نود أن نشكر يو لينغ مين APC / + الفئران التنميط الجيني. وأيد هذه الدراسة من قبل أموال من INSERM والمنح (CA057621 و AI053194) من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

في هذه الورقة، يتم وصف بروتوكول مفصل عن الغزل القرص التصوير متحد البؤر ديناميات خلية الدم النخاعي في الأورام المعوية لعدة ساعات في الحيوانات الحية، التقط من الجانب المصلي للأمعاء. لتجنب الالتهاب وأن الظروف الفسيولوجية الأمثل، ?...

أدلة دامغة يوضح الآن أن المكروية الورم، وتتألف من السكان الخلية غير متجانسة، بما في ذلك الخلايا الليفية، الخلايا البطانية، الخلايا المناعية والتهابات، ومصفوفة خارج الخلية، والعوامل القابلة للذوبان، يلعب دورا حاسما في بدء وتطور الأورام الصلبة من خلال المساهمة في تقريبا جميع بصمات السرطان 1. في الواقع، خلال تطور الورم، وهناك تفاعلات ديناميكية مستمرة بين الخلايا السرطانية والخلايا تتحول انسجة أن تتطور لتوليد المكروية مواتية لخباثة 2. بين الخلايا المناعية التي تتسلل المكروية الورم، وخلايا الدم النخاعي هي الأكثر وفرة 3. تتألف من الضامة المرتبطة الورم (TAM)، المشتقة من خلايا النخاعي القامع (MDSCs)، والخلايا الجذعية (DC) والعدلات (PMNs)، يتم تجنيد خلايا الدم النخاعي من نخاع العظام والأورام التسلل تدريجيا، والإفراج عن السيتوكينات وعوامل النمو والبروتياز التي يمكن أن تعززتنتشر نمو الورم و4. الحديث المتبادل بين الخلايا السرطانية وخلايا الدم النخاعي معقد ولكن الديناميكي. وبالتالي فهم طبيعة تفاعلاتها هو أمر حاسم لتحديد سبب هذه الخلايا تعزيز تطور السرطان بدلا من المشاركة في الاستجابة المناعية المضادة للورم، ويمكن أن تساعد على إيجاد أهداف جديدة للسيطرة عليها. الملاحظة المباشرة من قبل intravital المجهري توفر معلومات عن ديناميات الخلايا داخل أنسجة الفئران الحية 5. وهناك أربعة ألوان، متعددة المنطقة، وقد صمم القرص الغزل بعدسات نظام متحد البؤر الصغيرة لدراسة خلايا انسجة داخل الأورام الثديية 6. هذا النهج يتيح التصوير المستمر على المدى الطويل، ويشمل العديد من المزايا مثل (أ) اقتناء الصور السريعة لتقليل الحركة الفنية، (ب) التخدير على المدى الطويل، (ج) أربعة اكتساب اللون لمتابعة أنواع مختلفة من الخلايا، (د) وضع العلامات الفلورية مكونات ورمي مختلفة، و (ه) مراقبة مختلف microenvironments الورم الطرافةهين نفس الماوس لتجنب الماوس لتقلب الماوس 7-9. مع هذه التكنولوجيا، وقد تم الإبلاغ عن السلوكيات مختلفة من الخلايا في فيروس الورم الثديية (MMTV) يحركها المروج التورام منتصف T الجين الورمي (PyMT) النموذج الذي يعرض مراحل متقدمة من تكون الأورام. الخلايا اللمفاوية التائية التنظيمية (Tregs، تصور من قبل التحوير Foxp3 EGFP) الهجرة تفضيلي في قربها من الأوعية الدموية في حين أن البلدان النامية (CD11c و-DTR-EGFP)، الخلايا الليفية المرتبطة سرطان (Fsp1 + / + -EGFP) وخلايا الدم النخاعي (ج-FMS -EGFP) تظهر ارتفاع الحركة في محيط الورم من داخل كتلة الورم. في حالة نقص الأكسجين الحاد النظامية، هاجرت خلايا مختلفة: Tregs وقف الهجرة على النقيض من خلايا الدم النخاعي أن مواصلة التحرك 6. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، في نموذج الفأر نفسه، وقد تبين أن التغييرات حساسية دوكسوروبيسين مع مرحلة الورم، ويرتبط توزيع المخدرات إلى الاستجابة للدواء، ودوكسوروبيسينالعلاج يؤدي إلى تجنيد تعتمد على CCR2 من خلايا الدم النخاعي للأورام. وهكذا، ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم التصوير الحي للحصول على نظرة ثاقبة الردود المخدرات في الموقع وبيولوجيا مقاومة كيميائية 10،11. رميغدي البوليبات القولونية (APC) الطفرات الجينية تحدث عادة في أورام القولون والمستقيم وسرطان الإنسان 12 وتحور نسخة واحدة من الجين APC نتائج في المرجلات غدومي العائلية (FAP)، الذي يضفي على مخاطر عالية جدا لسرطان القولون 13. سلالة الماوس APC مين / + يحمل طفرة اقتطاع في كودون 850 من الجين APC ويتطور بشكل عفوي أورام الأمعاء متعددة في جميع أنحاء الأمعاء الدقيقة 14- 16. على المدى الطويل التصوير حيوي داخلي من الأمعاء يمثل تحديا بسبب الغزو من الإجراء، منذ فتح التجويف البريتوني من الضروري للوصول إلى الأمعاء. على المدى القصير التصوير الحي الحادي وتم udies المنشورة سابقا على الأمعاء صحي 17،18، ولكن لم يتم الإبلاغ عن الملاحظة المباشرة طويلة الأجل الأورام المعوية. وقد تم تصميم وإجراء العمليات الجراحية وصقلها لتصور الأورام من خلال سطح المصلي للأمعاء، وذلك باستخدام نظام الغزل حيوي داخلي المجهري القرص المستخدمة سابقا لأورام الثدي صورة 6،10. في هذه الورقة، وصفت البروتوكول الذي يسمح احد لاتباع سلوك خلايا الدم النخاعي داخل الأورام في الأمعاء الدقيقة باستخدام APC مين / + الفئران.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="691">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:D30">Name of Material/ Equipment</a></td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ApcMin/+ mice</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ACTB-ECFP mice</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">3773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">cfms-EGFP mice</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right">18549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2,000 kDa Dextran, rhodamine-conjugated</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">D7139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Butler Animal Health Supply</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">29450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">UCSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oxygen</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">UCSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">1X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">UCSF cell culture facility</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Saline Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">UCSF cell culture facility</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anti-mouse Ly-6G (GR1) antibody AF647</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">UCSF Monoclonal antibody core</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td>Stock 1mg/ml. Use at 7ug/mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Atropine</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">LARC UCSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td>Use at 1mg/Kg mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Alcohol wipes</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">326895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">28G1/2 insulin syringe</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">329465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Remium cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">12-548-5M</td>
			<td>24x50-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Superfrost plus microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">12-550-15</td>
			<td>25x75x1mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Krazy glue</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Office Max</td>
			<td align="right">7111555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">LARC UCSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heat blanket</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Gaymar Industries</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Hot bead sterilizer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">18000-45</td>
			<td>Turn ON 30min before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Cotton tipped apllicators 6-inch</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">72310-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anesthesia system</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Summit Anesthesia Support</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Carl Zeiss Inc</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Zeiss Axiovert 200M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">stage insert</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Applied Sientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mouse Ox oximeter, software and sensors</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Starr Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">MouseOx</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Nebulizer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Summit Anesthesia Support</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Imaris</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bitplane</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">mManager</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vale lab, UCSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;"></td>
			<td>Open-source software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ICCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Stanford Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">XR-Mega-10EX S-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spinning disk confocal sacan-head</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Yokogawa Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">CSU-10b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time imaging of myeloid cells dynamics in apcmin/+ intestinal tumors by spinning disk confocal microscopy

خلايا الدم النخاعي هي الأكثر وفرة الخلايا المناعية داخل الأورام وثبت لتعزيز تطور الورم. تقنيات التصوير الحديثة حيوي داخلي تمكن مراقبة سلوك الخلايا الحية داخل الجهاز لكن يمكن أن يكون تحديا في بعض أنواع السرطان بسبب ورم الجهاز والوصول مثل الأمعاء. الملاحظة المباشرة من الأورام المعوية لم يتم ذكر سابقا. إجراء العمليات الجراحية الموصوفة هنا يسمح الملاحظة المباشرة للديناميات خلية الدم النخاعي داخل الأورام المعوية في الفئران الحية المعدلة وراثيا باستخدام الفئران مراسل فلوري واستشفاف طريق الحقن أو الأجسام المضادة. لهذا الغرض، تم استخدام أربعة ألوان، متعددة المنطقة،-بعدسات الصغرى القرص الغزل المجهر متحد البؤر التي تتيح التصوير المستمر طويل الأمد مع الحصول على الصور السريع. APC مين / + الفئران التي تطور أورام متعددة في الأمعاء الدقيقة وعبروا مع الفئران C-FMS-EGFP لتصور خلايا الدم النخاعي ومع الفئران ACTB-ECFPلتصور الخلايا الظهارية في الأمعاء من الخبايا. كما وصف الإجراءات لوصفها مكونات الورم مختلفة، مثل الأوعية الدموية والعدلات، وإجراءات تحديد المواقع الورم للتصوير من خلال سطح المصلي. الوقت الفاصل بين الأفلام التي تم تجميعها من عدة ساعات من التصوير تسمح للتحليل سلوك الخلية النخاعي في الموقع في المكروية المعوية.

باستخدام الغزل القرص المجهري متحد البؤر والأنسجة غير ورمي ورمي في والأمعاء الدقيقة من APC مين / +، ACTB-ECFP، الفئران C-FMS-ECFP يمكن تصور من السطح المصلي. بعد التصوير، يتم استخدام برنامج الكاميرا لتحليل وضبط اكتساب (الشكل التكميلي 1). بعد الوريدي (IV)</em...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging of Myeloid Cells Dynamics in ApcMin/+ Intestinal Tumors by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy at JoVE.com

Real-time Imaging of Myeloid Cells Dynamics in ApcMin/+ Intestinal Tumors by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy

By using transgenic reporter mice and injectable fluorescent labels, long-term intravital spinning disk confocal microscopy enables direct visualization of myeloid cell behavior into intestinal adenoma in the ApcMin/+ colorectal cancer model.

التصوير في الوقت الحقيقي من خلايا الدم النخاعي في ديناميات<em&gt; APC<sup&gt; مين / +</sup</em&gt; الأورام المعوية التي كتبها غزل القرص متحد البؤر المجهر

Myeloid cells are the most abundant immune cells within tumors and have been shown to promote tumor progression. Modern intravital imaging techniques ...

real-time-imaging-myeloid-cells-dynamics-apcmin-intestinal-tumors

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Real-time Imaging of Myeloid Cells Dynamics in ApcMin/+ Intestinal Tumors by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy

9.6K Views.  INSERM U661, Functional Genomic Institute. By using transgenic reporter mice and injectable fluorescent labels, long-term intravital spinning disk confocal microscopy enables direct visualization of myeloid cell behavior into intestinal adenoma in the ApcMin/+ colorectal cancer model. 

Video: Real-time Imaging of Myeloid Cells Dynamics in ApcMin/+ Intestinal Tumors by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy

Intravital Microscopy of the Spleen: Quantitative Analysis of Parasite Mobility and Blood Flow

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. Thus, in vivo imaging of malaria parasites during pre-erythrocytic stages have revealed the active entrance of parasites into skin lymph nodes 3, the complete development of the parasite in the skin 4, and the formation of a hepatocyte-derived merosome to assure migration and release of merozoites into the blood stream 5. Moreover, the development of individual parasites in erythrocytes has been recently documented using 4D imaging and challenged our current view on protein export in malaria 6. Thus, intravital imaging has radically changed our view on key events in Plasmodium development. Unfortunately, studies of the dynamic passage of malaria parasites through the spleen, a major lymphoid organ exquisitely adapted to clear infected red blood cells are lacking due to technical constraints.
Using the murine model of malaria Plasmodium yoelii in Balb/c mice, we have implemented intravital imaging of the spleen and reported a differential remodeling of it and adherence of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to barrier cells of fibroblastic origin in the red pulp during infection with the non-lethal parasite line P.yoelii 17X as opposed to infections with the P.yoelii 17XL lethal parasite line 7. To reach these conclusions, a specific methodology using ImageJ free software was developed to enable characterization of the fast three-dimensional movement of single-pRBCs. Results obtained with this protocol allow determining velocity, directionality and residence time of parasites in the spleen, all parameters addressing adherence in vivo. In addition, we report the methodology for blood flow quantification using intravital microscopy and the use of different colouring agents to gain insight into the complex microcirculatory structure of the spleen. 
Ethics statement
All the animal studies were performed at the animal facilities of University of Barcelona in accordance with guidelines and protocols approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Barcelona CEEA-UB (Protocol No DMAH: 5429). Female Balb/c mice of 6-8 weeks of age were obtained from Charles River Laboratories.

We show the method for performing intravital microscopy of the spleen using GFP transgenic malaria parasites and the quantification of parasite mobility and blood flow within this organ.

Intravital الميكروسكوب في الطحال : التحليل الكمي للتنقل الطفيلي وتدفق الدم

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. ...

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) proteins expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). The TCR complex is composed of the ligand binding TCR&alpha;&beta; heterodimer that associates non-covalently with CD3 dimers (the &#949;&delta; and &#949;&gamma; heterodimers and the &zeta;&zeta; homodimer)1. Upon engagement of the receptor, the CD3 &zeta; chains are phosphorylated by the Src family kinase, Lck. This leads to the recruitment of the Syk family kinase, Zap70, which is then phosphorylated and activated by Lck. After that, Zap70 phosphorylates the adapter proteins LAT and SLP76, initiating the formation of the proximal signaling complex containing a large number of different signaling molecules2. 
The formation of this complex eventually results in calcium and Ras-dependent transcription factor activation and the consequent initiation of a complex series of gene expression programs that give rise to T cell differentiation2. TCR signals (and the resulting state of differentiation) are modulated by many other factors, including antigen potency and crosstalk with co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory, chemokine, and cytokine receptors 3-4. Studying the spatial and temporal organization of the proximal signaling complex under various stimulation conditions is, therefore, key to understanding the TCR signaling pathway as well as its regulation by other signaling pathways.
One very useful model system to study signaling initiated by the TCR at the plasma membrane in T cells is glass-supported lipid bilayers, as described previously5-6. They can be utilized to present antigenic pMHC complexes, adhesion, and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells-serving as artificial APCs. By imaging the T cells interacting with the lipid bilayer using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we can restrict the excitation to within 100 nm of the space between the glass and the cell surface 7-8. This allows us to image primarily the signaling events occurring at the plasma membrane. As we are interested in imaging the recruitment of signaling proteins to the TCR complex, we describe a two-camera TIRF imaging system wherein the TCR, labeled with fluorescent Fab (fragment antigen binding) fragments of the H57 antibody (purified from hybridoma H57-597, ATCC, ATCC Number:HB-218) which is specific for TCR&beta;, and signaling proteins, tagged with GFP, may be imaged simultaneously and in real time. This strategy is necessary due to the highly dynamic nature of both the T cells and of the signaling events that are occurring at the TCR. This imaging modality has allowed researchers to image single ligands 9-11 as well as recruitment of signaling molecules to activated receptors and is an excellent system to study biochemistry in-situ12-16.

The compartmentalization of proteins either within the plasma membrane or into intracellular locations is one regulatory mechanism that can greatly influence signaling outcomes; hence, to understand signaling it is important to study the spatial and temporal behavior of the proteins involved. We describe here a TIRF microscopy based system to study signal transduction in T cells, but is broadly applicable.

تقنية الفحص المجهري للTIRF التصوير، في الوقت الحقيقي في وقت واحد من TCR وما يرتبط بها من البروتينات اشارة

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex ...

Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation

Microglia are cells of the myeloid lineage that reside in the central nervous system (CNS)1. These cells play an important role in pathologies of many diseases associated with neuroinflammation such as multiple sclerosis (MS)2. Microglia in a normal CNS express macrophage marker CD11b and exhibit a resting phenotype by expressing low levels of activation markers such as CD45. During pathological events in the CNS, microglia become activated as determined by upregulation of CD45 and other markers3. The factors that affect microglia phenotype and functions in the CNS are not well studied. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a growing family of conserved molecules (~22 nucleotides long) that are involved in many normal physiological processes such as cell growth and differentiation4 and pathologies such as inflammation5. MiRNAs downregulate the expression of certain target genes by binding complementary sequences of their mRNAs and play an important role in the activation of innate immune cells including macrophages6 and microglia7. In order to investigate miRNA-mediated pathways that define the microglial phenotype, biological function, and to distinguish microglia from other types of macrophages, it is important to quantitatively assess the expression of particular microRNAs in distinct subsets of CNS-resident microglia. Common methods for measuring the expression of miRNAs in the CNS include quantitative PCR from whole neuronal tissue and in situ hybridization. However, quantitative PCR from whole tissue homogenate does not allow the assessment of the expression of miRNA in microglia, which represent only 5-15% of the cells of neuronal tissue. Hybridization in situ allows the assessment of the expression of microRNA in specific cell types in the tissue sections, but this method is not entirely quantitative. In this report we describe a quantitative and sensitive method for the detection of miRNA by real-time PCR in microglia isolated from normal CNS or during neuroinflammation using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS. The described method will be useful to measure the level of expression of microRNAs in microglia in normal CNS or during neuroinflammation associated with various pathologies including MS, stroke, traumatic injury, Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors.

Microglia are resident macrophages that provide the first line of defense and immune surveillance of the central nervous system. MicroRNAs are regulatory molecules that play an important role in many physiological processes including activation and differentiation of macrophages. In this article, we describe the method for measurement of microRNAs in microglia.

الكشف عن MicroRNAs في الخلايا الدبقية الصغيرة من قبل في الوقت الحقيقي PCR في الجهاز العصبي المركزي للمعلمين وأثناء Neuroinflammation

Microglia are cells of the myeloid lineage that reside in the central nervous system (CNS)1. These cells play an important role in pathologies of many ...

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Protection against infectious diseases is mediated by the immune system 1,2. T lymphocytes are the master coordinators of the immune system, regulating the activation and responses of multiple immune cells 3,4. T-cell activation is dependent on the recognition of specific antigens displayed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is specific to each T-cell clone and determines antigen specificity 5. The binding of the TCR to the antigen induces the phosphorylation of components of the TCR complex. In order to promote T-cell activation, this signal must be transduced from the membrane to the cytoplasm and the nucleus, initiating various crucial responses such as recruitment of signaling proteins to the TCR;APC site (the immune synapse), their molecular activation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, and changes in gene expression 6,7. The correct initiation and termination of activating signals is crucial for appropriate T-cell responses. The activity of signaling proteins is dependent on the formation and termination of protein-protein interactions, post translational modifications such as protein phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, protein ubiquitylation and the recruitment of proteins to various cellular sites 8. Understanding the inner workings of the T-cell activation process is crucial for both immunological research and clinical applications.
Various assays have been developed in order to investigate protein-protein interactions; however, biochemical assays, such as the widely used co-immunoprecipitation method, do not allow protein location to be discerned, thus precluding the observation of valuable insights into the dynamics of cellular mechanisms. Additionally, these bulk assays usually combine proteins from many different cells that might be at different stages of the investigated cellular process. This can have a detrimental effect on temporal resolution. The use of real-time imaging of live cells allows both the spatial tracking of proteins and the ability to temporally distinguish between signaling events, thus shedding light on the dynamics of the process 9,10. We present a method of real-time imaging of signaling-complex formation during T-cell activation. Primary T-cells or T-cell lines, such as Jurkat, are transfected with plasmids encoding for proteins of interest fused to monomeric fluorescent proteins, preventing non-physiological oligomerization 11. Live T cells are dropped over a coverslip pre-coated with T-cell activating antibody 8,9, which binds to the CD3/TCR complex, inducing T-cell activation while overcoming the need for specific activating antigens. Activated cells are constantly imaged with the use of confocal microscopy. Imaging data are analyzed to yield quantitative results, such as the colocalization coefficient of the signaling proteins.

We describe a live-cell imaging method that provides insight into protein dynamics during the T-cell activation process. We demonstrate the combined usage of the T-cell spreading assay, confocal microscopy and imaging analysis to yield quantitative results to follow signaling complex formation throughout T-cell activation.

في الوقت الحقيقي تصوير لايف تي خلية اشارة تشكيل مجمع

Protection against infectious diseases is mediated by the immune system 1,2. T lymphocytes are the master coordinators of the immune system, regulating ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

تقييم نشاط مضاد للفطريات المعزولة من السنخية الضامة التي كتبها متحد البؤر المجهري

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

تحريض الفئران المعوية التهاب عن طريق نقل بالتبني من المستجيب CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; عالية</sup&gt; خلايا T في الفئران العوز المناعي

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target cells. Inside the host cell the effector proteins manipulate cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. To better understand the control of type III secretion during host cell interaction, sensitive and accurate assays to measure translocation are required. We here describe the application of an assay based on the fusion of a Yersinia enterocolitica effector protein fragment (Yersinia outer protein; YopE) with TEM-1 beta-lactamase for quantitative analysis of translocation. The assay relies on cleavage of a cell permeant FRET dye (CCF4/AM) by translocated beta-lactamase fusion. After cleavage of the cephalosporin core of CCF4 by the beta-lactamase, FRET from coumarin to fluorescein is disrupted and excitation of the coumarin moiety leads to blue fluorescence emission. Different applications of this method have been described in the literature highlighting its versatility. The method allows for analysis of translocation in vitro and also in in vivo, e.g., in a mouse model. Detection of the fluorescence signals can be performed using plate readers, FACS analysis or fluorescence microscopy. In the setup described here, in vitro translocation of effector fusions into HeLa cells by different Yersinia mutants is monitored by laser scanning microscopy. Recording intracellular conversion of the FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase effector fusion in real-time provides robust quantitative results. We here show exemplary data, demonstrating increased translocation by a Y. enterocolitica YopE mutant compared to the wild type strain.

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Effector translocation into host cells via a type III secretion system is a common virulence strategy among gram-negative bacteria. A beta-lactamase effector fusion based assay for quantitative analysis of translocation was applied. In Yersinia infected cells, conversion of a FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase is monitored using laser scanning microscopy.

تحليل<em&gt; يرسينيا القولون</em&gt; المستجيب إزفاء في الخلايا المضيفة عن طريق بيتا لاكتاماز المستجيب الإنشطار

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in vivo is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of leukocyte transendothelial migration and interaction with vascular endothelium. One powerful approach involves intravital microscopy on transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins in cells of interest.
Here we present a protocol for imaging monocytes and neutrophils in the CX3CR1gfp/wt mouse i.v. injected with orange dye-labeled neutrophils with an inverted confocal microscope. Time-lapse movies gathered from 30 min&#160;to several hours of imaging allow the analysis of leukocyte behavior in mesenteric veins under both steady state and inflammatory conditions. We also describe the steps to locally induce blood vessel inflammation with TLR2/TLR1 agonist Pam3SK4 and monitor the subsequent recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes.
The presented technique can also be used to monitor other populations of leukocytes and investigate molecules implicated in leukocyte recruitment or trafficking using other stimuli or transgenic mice.

We detail a protocol to monitor the behavior of neutrophils and monocytes in mesenteric veins under steady state and inflammatory conditions using intravital confocal microscopy on anaesthetized mice.

التصوير العدلات وحيدات في مساريقي الأوردة التي كتبها حيوي داخلي المجهري على الفئران مخدرة في الوقت الحقيقي

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

Cortical Actin Flow in T Cells Quantified by Spatio-temporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy of Structured Illumination Microscopy Data

Filamentous-actin plays a crucial role in a majority of cell processes including motility and, in immune cells, the formation of a key cell-cell interaction known as the immunological synapse. F-actin is also speculated to play a role in regulating molecular distributions at the membrane of cells including sub-membranous vesicle dynamics and protein clustering. While standard light microscope techniques allow generalized and diffraction-limited observations to be made, many cellular and molecular events including clustering and molecular flow occur in populations at length-scales far below the resolving power of standard light microscopy. By combining total internal reflection fluorescence with the super resolution imaging method structured illumination microscopy, the two-dimensional molecular flow of F-actin at the immune synapse of T cells was recorded. Spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) was then applied, which generates quantifiable results in the form of velocity histograms and vector maps representing flow directionality and magnitude. This protocol describes the combination of super-resolution imaging and STICS techniques to generate flow vectors at sub-diffraction levels of detail. This technique was used to confirm an actin flow that is symmetrically retrograde and centripetal throughout the periphery of T cells upon synapse formation.

To investigate flow velocities and directionality of filamentous-actin at the T cell immunological synapse, live-cell super-resolution imaging is combined with total internal reflection fluorescence and quantified with spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy.

القشرية أكتين تدفق في خلايا T كميا بواسطة المكانية والزمانية صورة الارتباط الطيفي للهيكلة الإضاءة المجهر البيانات

Filamentous-actin plays a crucial role in a majority of cell processes including motility and, in immune cells, the formation of a key cell-cell ...

Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

At present, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is an indispensable tool for the detection and quantification of viral genomes in research laboratories, as well as for molecular diagnosis, because of its sensitivity, specificity, and convenience. However, in most cases, the quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay generally used to detect virus infection has relied on the purification of viral nucleic acid prior to the PCR step. In this study, the fluorescence-based reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) assay is developed through the combination of a processing buffer and a one-step RT-PCR reagent so that the whole process, from the harvest of the culture supernatant of virus-infected cells until real-time detection, can be performed without viral RNA purification. The established protocol enables the quantification of a wide range of RNA concentrations of dengue virus (DENV) within 90 min. In addition, the adaptability of the direct RT-qPCR assay to the evaluation of an antiviral agent is demonstrated by an in vitro experiment using a previously reported DENV inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MPA). Moreover, other RNA viruses, including yellow fever virus (YFV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and measles virus (MeV), can be quantified by direct RT-qPCR with the same protocol. Therefore, the direct RT-qPCR assay described in this report is useful for monitoring RNA virus replication in a simple and rapid manner, which will be further developed into a promising platform for a high-throughput screening study and clinical diagnosis.

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis combined with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) has been widely used to measure the level of RNA virus infections. Here we present a direct RT-qPCR assay, which does not require an RNA purification step, developed for the quantification of several RNA viruses, including dengue virus.