나노 시스템 이니셔티브 뮌헨 (NIM)를 통해 DFG에 의해 고급 탐정 그랜트 HYMEM 통해하고 Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB1032)를 통해 ERC에 의해 재정 지원, 프로젝트 A8은 기꺼이 인정 받고 있습니다. 우리는 알렉산더 박사 Ohlinger 박사 솔 Carretero - 팔라시오 스 및 지원 유익한 토론 스파 Nedev에 감사드립니다.

1. 실험 설정 <ol><li> 암시 야 조명을위한 개구 수 (NA) = 1.2로 업 오른쪽 현미경 및 암 필드 오일 콘덴서를 사용한다. 입자의 관찰과 트래핑 100X 배율 및 NA = 1.0 침수 목표를 사용합니다. Nauplius의 움직임을 따라 10 배 배율 NA = 0.2으로 공기 목적을 사용합니다. </li><li> 위쪽 오른쪽 현미경으로 결합 된 1,064 nm의 연속파 레이저 광 핀셋 설정을 사용하십시오. (대물 후 파워 미터로 측정) 100 mW의 광을 트랩의 레이저 파워를 설정한다. </li><li> 광학 트랩 Nauplius의 움직임에 금 입자의 움직임을 감지하고 이미지에 CMOS 고속 카메라 또는 디지털 싱글 렌즈 반사 (DSLR) 카메라를 사용합니다. </li><li> 카메라 들어가는 레이저를 방지하는 노치 필터를 사용한다. </li><li> 대물 후에 레이저 파워를 측정하는 파워 미터를 사용한다. </li></ol> 2. 샘플 준비 </p&gt; <ol><li> 현미경 유리 슬라이드에 물 방울 (180 μL)를 피펫 및 암시 야 현미경에서 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 물 방울에 작은 물 탱크로부터 Nauplius 피펫. </li><li> 용액 Nauplius의 움직임을 관찰하고 비디오 스트림을 기록 10X 대물 공기를 사용한다. </li><li> Nauplius 의해 생성 된 유체 운동을 관찰하는 검출기로서 60 ㎚의 직경을 갖는 금 나노 입자를 사용한다. 따라서, 그래서 약 입자가 100X 침수 목적으로 시야에서 볼 수있는, 물방울에 매우 희석 입자 용액의 5 μl를 추가합니다. </li></ol> 3. 입자 추적 실험 <ol><li> 광학 트위터와 트랩 한 금 나노 입자. 따라서, 현미경 스테이지를 이동하여 솔루션에 확산 된 금 나노 입자에 가까운 1,064 nm의 트래핑 레이저를 가져옵니다. 매력적인 광학 힘은 일의 초점을 향해 금 나노 입자를 끌어E 레이져. 갇혀 입자가 더 이상 확산 오히려 그 위치를 유지하지 않습니다. 30 초 동안 50 Hz의 프레임 레이트로 DSLR 카메라와 함께 포집 나노 입자의 비디오 스트림을 가라. </li><li> 광학 족집게의 레이저를 끄고 트랩에서 금 나노 입자를 놓습니다. </li><li> 비디오 스트림의 각 프레임에서 광학적으로 갇혀 금 입자의 위치를​​ 판독하는 입자 추적 프로그램을 사용한다. 시간이 지남에 따라 입자의 XY 위치의 고속 푸리에 변환 (FFT)의 주파수 스펙트럼을 보여준다. NOTE : 여기서, 자기 기록 &#39;IGOR의 PRO&#39;컴퓨터 프로그램 코드는 시간의 경과와 FFT 분석 XY-평면에서의 입자의 중심 위치를 분석하기 위해 사용되었다. </li><li> 자기 기록 IGOR 코드에 대한 대안으로 비디오에서 입자를 추적 무료로 사용할 수있는 &#39;비디오 스팟 트래커&#39;프로그램을 사용합니다. 추적 데이터의 푸리에 변환을 수행하기 위해 상용 소프트웨어 &#39;원본&#39;을 사용 <oL&gt; <li> 열려있는 프로그램 &#39;비디오 스팟 트래커&#39;에 비디오 파일을 드래그합니다. </li><li> 마우스는 비디오 스트림과이자가 나타납니다의 원형 영역의 첫 번째 사진에서 볼 수있는 입자를 클릭합니다. </li><li> 입자의 추적을 최적화하기 위해 상단 명령 프롬프트 창에 &quot;대칭&quot;와 &quot;최적화&quot;를 선택합니다. </li><li> 마우스 상단 명령 프롬프트 창에서 &quot;로깅&quot;을 클릭하고 데이터를 저장할 폴더를 선택합니다. 추적 데이터는 데이터를 스프레드 시트로 저장됩니다. </li><li> 마우스 추적 프로그램의 왼쪽 명령 프롬프트 창에 &quot;플레이 동영상&quot;을 클릭하고 비디오의 모든 프레임이 분석 될 때까지 기다립니다. </li><li> 프로그램을 종료하고 &#39;원산지&#39;로 저장된 데이터를 스프레드 시트를 엽니 다. &quot;Y 1&quot;과 &quot;Y 2&quot;로 열 값을 설정합니다. </li><li> &#39;원래의 데이터 스프레드 시트의 &quot;X&quot;각 비디오 프레임에 대한 시간 간격을 설정합니다. </li><li> 마크 X위치 컬럼 상부 명령 프롬프트 창에서 &quot;데이터 분석&quot;과 &quot;FFT&quot;를 선택하여 FFT를 수행합니다. Y-위치 컬럼에 대한 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 주파수에 대한 x-및 y-방향으로 계산 된 FFT 신호의 진폭을 그린다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 수치 시뮬레이션 <ol><li> 컴퓨터 프로그램 &#39;매쓰&#39;를 사용하여 60 nm의 금 입자의 분극 α를 계산한다. <ol><li> . (1) 쿠와타 등 16에 따라 분극을 계산하는 방정식을 사용하여 <img alt="식 (1)" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq1.jpg" width="300" /> (1) </li><li> 금 입자, 나노 입자 반경 및 주변 매질의 굴절률의 파장 의존성 복합 유전체 기능 : 프로그램 코드의 다음 세 개의 매개 변수를 정의한다. </li></ol></li><li> ELEC의 설명을 사용하여. 60 나노 금 입자에 작용하는 광학 힘을 계산하는 Agayan 등 17에 따라 초점을 맞춘 가우시안 빔의 TRIC 필드 분포 : <img alt="식 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq2.jpg" width="500" /> (2) <ol><li> . 사용 방정식 (3) - (6) Agayan 등 17 두를 계산하려면, 그라데이션 및 입자에 작용하는 힘을 산란 : <img alt="식 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq3.jpg" width="350" /> (3) <img alt="식 4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq4.jpg" width="300" /> (4) <img alt="식 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq5.jpg" width="500" /> (5) <img alt="식 (6)" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51502/51502eq6.jpg" width="300" /> (6) </li><li> 프로그램 코드에서는, O의 개구를 레이저 파워에 대한 매개 변수를 정의bjective 및 나노 입자의 복합체 분극. </li><li> 광 트랩의 금 입자에 작용하는 전체 광학 힘을 계산하는 그라디언트 력 및 산란 력을 요약. </li></ol></li><li> 동시에 &quot;컨트롤&quot;을 눌러 &quot;입력&quot;으로 시뮬레이션을 실행합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hellawell, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. , (1986).</li><li>Diamond, J. M., Barbour, M. T., Stribling, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+and+comparing+bioassessment+approaches+and+their+results:+A+perspective.">Characterizing and comparing bioassessment approaches and their results: A perspective.</a> Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 15, 713-727 (1996).</li><li>Carlisle, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+quality+of+our+Nation&#8217;s+waters&#8212;Ecological+health+in+the+Nation&#8217;s+streams,+1993&#8211;2005.">The quality of our Nation&#8217;s waters&#8212;Ecological health in the Nation&#8217;s streams, 1993&#8211;2005.</a> U.S. Geological Survey Circular. 1391, (2013).</li><li>Boxhall, G. A., Defaye, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+diversity+of+copepods+(Crustacea+Copepoda)+in+freshwater.">Global diversity of copepods (Crustacea Copepoda) in freshwater.</a> Hydrobiologia. 595 (1), 195-207 (2008).</li><li>Ferdous, Z., Muktadir, A. K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review:+Potentiality+of+Zooplankton+as+Bioindicator.">A Review: Potentiality of Zooplankton as Bioindicator.</a> American Journal of Applied Sciences. 6 (10), 1815-1819 (2009).</li><li>Andersen Borg, C. M., Bruno, E., Ki&#248;rboe, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Kinematics+of+Swimming+and+Relocation+Jumps+in+Copepod+Nauplii.">The Kinematics of Swimming and Relocation Jumps in Copepod Nauplii.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (10), (2012).</li><li>Gilchrist, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+Form+of+the+Brine+Shrimp+Artemia+Salina.">Growth and Form of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Salina.</a> Journal of Zoology. 134 (2), 221-235 (1960).</li><li>Boone, E., Baas-Becking, L. G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salt+Effects+on+Egga+and+Nauplii+of+Artemia+Salina+L.">Salt Effects on Egga and Nauplii of Artemia Salina L.</a> Journal of General Physiology. 14 (6), 453-763 (1931).</li><li>Drewes, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+investigations+of+hatching+in+brine+shrimp+cysts.">Quantitative investigations of hatching in brine shrimp cysts.</a> Association for Biology Laboratory Education. 27, 299-312 (2006).</li><li>Williams, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+rowing+propulsion+and+the+ontogeny+of+locomotion+in+Artemia+larvae.">A model of rowing propulsion and the ontogeny of locomotion in Artemia larvae.</a> Biological Bulletin. 187, 164-173 (1994).</li><li>Croghan, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Mechanism+of+Osmotic+Regulation+in+the+Artemia+Salina+(L.):+The+Physiology+of+the+Branchiae.">The Mechanism of Osmotic Regulation in the Artemia Salina (L.): The Physiology of the Branchiae.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 35, 234-242 (1958).</li><li>Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J. M., Bjorkholm, J. E., Chu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+a+single-beam+gradient+force+optical+trap+for+dielectric+particles.">Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles.</a> Optics Letters. 11 (5), 288-290 (1986).</li><li>Svoboda, K., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+trapping+of+metallic+Rayleigh+particles.">Optical trapping of metallic Rayleigh particles.</a> Optics Letters. 19 (13), 930-932 (1994).</li><li>Hansen, P. M., Bhatia, V. K., Harrit, N., Oddershede, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expanding+the+Optical+Trapping+Range+of+Gold+Nanoparticles.">Expanding the Optical Trapping Range of Gold Nanoparticles.</a> Nano Letters. 5 (10), 1937-1942 (2005).</li><li>Ohlinger, A., Deak, A., Lutich, A. A., Feldmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optically+Trapped+Gold+Nanoparticle+Enables+Listening+at+the+Microscale.">Optically Trapped Gold Nanoparticle Enables Listening at the Microscale.</a> Physical Review Letters. 108 (1), (2012).</li><li>Kuwata, H., Tamaru, H., Esumi, K., Miyano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resonant+light+scattering+particles:+Practical+analysis+beyond+Rayleigh+approximation.">Resonant light scattering particles: Practical analysis beyond Rayleigh approximation.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 83 (22), 4625-4628 (2003).</li><li>Agayan, R. R., Gittes, F., Kopelman, R., Schmidt, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+trapping+near+resonance+absorption.">Optical trapping near resonance absorption.</a> Applied Optics. 41 (12), 2318-2327 (2002).</li><li>Klar, T., Perner, M., Grosse, S., von Plessen, G., Spirkl, W., Feldmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface-Plasmon+Resonances+in+Single+Metallic+Nanoparticles.">Surface-Plasmon Resonances in Single Metallic Nanoparticles.</a> Physical Review Letters. 80, 4249-4252 (1998).</li><li>Ohlinger, A., Nedev, S., Lutich, A. A., Feldmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optothermal+Escape+of+Plasmonically+Coupled+Silver+Nanoparticles+from+a+Three-Dimensional+Optical+Trap.">Optothermal Escape of Plasmonically Coupled Silver Nanoparticles from a Three-Dimensional Optical Trap.</a> Nano Letters. 11 (4), 1770-1774 (2011).</li><li>Urban, A. S., Lutich, A. A., Stefani, F. D., Feldmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+Printing+Single+Gold+Nanoparticles.+Nano+Letters.">Laser Printing Single Gold Nanoparticles. Nano Letters.</a> Nano Letters. 10 (12), 4794-4798 (2010).</li><li>Urban, A. S., Fedoru, K. M., Nedev, S., Lutich, A., Lohmueller, T., Feldmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shrink-to-fit+Plasmonic+Nanostructures.">Shrink-to-fit Plasmonic Nanostructures.</a> Advanced Optical Materials. 1 (2), 123-127 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

암시 야 현미경은 금속 나노 입자의 산란 단면적이 그들의 형상 단면 (info 참조도 2A) (18)을 초과하기 때문에, 광 회절 한계 이하 치수의 금 나노 입자를 시각화하기위한 강력한 도구이다. 족집게 설정에서,이 접근 방법도 입자 사이 플라즈몬 커플 링 플라즈몬 공진 주파수 (15)의 적색 - 시프트의 원인이되기 때문에 단지 하나 또는 여러 개의 금 나노 입자가 레이저 광에...

화학 및 생물 학적 지표에 따라 수질 평가는 수생 생태계 1-3의 상태 및 환경 조건에 대한 통찰력을 얻기 위해 근본적인 중요하다. 화학 물 분석 용 고전 방법은 관능 특성이나 물리 화학적 파라미터의 결정에 기초한다. 생물 지표는, 다른 한편으로는, 그 존재 및 생존 환경 조건들이 bioindicators 대한 전형적인 예 인치 발생할 생태계에 대한 오염 물질의 효과에 대한 통찰력을 제공 동물 종은 요각류, 작은 물 갑각류 기, 수있다 아르 거의 모든 물 서식지 4,5에서 발견 될 수있다. 물 샘플에서 이러한 종의 활성 및 생존을 관찰하는 것은, 따라서 생태계 5 전체적인 조건에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 사용될 수있다. 노 플리 우스라고 요각류의 유충,, (각 유충은 appenda 세 켤레가 자신의 안테나의 리듬 스트로크를 사용하여그들의 머리 지역에서 GES)는 물 6에서 수영. 이러한 스트로크의 빈도와 강도함으로써 연령, 적합하고, 동물 7-10의 환경 조건의 직접적인 지표이다. 이 표본에 대한 조사는 일반적으로 관찰하고 직접 노 플리 우스의 안테나 선을 계산하여 현미경으로 수행됩니다. 크기 때문에 (~ 100 ~ 500 μm의) 11, 이것은 종종 하나 하나 또는 기판에 단일 Nauplius를 해결하는 하나의 측정을 수행해야합니다. 여기, 우리는 초 고감도 탐지기로 광학 포획 금 나노 입자를 사용하여 물 샘플에서 요각류 유생의 활동을 관찰하기 위해 새로운 접근 방식을 보여줍니다. 광 핀셋은 일반적으로 piconewton 범위 12 ~ 14까지 분자 사이의 힘을 적용하거나 측정 할 수있는 정밀한 실험 도구로 여러 그룹에 의해 사용됩니다. 최근 광 핀셋에 대한 응용 프로그램의 범위는 음향 진동을 관찰하고 해결하기 위해 확장되었습니다광학 트랩 (15)에 국한되어 나노 및 마이크로 입자의 움직임을 모니터링하여 액체 미디어에 NT 변동. 액체에 몰입 입자는 브라운 운동을 실시한다. 광학 트랩 내부, 그러나,이 운동은 부분적으로 강한 레이저 유도, 그라데이션 힘에 의해 감쇠된다. 따라서, 광 트랩의 강성과 레이저 빔의 초점 내의 입자의 지역화는 레이저 파워에 의해 조정될 수있다. 동시에, 그것은 트래핑 대한 잠재적 특성을 공개하고 트랩에서 시간 의존적 입자 운동을 모니터링하여 입자와 분자의 상호 작용을 분석하는 것이 가능하다. 이 접근법은 가능한 주파수, 강도, 그 액체 환경에서 움직이는 물체에 의해 생성되는 유체의 운동 방향을 태우기 위해 렌더링한다. 우리는이 일반적인 아이디어가 필요없이 개별 Nauplius의 움직임의 주파수 스펙트럼을 얻기 위해 적용될 수 있는지 보여직접 표본을 방해합니다. 이 실험 방법은 매우 민감한 방법으로 수생 표본의 운동성 행동의 관찰을위한 새로운 일반적인 개념을 소개합니다. 생물 지표 종에 대한 관측의 경우, 이것은 물 분석을위한 현재의 방법론을 확장 할 수 있고, 건강과 생태계의 완전성에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 적용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="874">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Microscope Zeiss Axio Scope.A1</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">490035-0012-000</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">dark field illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Water objective Achroplan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">440087</td>
			<td>100x magnification, NA=1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Air objective Epiplan</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">442934</td>
			<td>10x magnification, NA=0.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Dark field oil condenser</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">445323</td>
			<td>NA=1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Cobolt Rumba CW 1064 nm DPSSL</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Cobolt&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">1064-05-01-2000-500</td>
			<td>1064nm, CW, &#955;=1064nm, 2 Watt, TEM00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:244px;">Beam expander</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td>Part no. 1064 2-8X 64414</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">High Speed Camera Dimax HD</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">PCO. Germany</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Color Camera Canon EOS 500 D&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FAQ-ID: 8201395700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Notch filter StopLine 532/1064</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">A11149-711265</td>
			<td>Part no. NF01-532U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Nauplius Artemia Salina</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Gold colloid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BBInternational</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Batch 13741&#160;</td>
			<td>Diameter 60nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MQMie Version 3.2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">r. Michael Quinten</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mathematica 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Wolfram</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Comsol Multiphysics 4.0&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">COMSOL, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing the movement of the nauplius 'artemia salina' by optical tracking of plasmonic nanoparticles

우리는 광 핀셋 작은 수생 생물의 이동에 의해 생성 된 유체 진동을 분석하는 중요한 도구를 제공 할 수있는 방법을 보여준다. 광학 트위터로 개최 한 금 나노 입자는 물 샘플에서 Nauplius 유충 (아테 살리나)의 리드미컬 한 움직임을 정량화 할 수있는 센서로 사용된다. 이것은 Nauplius 활동의 결과로 나노 입자의 포획 시간 종속 변위를 모니터링함으로써 이루어진다. 나노 입자의 위치의 푸리에 분석 후 관찰 된 종의 움직임에 대한 특징적인 주파수 스펙트럼을 산출한다. 이 실험은 직접 관찰하고 포획 된 입자에 대한 유충의 위치에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 필요없이 작은 수생 유충의 활동을 측정하고 특징이 방법의 능력을 보여줍니다. 전반적으로,이 방법은 수중 전자에서 발견 된 특정 종의 생명력에 대한 통찰력을 줄 수cosystem 물 샘플을 분석하는 기존의 방법의 범위를 확장 할 수 있습니다.

실험 장치의 개략도는 그림 1A에 표시됩니다. 암 필드 구성은 광학적으로 광 트랩 (15)에 60 nm의 금 입자의 변위를 검출 할 필요가있다. 트래핑 레이저 1064 ㎚의 파장은 검출기 금 입자 (12, 14)의 안정적인 협착을 보장하도록 선택된다. 현미경에서 빔 스플리터는 대물 통해 포착 된 빔을 집중하는 데 및 노치 필터는 실험의 검출 장치에 유입 트래핑 레이저를 방지한다. Naup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius &#039;Artemia salina&#039; by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

우리는 수생 생물의 주파수의 움직임을 조사하고 특성을 플라즈몬 나노 입자의 광학 추적을 사용합니다.

&#39;Nauplius의 움직임을 분석<em&gt; 아테 살리나</em&gt; &#39;플라즈몬 나노 입자의 광학 추적하여

We demonstrate how optical tweezers may provide a sensitive tool to analyze the fluidic vibrations generated by the movement of small aquatic organisms. A ...

analyzing-movement-nauplius-artemia-salina-optical-tracking-plasmonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

10.4K 조회수.  Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.  우리는 수생 생물의 주파수의 움직임을 조사하고 특성을 플라즈몬 나노 입자의 광학 추적을 사용합니다. 

비디오: Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

섬유 그리기 방법을 사용하여 제조 Metamaterials

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

연구

공학

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

나노 입자의 광학 트래핑

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

광학 가포 전환을 통해 패터닝 - 제조 및 특성

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

초음파 윤활에 대한 실험은 압전 이용한 마찰 계 및 광학 프로파일로 사용

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

다기능 하이브리드 철<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; 효율적인 플라즈몬 난방을위한 -Au 나노 입자

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

전기 활성 고분자 나노 입자 출전 광열 등록

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

Use of Sacrificial Nanoparticles to Remove the Effects of Shot-noise in Contact Holes Fabricated by E-beam Lithography

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has been attributed to statistical fluctuations in the number of photons/electrons arriving at a given nano-region arising from shot-noise (SN). The SN varies inversely to the square root of a number of photons/electrons. For a fixed dosage, the SN is larger in EUV and E-beam lithographies than for traditional (193 nm) optical lithography. Bottom-up and top-down patterning approaches are combined to minimize the effects of shot noise in nano-hole patterning. Specifically, an amino-silane surfactant self-assembles on a silicon wafer that is subsequently spin-coated with a 100 nm film of a PMMA-based E-beam photoresist. Exposure to the E-beam and the subsequent development uncover the underlying surfactant film at the bottoms of the holes. Dipping the wafer in a suspension of negatively charged, citrate-capped, 20 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP) deposits one particle per hole. The exposed positively charged surfactant film in the hole electrostatically funnels the negatively charged nanoparticle to the center of an exposed hole, which permanently fixes the positional registry. Next, by heating near the glass transition temperature of the photoresist polymer, the photoresist film reflows and engulfs the nanoparticles. This process erases the holes affected by SN but leaves the deposited GNPs locked in place by strong electrostatic binding. Treatment with oxygen plasma exposes the GNPs by etching a thin layer of the photoresist. Wet-etching the exposed GNPs with a solution of I2/KI yields uniform holes located at the center of indentations patterned by E-beam lithography. The experiments presented show that the approach reduces the variation in the size of the holes caused by SN from 35% to below 10%. The method extends the patterning limits of transistor contact holes to below 20 nm.

Uniformly sized nanoparticles can remove fluctuations in contact hole dimensions patterned in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photoresist films by electron beam (E-beam) lithography. The process involves electrostatic funneling to center and deposit nanoparticles in contact holes, followed by photoresist reflow and plasma- and wet-etching steps.

희생 나노 입자의 사용은 E-빔 리소그래피에 의해 제조 연락 홀에서 샷 노이즈의 영향을 제거하는 방법

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

모니터링 환경에서 플라즈몬 트랩 및 나노 입자의 릴리스

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture &#8211; information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

This protocol describes the implementation of an asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy system for single-cell imaging in ultrafast microfluidic flow and its applications in imaging flow cytometry.

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...