Finanzielle Unterstützung durch den ERC durch die Erweiterte Investigator Grant HYMEM, von der DFG in der Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) und durch den Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB1032) wird Projekt A8 dankbar anerkannt. Wir sind dankbar, dass Dr. Alexander Ohlinger, Dr. Sol Carretero-Palacios, Spa und Wellness Nedev für die Unterstützung und fruchtbare Diskussionen.

1. Versuchsaufbau <ol><li> Verwenden Sie einen aufrechten Mikroskop und eine Dunkelfeld-Ölkühler mit einer numerischen Apertur (NA) = 1.2 für Dunkelfeldbeleuchtung. Verwenden Sie ein Wasserimmersionsobjektiv mit 100-facher Vergrößerung und einem NA = 1.0 für Partikel Beobachtungen und Trapping. Verwenden Sie ein Luftziel mit 10-facher Vergrößerung und einem NA = 0,2, um die Bewegung des Nauplios folgen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie eine optische Pinzette Setup mit einem 1064 nm Dauerstrich-Laser in den oben rechts Mikroskop gekoppelt. Stellen Sie die Laserleistung des optischen Falle auf 100 mW (mit einem Leistungsmesser nach dem Objektiv gemessen). </li><li> Verwenden Sie einen High-Speed-CMOS-Kamera oder eine digitale Spiegelreflexkamera (DSLR)-Kamera in der optischen Falle und der Bewegung des Nauplios Bild erkennen und die Goldpartikelbewegung. </li><li> Verwenden Sie einen Notch-Filter, um den Laser in das Kamera verhindern. </li><li> Verwenden Sie einen Leistungsmesser, die Laserleistung nach dem Ziel zu messen. </li></ol> 2. Probenvorbereitung </p&gt; <ol><li> Pipette ein Wassertropfen (180 ul) auf einem Objektglasträger und die Position der Probe auf dem Dunkelfeldmikroskop. </li><li> Pipettieren Sie Nauplios von einem kleinen Wassertank in den Wassertropfen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie einen 10X Luft Ziel, die Bewegung des Nauplios in der Lösung zu beobachten und einen Videostream. </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein Gold-Nanopartikel mit einem Durchmesser von 60 nm als Detektor, um die Flüssigkeit durch die Bewegung erzeugt Nauplios beobachten. Daher werden 5 ul einer stark verdünnten Partikellösung in den Wassertröpfchen, so daß etwa eine Teilchen in dem Sichtfeld mit einem 100X Wasserimmersionsobjektiv betrachtet werden. </li></ol> 3. Particle Tracking Experiment <ol><li> Falle ein Gold-Nanopartikel mit der optischen Pinzette. Daher bringen die 1.064 nm Laser Einfangen der Nähe einer Gold-Nanopartikel, die treu in Lösung, indem Sie den Mikroskoptisch. Die attraktiven optischen Kräfte der Gold-Nanopartikel in Richtung Brennpunkt th ziehene Laserstrahls. Das eingefangene Teilchen nicht mehr diffundieren und eher seine Position hält. Werfen Sie einen Video-Stream der eingeschlossenen Nanopartikel mit der DSLR-Kamera mit einer Bildrate von 50 Hz für 30 Sekunden. </li><li> Ausschalten des Lasers des optischen Pinzette und lassen die Gold-Nanopartikel aus der Falle. </li><li> Verwenden einer Partikelverfolgungsprogramm, um die Position des optisch eingefangen Goldpartikel bei jedem Rahmen des Videostroms auszulesen. Eine schnelle Fourier-Transformation (FFT) des xy-Position des Partikels über die Zeit zeigt ein Frequenzspektrum. HINWEIS: Hier wurde eine selbstgeschriebene &quot;IGOR PRO&quot; Computerprogrammcode verwendet werden, um die Partikelmittelposition in der xy-Ebene über die Zeit und für die FFT-Analyse zu analysieren. </li><li> Als Alternative zu einem selbst geschriebenen IGOR-Code verwenden, die frei verfügbar &#39;Video-Spot Tracker &quot;-Programm für die Verfolgung der Partikel in dem Video. Verwenden der kommerziellen Software &quot;Origin&quot;, um die Fourier-Transformation der Tracking-Daten durch: <ol&gt; <li> Ziehen Sie die Video-Datei auf das geöffnete Programm &quot;Video-Spot Tracker&quot;. </li><li> Mausklick auf das Teilchen im ersten Bild der Video-Stream und einem kreisförmigen Bereich von Interesse erscheint gesehen. </li><li> Wählen Sie &quot;symmetrisch&quot; und &quot;optimieren&quot; in der oberen Fenster der Eingabeaufforderung, um die Verfolgung der Partikel zu optimieren. </li><li> Mausklick &quot;Protokollierung&quot; im oberen Fenster der Eingabeaufforderung und wählen Sie einen Ordner, um die Daten zu speichern. Die Tracking-Daten werden als Daten-Tabelle gespeichert werden. </li><li> Mausklick &quot;Play Video&quot; auf der linken Fenster der Eingabeaufforderung des Tracking-Programm und warten, bis alle Frames des Videos analysiert. </li><li> Schließen Sie das Programm und öffnen Sie die gespeicherte Daten-Tabelle mit &quot;Herkunft&quot;. Festlegen der Spaltenwerte als &quot;Y 1&quot; und &quot;y 2&quot;. </li><li> Legen Sie Zeit Schritte für jedes Videobild als &quot;x&quot; in der &quot;Origin&quot;-Daten-Tabelle. </li><li> Markieren Sie die x-Position-Spalte und führen eine FFT, indem Sie &quot;Datenanalyse&quot; und &quot;FFT&quot; in der oberen Fenster der Eingabeaufforderung. Wiederholen Sie die Schritte für die y-Positionsspalte. </li><li> Plotten der Amplituden der berechneten FFT-Signal in x-und y-Richtung als Funktion der Frequenz. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Numerische Simulation <ol><li> Berechnen Sie die Polarisierbarkeit α der 60-nm-Goldpartikel mit Hilfe des Computerprogramms &quot;Mathematica&quot;. <ol><li> Verwenden der Gleichung (1), um die Polarisierbarkeit nach Kuwata et al 16 zu berechnen.: <img alt="Gleichung 1" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq1.jpg" width="300" /> (1) </li><li> Definiert die folgenden drei Parameter in der Programmcode die wellenlängenabhängige komplexe dielektrische Funktion der Goldpartikel, die Nanopartikel Radius und der Brechungsindex des umgebenden Mediums. </li></ol></li><li> Verwenden Sie die Beschreibung der elektric Feldverteilung eines fokussierten Gaußschen Strahl nach Agayan et al 17, die auf einem 60-nm-Goldpartikel wirkenden optischen Kräfte zu berechnen.: <img alt="Gleichung 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq2.jpg" width="500" /> (2) <ol><li> . Verwendung der Gleichungen (3) - (6) von Agayan et al 17 sowohl zu berechnen, die Steigung und die Streuung an dem Teilchen wirkenden Kräfte: <img alt="Gleichung 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq3.jpg" width="350" /> (3) <img alt="Gleichung 4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq4.jpg" width="300" /> (4) <img alt="Gleichung 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq5.jpg" width="500" /> (5) <img alt="Gleichung 6" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq6.jpg" width="300" /> (6) </li><li> In dem Programmcode, definieren die Parameter für die Laserleistung, die numerische Apertur des oIEL und der Komplex Polarisierbarkeit des Nanopartikels. </li><li> Fassen Sie den Gradienten Kraft und die Streukraft, um die Gesamt auf der Goldpartikel in einer optischen Falle wirkenden optischen Kraft zu berechnen. </li></ol></li><li> Führen Sie die Simulation durch gleichzeitiges Drücken der &quot;Control&quot; und &quot;Enter&quot;. </li></ol>

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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen konkurrieren.

Dunkelfeldmikroskopie ist ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug für die Visualisierung Gold-Nanopartikel mit Abmessungen unterhalb der optischen Beugungsgrenze, da der Streuquerschnitt der Metallnanopartikel ihrer geometrischen Querschnitt (vgl. Fig. 2A) 18 überschreitet. In einer Pinzette Setup, ermöglicht dieser Ansatz auch zu unterscheiden, ob nur einzelne oder mehrere Gold-Nanopartikel werden durch den Laserstrahl eingefangen, weil Plasmonenkopplung zwischen den Teilchen verursacht eine Rotve...

Bewertung der Wasserqualität auf Basis der chemischen und biologischen Indikatoren ist von grundlegender Bedeutung, um einen Einblick auf den Zustand und Umgebungsbedingungen eines aquatischen Ökosystems 1-3 zu gewinnen. Klassische Methoden zur chemischen Wasseranalyse werden auf organoleptischen Eigenschaften oder die Bestimmung von physikalisch-chemischen Parametern. Biologische Indikatoren, auf der anderen Seite, sind Tierarten, deren Anwesenheit und Lebensfähigkeit bieten Einblick in die Umweltbedingungen und die Wirkung von Schadstoffen für ein Ökosystem, dass sie auftreten in. Typische Beispiele für Bioindikatoren sind Copepoden, eine Gruppe von kleinen Wasserkrebstiere, die können in fast jedem Lebensraum Wasser 4,5 gefunden werden. Die Beobachtung der Aktivität und Lebensfähigkeit dieser Arten aus einer Wasserprobe kann somit verwendet werden, um Informationen über die Rahmenbedingungen eines Ökosystems 5 zu erhalten. Die Larven der Copepoden, die Nauplien genannt werden, verwenden rhythmische Schläge von ihren Antennen (jede Larve hat drei Paare appendages an ihrem Kopfbereich) in Wasser 6 schwimmen. Die Häufigkeit und Intensität dieser Schlaganfälle ist dabei ein direkter Indikator für das Alter, Fitness und Umweltbedingungen der Tiere 10.07. Jegliche Untersuchungen an diesen Proben sind in der Regel mit einem Mikroskop beobachtet und die Antenne Striche der Nauplien direkt Zählen erfolgt. Aufgrund ihrer Größe (~ 100-500 um) 11, erfordert dies oft, um Messungen entweder einzeln oder um eine einzelne Nauplios auf ein Substrat zu beheben. Hier einen neuen Ansatz zeigen wir, um die Aktivität der Copepod Larven in Wasserproben mit Hilfe eines optisch gefangenen Gold-Nanopartikel als ultraempfindlichen Detektor zu beobachten. Optische Pinzetten werden in der Regel von vielen Gruppen als feiner experimentelles Werkzeug, um zwischen den Molekülen bis zum Pikonewtonbereich 12-14 an oder messen Kräfte eingesetzt. Vor kurzem, die Palette der Anwendungen für die optische Pinzette wurde erweitert, um akustische Schwingungen zu beobachten und zu lösennt Schwankungen in flüssigen Medien durch Überwachung der Bewegung der Nano-und Mikropartikel, die in einer optischen Falle 15 eingeschlossen werden. Teilchen, die in eine Flüssigkeit eingetaucht werden, werden die Brownsche Bewegung unterworfen. Innerhalb einer optischen Falle, aber diese Bewegung wird teilweise durch eine starke, Laser-induzierte Gradient Kraft gedämpft. Daher kann die Steifigkeit der optischen Falle und die Lokalisierung der Partikel innerhalb des Fokus des Laserstrahls von der Laserleistung eingestellt werden. Zugleich ist es möglich, Eigenschaften über die Fangpotential offenbaren und Wechselwirkungen von Molekülen mit dem Partikel durch Überwachen der zeitabhängigen Bewegung der Teilchen in der Falle zu analysieren. Dieser Ansatz macht es möglich, holen die Häufigkeit, Intensität und die Richtung der Bewegung der fluidischen, die von einem sich bewegenden Objekt in seiner flüssigen Umgebung erzeugt wird. Wir zeigen, wie diese allgemeine Idee angewendet werden, um ein Frequenzspektrum der Bewegung eines einzelnen Nauplios ohne die Notwendigkeit erhalten werdendirekt mit der Probe stören. Dieser experimentelle Ansatz stellt ein neues Gesamtkonzept für die Beobachtung der bewegliche Verhalten von Wasserproben in einem sehr sensiblen Art und Weise. Für Beobachtungen auf Bioindikator Arten, könnte dies die aktuelle Methodik für die Wasseranalyse zu erweitern und konnte angewendet, um Informationen über die Gesundheit und die Unversehrtheit der aquatischen Ökosysteme zu gewinnen.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Microscope Zeiss Axio Scope.A1</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">490035-0012-000</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">dark field illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Water objective Achroplan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">440087</td>
			<td>100x magnification, NA=1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Air objective Epiplan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">442934</td>
			<td>10x magnification, NA=0.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Dark field oil condenser</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">445323</td>
			<td>NA=1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Cobolt Rumba CW 1064 nm DPSSL</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Cobolt&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">1064-05-01-2000-500</td>
			<td>1064nm, CW, &#955;=1064nm, 2 Watt, TEM00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:244px;">Beam expander</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td>Part no. 1064 2-8X 64414</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">High Speed Camera Dimax HD</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">PCO. Germany</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Color Camera Canon EOS 500 D&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FAQ-ID: 8201395700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Notch filter StopLine 532/1064</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">A11149-711265</td>
			<td>Part no. NF01-532U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Nauplius Artemia Salina</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Gold colloid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BBInternational</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Batch 13741&#160;</td>
			<td>Diameter 60nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MQMie Version 3.2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">r. Michael Quinten</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mathematica 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Wolfram</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Comsol Multiphysics 4.0&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">COMSOL, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing the movement of the nauplius 'artemia salina' by optical tracking of plasmonic nanoparticles

Wir zeigen, wie eine optische Pinzette empfindliches Werkzeug, um die Fluid Vibrationen durch die Bewegung von kleinen Wasserorganismen erzeugt analysiert werden können. Ein einzelner Gold-Nanopartikel mit einem optischen Pinzette gehalten wird als Sensor, um die rhythmische Bewegung eines Nauplios Larve (Artemia salina) in einer Wasserprobe zu quantifizieren. Dies wird durch Überwachen der zeitabhängigen Verschiebung des eingeschlossenen Nanopartikel als Folge der Nauplios Aktivität erreicht. Eine Fourier-Analyse der Lage der die Nanopartikel ergibt dann ein Frequenzspektrum, das charakteristisch für die Bewegung der betrachteten Art ist. Dieses Experiment demonstriert die Fähigkeit dieses Verfahrens, ohne die Anforderung zu messen und zu charakterisieren, die die Aktivität von kleinen Wasser Larven, sie direkt zu beobachten und Informationen über die Position der Larven in Bezug auf die eingeschlossenen Partikel zu gewinnen. Insgesamt ist dieser Ansatz einen Einblick auf die Vitalität der bestimmte Arten in einem Wasser e gefunden geben könntecosystem und konnte den Bereich der herkömmlichen Methoden zur Analyse von Wasserproben zu erweitern.

Eine schematische Darstellung des experimentellen Aufbaus ist in Fig. 1A gezeigt. Ein Dunkelfeldkonfiguration ist notwendig, um die Verschiebung eines 60 nm Goldpartikel in einer optischen Falle 15 optisch zu erfassen. Die Wellenlänge von 1064 nm für die Fanglaser wird so gewählt, um eine stabile Begrenzung der Detektor Goldteilchen 12,14 zu gewährleisten. Ein Strahlteiler, der in dem Mikroskop verwendet wird, um das Einfangen Strahl durch das Objektiv zu fokussieren und ein Ke...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius &#039;Artemia salina&#039; by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Wir verwenden optische Tracking plasmonischer Nanopartikel zu untersuchen und zu charakterisieren, die Frequenz Bewegungen von Wasserorganismen.

Die Analyse der Bewegung des Nauplios &#39;<em&gt; Artemia salina</em&gt; &#39;Von Optical-Tracking von Plasmonische Nanopartikel

We demonstrate how optical tweezers may provide a sensitive tool to analyze the fluidic vibrations generated by the movement of small aquatic organisms. A ...

analyzing-movement-nauplius-artemia-salina-optical-tracking-plasmonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

10.4K Aufrufe.  Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.  Wir verwenden optische Tracking plasmonischer Nanopartikel zu untersuchen und zu charakterisieren, die Frequenz Bewegungen von Wasserorganismen. 

Serie: Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Herstellung Metamaterialien Mit dem Fiber Drawing Methode

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Optical Trapping von Nanopartikeln

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

Strukturierung via Optical Saturable Transitions - Herstellung und Charakterisierung

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

Experimente an Ultraschall-Schmierung Verwenden eines piezoelektrisch unterstützten Tribometer und optische Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

Multifunktions-Hybrid Fe<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; -Au Nanopartikel für effiziente Plasmonische Heizung

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

Elektroaktiven Polymer-Nanopartikel Teilnahmephotothermische Eigenschaften

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

Use of Sacrificial Nanoparticles to Remove the Effects of Shot-noise in Contact Holes Fabricated by E-beam Lithography

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has been attributed to statistical fluctuations in the number of photons/electrons arriving at a given nano-region arising from shot-noise (SN). The SN varies inversely to the square root of a number of photons/electrons. For a fixed dosage, the SN is larger in EUV and E-beam lithographies than for traditional (193 nm) optical lithography. Bottom-up and top-down patterning approaches are combined to minimize the effects of shot noise in nano-hole patterning. Specifically, an amino-silane surfactant self-assembles on a silicon wafer that is subsequently spin-coated with a 100 nm film of a PMMA-based E-beam photoresist. Exposure to the E-beam and the subsequent development uncover the underlying surfactant film at the bottoms of the holes. Dipping the wafer in a suspension of negatively charged, citrate-capped, 20 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP) deposits one particle per hole. The exposed positively charged surfactant film in the hole electrostatically funnels the negatively charged nanoparticle to the center of an exposed hole, which permanently fixes the positional registry. Next, by heating near the glass transition temperature of the photoresist polymer, the photoresist film reflows and engulfs the nanoparticles. This process erases the holes affected by SN but leaves the deposited GNPs locked in place by strong electrostatic binding. Treatment with oxygen plasma exposes the GNPs by etching a thin layer of the photoresist. Wet-etching the exposed GNPs with a solution of I2/KI yields uniform holes located at the center of indentations patterned by E-beam lithography. The experiments presented show that the approach reduces the variation in the size of the holes caused by SN from 35% to below 10%. The method extends the patterning limits of transistor contact holes to below 20 nm.

Uniformly sized nanoparticles can remove fluctuations in contact hole dimensions patterned in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photoresist films by electron beam (E-beam) lithography. The process involves electrostatic funneling to center and deposit nanoparticles in contact holes, followed by photoresist reflow and plasma- and wet-etching steps.

Die Verwendung von Aufopferungs Nanopartikel zu entfernen, die Auswirkungen von Shot-Rauschen in Kontaktlöchern Vorgefertigte durch Elektronenstrahl-Lithografie

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

Plasmonische Trapping und Freisetzung von Nanopartikeln in einer Monitoring-Umgebung

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

Mikrofluidische Imaging-Durchflusszytometrie durch asymmetrische Detektion Zeitstreck-Optische Mikroskopie (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...