولوجية هي ذات أهمية أساسية لاكتساب المعرفة على الدولة والظروف البيئية في النظام البيئي المائي 1-3. وتقوم الطرق التقليدية لتحليل المياه الكيميائية على الخصائص الحسية أو تحديد المعلمات الفيزيائية. المؤشرات البيولوجية، من ناحية أخرى، هي أنواع الحيوانات وجودها وقدرتها على البقاء توفير نظرة على الظروف البيئية وتأثير الملوثات على النظام البيئي التي تحدث فيها أمثلة نموذجية لbioindicators هي مجدافيات، مجموعة من القشريات المائية الصغيرة، والتي يمكن يمكن العثور عليها في أي ما يقرب من 4،5 الموائل المياه. مراقبة نشاط وحيوية هذه الأنواع من عينة المياه بالتالي يمكن استخدامها للحصول على معلومات عن الأوضاع العامة لنظام بيئي 5. يرقات مجدافيات، والتي تسمى يرقات، استخدم ضربات إيقاعية من الهوائيات الخاصة بهم (كل يرقة لديه ثلاثة أزواج من appendaغيس في المنطقة رؤوسهم) على السباحة في الماء 6. تواتر وشدة هذه السكتات الدماغية وبالتالي هو مؤشر مباشر من العمر، واللياقة البدنية، والظروف البيئية للحيوان 7-10. وعادة ما يتم القيام به في أي تحقيقات بشأن هذه العينات باستخدام المجهر من خلال مراقبة وإحصاء السكتات الدماغية الهوائي من يرقات مباشرة. نظرا لحجمها (~ 100-500 ميكرون) 11، وهذا غالبا ما يتطلب القيام القياسات إما واحدا تلو الآخر أو لإصلاح اليرقات واحدة إلى الركيزة. هنا، ونحن يبرهن على وجود نهج جديد لمراقبة نشاط كوبيبودا يرقات في عينات المياه باستخدام جسيمات متناهية الصغر من الذهب المحاصرين بصريا باعتباره كاشف فائقة الحساسية. وعادة ما تستخدم ملاقط بصرية من قبل العديد من الجماعات كأداة تجريبية لتطبيق غرامة أو قياس القوى بين الجزيئات وصولا الى مجموعة piconewton 12-14. وفي الآونة الأخيرة، تم توسيع نطاق التطبيقات لملاقط بصرية لمراقبة الاهتزازات الصوتية وحلتقلبات الإقليم الشمالي في وسائل الإعلام السائلة من خلال رصد حركة النانو المجهرية الدقيقة والتي تقتصر في فخ البصرية 15. تتعرض الجزيئات التي مغمورة في السائل إلى الحركة البراونية. داخل فخ البصرية، ومع ذلك، وثبط هذا الاقتراح جزئيا عن طريق الليزر التي يسببها، وقوة الانحدار القوي. ولذلك، فإن صلابة من فخ البصرية وتوطين الجسيمات داخل تركيز شعاع الليزر يمكن ضبطها من قبل قوة الليزر. في الوقت نفسه، فمن الممكن أن يكشف عن الخصائص المحتملة محاصرة وتحليل التفاعلات بين الجزيئات مع الجسيمات من خلال رصد حركة الجسيمات تعتمد على الوقت في الفخ. هذا النهج يجعل من الممكن لالتقاط تردد وشدة واتجاه الحركة فلويديك التي يتم إنشاؤها من قبل جسم متحرك في بيئتها السائل. علينا أن نظهر كيف يمكن تطبيق هذه الفكرة العامة للحصول على الطيف الترددي من الحركة من اليرقات الفردية دون اشتراطالتدخل مباشرة مع العينة. هذا النهج التجريبي يقدم المفهوم العام الجديد لمراقبة سلوك متحركة من العينات المائية بطريقة حساسة للغاية. للملاحظات على الأنواع bioindicator، وهذا يمكن توسيع المنهجية الحالية لتحليل المياه ويمكن تطبيقها للحصول على معلومات حول صحة وسلامة النظم الإيكولوجية المائية.

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analyzing the movement of the nauplius 'artemia salina' by optical tracking of plasmonic nanoparticles

ونحن لشرح كيفية تقديم ملاقط بصرية أداة حساسة لتحليل الاهتزازات فلويديك التي تولدها حركة الكائنات المائية الصغيرة. يتم استخدام جسيمات متناهية الصغر من الذهب واحد عقدت من قبل منتاش الضوئية وجهاز استشعار لقياس الحركة الإيقاعية لليرقة اليرقات (الأرتيميا سالينا) في عينة المياه. ويتحقق هذا من خلال رصد النزوح يعتمد وقت جسيمات متناهية الصغر المحاصرين نتيجة للنشاط اليرقات. تحليل فورييه لموقف جسيمات متناهية الصغر ثم تعطي الطيف الترددي الذي هو سمة لحركة الأنواع المرصودة. يوضح هذه التجربة قدرة هذه الطريقة لقياس وتوصيف نشاط اليرقات المائية الصغيرة دون الحاجة إلى مراقبة لهم مباشرة والحصول على معلومات حول موقف يرقات فيما يتعلق الجسيمات المحاصرين. عموما، يمكن لهذا النهج تعطي فكرة عن حيوية أنواع معينة وجدت في رسالة بالبريد المائيةcosystem ويمكن توسيع نطاق الأساليب التقليدية لتحليل عينات المياه.

ويرد توضيح تخطيطي من الإعداد التجريبية في الشكل 1A. A التكوين حقل مظلم هو ضروري للكشف عن بصريا تشريد 60 نانومتر الذهب الجسيمات في فخ البصرية 15. يتم اختيار الطول الموجي من 1،064 نانومتر ليزر محاصرة لضمان الحبس المستقرة للكشف عن الجسيمات الذهب 12،14. يتم ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius &#039;Artemia salina&#039; by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

نستخدم تتبع بصري من plasmonic النانوية للتحقيق وتوصيف الحركات تردد من الكائنات المائية.

تحليل حركة اليرقات &#39;<em&gt; الأرتيميا سالينا</em&gt; من خلال تتبع بصري من Plasmonic النانوية

We demonstrate how optical tweezers may provide a sensitive tool to analyze the fluidic vibrations generated by the movement of small aquatic organisms. A ...

analyzing-movement-nauplius-artemia-salina-optical-tracking-plasmonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

10.4K Views.  Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.  نستخدم تتبع بصري من plasmonic النانوية للتحقيق وتوصيف الحركات تردد من الكائنات المائية. 

Video: Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

افتعال يتعلق بما وارء باستخدام أسلوب الرسم الألياف

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

البصرية محاصرة من الجسيمات النانوية

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

تقييم النقل Plasmonic في سيلفر الحالية الحاملة الأسلاك المتناهية الصغر

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

الزخرفة عبر البصرية تشبع انتقالات - تصنيع وتوصيف

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

تجارب على الموجات فوق الصوتية التزييت باستخدام Tribometer Piezoelectrically بمساعدة وProfilometer البصرية

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

هجين متعدد الوظائف الحديد<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; -Au النانوية لالتدفئة Plasmonic كفاءة

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

خصائص Electroactive البوليمر النانوية نستعرض ضوئي؛ ضوحراري

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

Use of Sacrificial Nanoparticles to Remove the Effects of Shot-noise in Contact Holes Fabricated by E-beam Lithography

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has been attributed to statistical fluctuations in the number of photons/electrons arriving at a given nano-region arising from shot-noise (SN). The SN varies inversely to the square root of a number of photons/electrons. For a fixed dosage, the SN is larger in EUV and E-beam lithographies than for traditional (193 nm) optical lithography. Bottom-up and top-down patterning approaches are combined to minimize the effects of shot noise in nano-hole patterning. Specifically, an amino-silane surfactant self-assembles on a silicon wafer that is subsequently spin-coated with a 100 nm film of a PMMA-based E-beam photoresist. Exposure to the E-beam and the subsequent development uncover the underlying surfactant film at the bottoms of the holes. Dipping the wafer in a suspension of negatively charged, citrate-capped, 20 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP) deposits one particle per hole. The exposed positively charged surfactant film in the hole electrostatically funnels the negatively charged nanoparticle to the center of an exposed hole, which permanently fixes the positional registry. Next, by heating near the glass transition temperature of the photoresist polymer, the photoresist film reflows and engulfs the nanoparticles. This process erases the holes affected by SN but leaves the deposited GNPs locked in place by strong electrostatic binding. Treatment with oxygen plasma exposes the GNPs by etching a thin layer of the photoresist. Wet-etching the exposed GNPs with a solution of I2/KI yields uniform holes located at the center of indentations patterned by E-beam lithography. The experiments presented show that the approach reduces the variation in the size of the holes caused by SN from 35% to below 10%. The method extends the patterning limits of transistor contact holes to below 20 nm.

Uniformly sized nanoparticles can remove fluctuations in contact hole dimensions patterned in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photoresist films by electron beam (E-beam) lithography. The process involves electrostatic funneling to center and deposit nanoparticles in contact holes, followed by photoresist reflow and plasma- and wet-etching steps.

استخدام الهدى النانوية لإزالة آثار طلقة الضوضاء في ثقوب الاتصال اختلقتها E-شعاع الطباعة الحجرية

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

Plasmonic اصطياد والإفراج عن النانوية في بيئة المراقبة

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

ميكروفلويديك تدفق التدفق الخلوي بواسطة غير المتماثلة الكشف الوقت تمتد المجهر الضوئي (أتوم)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...