This research was supported in part by NSF grant CHE-1229562 (VDGM), the Office of Undergraduate Research at Elon University, the Elon Chemistry Department, and the Elon Lumen Prize (TL and TAD), the Elon College Fellows Program (JAC), and the Elon College Honors Program (TAD).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

علاج الخلايا HEK-293T مع السيتوكينات المؤتلف تسبب كميات معتدلة من موت الخلايا خلال 48 ساعة (الشكل 1). كمية من موت الخلايا الناجم عن العلاج TNF-ألفا مشابه لدراسات نشرت سابقا 30 وتنخفض بقاء الخلية بعد المشاركة في إدارة السيتوكينات المتعددة التي هي أكبر من كميات ?...

الخلايا الحية مصرف الطاقة الأيضية في شكل الدهون والكربوهيدرات وتستخدم هذه الطاقة لالحيوي والنقل الغشاء والحركة. يتم الحصول على بعض الطاقة في العصارة الخلوية من خلال تحويل السكريات الغذائية مباشرة إلى ATP خلال تحلل. ومع ذلك، يتم تسخير المصدر الرئيسي لإنتاج ATP في زنزانة داخل الميتوكوندريا عبر السلسلة التنفسية الميتوكوندريا 1. بنية الميتوكوندريا توفر التوجه المكاني الضروري لإنتاج ATP فعالية وكفاءة. الميتوكوندريا تمتلك غشاء مزدوج مفصولة مساحة intermembrane وجنبا إلى جنب مع المصفوفة، حجرة الميتوكوندريا أعمق، منزل مكونات وتنسيق التفاعلات الكيميائية تشارك في توليد ATP. يحتوي الغشاء الداخلي سلسلة من المجمعات بروتين محدد الغشاء الذي تتكون من السلسلة التنفسية وكذلك سينسيز اعبي التنس المحترفين، مجمع البروتين الذي يجلب ADP وبي معا لتشكيل ATP. نزليتم طي الغشاء إيه إلى أعراف ويتم تمرير الإلكترونات على طول سلسلة المجمعات الجهاز التنفسي عن طريق السيتوكروم ج، حاملة الإلكترون القابلة للذوبان والتي تتحرك بين المجمعات داخل الفضاء intermembrane. كما تتحرك الإلكترونات، والأكسدة للحد من حكمه يحدث ويتم ضخ أيونات الهيدروجين من المصفوفة إلى الفضاء intermembrane. ونتيجة لتركيز أيون عالية ضمن مساحة intermembrane، والتدرج الكهروكيميائية يبني مما أدى إلى غشاء المحتملة عبر غشاء الميتوكوندريا الداخلية (Δψ) 2. الأكسجين هو متقبل الإلكترون الأخير من سلسلة نقل الإلكترون، وتتدفق أيونات الهيدروجين من خلال synthases ATP من الفضاء intermembrane إلى المصفوفة، وبذلك مباشرة يسبب تشكيل ATP. وتعرف هذه العملية كما هو موضح في مجملها كما الفسفرة التأكسدية. طيات من أعراف زيادة المساحة السطحية للغشاء الداخلي، والسماح لنقل الإلكترون القصوى والإنتاج ATP داخلكل الحبيبات الخيطية. وتستمد البروتينات والإنزيمات والجزيئات الأخرى المشاركة في الفسفرة التأكسدية من كل من الجينات النووية والميتوكوندريا. الميتوكوندريا تحتوي الخاصة بهم DNA دائري، وترميز لمدة 13 البروتينات وكذلك tRNAs ومن mRNAs اللازمة لإنتاج ATP 3. ومع ذلك، هناك حاجة العديد من البروتينات، وبالتالي فهي النووية المشفرة. وتستهدف معظم هذه البروتينات المشفرة النووية إلى مصفوفة الميتوكوندريا عن طريق استخدام presequences في N-محطة من البروتين السلائف، ومدفوعة وارداتها في جزء من Δψ 4،5. ما وراء المساهمة في الطاقة الحيوية من خلية، تؤثر الميتوكوندريا أيضا عمليات التمثيل الغذائي الكبرى مثل TCA وبيتا للأكسدة، مما يشير الخلوية من خلال تنظيم الكالسيوم، وكذلك دور رئيسي في موت الخلايا المبرمج 6. على وجه التحديد، اثناء اوقات التوتر الخلوي، البروتينات BCL-2 الأسرة الموجودة على أو تتفاعل في الغشاء الخارجي الميتوكوندريا يمكن أن يسبب الميتوكوندريانفاذية الغشاء الخارجي (MOMP) 7،8. خلال MOMP، يتم الإفراج السيتوكروم ج وبروتينات أخرى في العصارة الخلوية، وجنبا إلى جنب مع العديد من البروتينات عصاري خلوي تشكيل دعا مجمع للapoptosome 9،10. وapoptosome ينشط caspases التي تذهب إلى يلتصق البروتينات الخلوية وDNA خلال مرحلة التنفيذ من موت الخلايا المبرمج. في أقرب وقت كما يحدث MOMP، وانهارت ΔΨ وإنتاج ATP توقف. للخطر وهكذا، كما موت الخلايا المبرمج يبدأ ظيفة الميتوكوندريا والتغيرات في ΔΨ يمكن ربطها الميتوكوندريا وخلية الصحة 12. في حين موت الخلايا المبرمج هو نقطة النهاية في العديد من النماذج المرض، وظيفة الميتوكوندريا وتغييرات على ΔΨ يمكن أيضا أن تعطي معلومات قيمة عن نشأة المرض و / أو التقدم. على سبيل المثال، تم توثيق التغييرات الهيكلية والوظيفية الميتوكوندريا أثناء أمراض الاعصاب 13،14. في الجزء الأول من البروتوكول، ISOيوصف lation من الميتوكوندريا سليمة التي تحتفظ ΔΨ بهم. تعرض خلايا HEK-293T لتركيزات ومجموعات من المؤتلف TNF-α، β-IL1 وIFN-γ مختلفة للحث على موت الخلايا المبرمج. وقد تم اختيار هذه السيتوكينات لأن ذكرت في كثير من الأحيان أن تكون عالية في الابتدائية عينات الصرف الصحي الإنسان (15) ومسار خارجي من موت الخلايا المبرمج يمكن أن يكون سببها تفاعل ملزمة لمستقبله 6 TNF-α. وبما أن هناك اختلافات دقيقة اللازمة لعزل الميتوكوندريا وظيفية من الأنسجة الابتدائية بالمقارنة مع الخلايا المستزرعة، ولأن الكثير من البحث ويستخدم الحيوانات، ويصف البروتوكول أيضا كيفية عزل الميتوكوندريا من الكبد والنخاع الشوكي من التصلب الجانبي الأمامي (ALS) نموذج الفأر. وقد تم تطوير الجزء الثاني من بروتوكول لمراقبة الاضطرابات إلى إمكانية غشاء الميتوكوندريا باستخدام صبغة الفلورسنت حساسة إمكانات مع قارئ لوحة الفلورسنت. فرقوتختلف الصورة بين الحالة الخلوي (أي وصحية مقابل غير صحية) من خلال quantitating قوة ΔΨ الميتوكوندريا معزولة بالتعاون مع وكلاء فك ربط، وسلسلة مثبطات الجهاز التنفسي، ومثبطات معقدة وionophores، وكلها تسبب تبديد للإمكانات غشاء الميتوكوندريا. وصحة الميتوكوندريا، أكبر تغيير في ΔΨ على العلاج مع مثبطات الميتوكوندريا، وبالتالي فإن استجابة من الميتوكوندريا يمكن استخدام كمؤشر على الميتوكوندريا (DYS) وظيفة. استخدام الميتوكوندريا المعزولة بدلا من التقييم في الموقع من وظيفة يقدم دليل قاطع على أن علم الأمراض أو علاج ينظم مباشرة تغييرات على عضية 16-18. في حين أن هناك أساليب في الأدب لعزل الميتوكوندريا من الخلايا المستزرعة، فهي غامضة 17 و / أو استخدام المعدات المتخصصة 16. يصف هذا البروتوكول بالتفصيل طريقة العزل وغيرقابلة للتكيف بسهولة إلى خطوط الخلايا الأخرى، بما في ذلك الأنسجة والثقافات 13،14،19،20 الأولية. العديد من الدراسات الميتوكوندريا معزولة تستخدم نفس uncouplers ومثبطات الميتوكوندريا المستخدمة في هذا البروتوكول ولكن مع القطب كلارك (21 مثال تمثيلي من العديد من الأوراق في الأدب)، وهو مرة أخرى على قطعة محددة جدا ومتخصص من المعدات. وعلاوة على ذلك، وهذه الطريقة التقليدية لديها قيود مثل انخفاض الإنتاجية وعالية التعقيد 22،23 ويتطلب كمية كبيرة من الميتوكوندريا (~ 500 ميكروغرام / رد فعل). في هذا البروتوكول، يتم استخدام الاستشعار الغشاء الفلورسنت المحتملين TMRE التحقيق بالاشتراك مع قارئ لوحة الفلورسنت، والذي هو آلة قياسية في العديد من المختبرات. ويعتبر على نطاق واسع منذ TMRE فإنه يدخل بسرعة الخلايا والميتوكوندريا معزولة، ويمكن استخدامها بتركيزات منخفضة 24. يمكن بسرعة ضبط ردود فعل متعددة تصل جنبا إلى جنب وتحليلها دفعة باستخدام هذا البروتوكول. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن رد الفعلالصورة تتطلب كمية صغيرة الكثير من الميتوكوندريا معزولة (~ 10 ميكروغرام / رد فعل). عن طريق اشتراط أقل من المواد والأنسجة أو ثقافة الخلية عينات أصغر يمكن أن تستخدم كنقطة انطلاق لالميتوكوندريا العزلة، ويمكن تعيين المزيد من مكررات أو ردود الفعل تصل، والمواد المحتمل أن يكفي لغيرها من التجارب الميتوكوندريا المعزولة مثل إنتاج ATP، واستهلاك الأكسجين، أو استيراد المقايسات ممكنة.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="686">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:209px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-glutamic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G1251</td>
			<td>Can use the potassium salt instead.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">malic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8304</td>
			<td>Can use the potassium salt instead.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3786</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trisma base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T6066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M3183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CCCP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C2920</td>
			<td>Dilute down to 100uM as a working stock in ethanol and store at -20C.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Valinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>V0627</td>
			<td>Make in DMSO and use as a 5uM working stock. Store at -20C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S5-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KCN</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td align="right">6379</td>
			<td>Make a concentrated stock in ethanol and then dilute with water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td>Highly toxic. Made in ethanol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">oligomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>O4876</td>
			<td>Highly toxic. Made in ethanol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ADP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TMRE</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8717-25mg</td>
			<td>Dilute 100uM stock with EB immediatley before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td>1x regular (high glucose).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>SH3002101</td>
			<td>Store aliquots at -20C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>14-501F</td>
			<td>US origin, premium quality. Heat inactivate and store aliquots at -20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T4049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>SIgma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">Protien Assay Dye (5x)</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">500-0006</td>
			<td>Any protein assay can substitute.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BP1600-100</td>
			<td>Make 2mg/mL stock in water for protein assay.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MTT powder</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2128</td>
			<td>Filter sterlize 5mg/mL stock made in PBS. Store aliquots at -20C; store at 4C for up to 1 week.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tergitol solution (NP-40)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>NP40S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Recombinant Human IL-1B</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>PCH08014</td>
			<td>Once opened store aliquots at -20C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Recombinant Human TNF-alpha</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>PHC3015L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant Human IFN-gamma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>PHC4031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">Dulbeccos PBS (-/-)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">D8537</td>
			<td>Make sure it is without Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cytochrom c ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>DTC0</td>
			<td>Human for HEK-293T cells.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and functional analysis of mitochondria from cultured cells and mouse tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

علاج الخلايا HEK-293T مع 200 جزء من الغرام / مل TNF-α، 40 نانوغرام / مل IL1-β، و 75 نانوغرام / مل IFN-γ (* 3) لمدة 24-48 ساعة يؤدي إلى كميات التدريجي للموت الخلايا (الشكل 1A ). تم تقييم بقاء الخلية باستخدام المقايسات MTT ويوضح باستمرار أن هناك ~ انخفاض بنسبة 10٪ في بقاء الخلية مع العلا?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue at JoVE.com

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

العزلة والتحليل الوظيفي من الميتوكوندريا من الخلايا المستزرعة وماوس الأنسجة

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

isolation-functional-analysis-mitochondria-from-cultured-cells-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

39.2K Views.  Elon University. Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress. 

Video: Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. All HSCs emerge during embryonic development, after which their pool size is maintained by self-renewing cell divisions. Identifying the anatomical origin of HSCs and the critical developmental events regulating the process of HSC development has been complicated as many anatomical sites participate during fetal hematopoiesis. Recently, we identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ where HSCs are generated and expanded in unique microenvironmental niches (Gekas, et al 2005, Rhodes, et al 2008). Consequently, the placenta is an important source of HSCs during their emergence and initial expansion.
In this article, we show dissection techniques for the isolation of murine placenta from E10.5 and E12.5 embryos, corresponding to the developmental stages of initiation of HSCs and the peak in the size of the HSC pool in the placenta, respectively. In addition, we present an optimized protocol for enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of placental tissue into single-cell suspension for use in flow cytometry or functional assays. We have found that use of collagenase for single-cell suspension of placenta gives sufficient yields of HSCs. An important factor affecting HSC yield from the placenta is the degree of mechanical dissociation prior to, and duration of, enzymatic treatment.
We also provide a protocol for the preparation of fixed-frozen placental tissue sections for the visualization of developing HSCs by immunohistochemistry in their precise cellular niches. As hematopoietic specific antigens are not preserved during preparation of paraffin embedded sections, we routinely use fixed frozen sections for localizing placental HSCs and progenitors.

We have identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ during development. We found that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are both generated and expanded in the placenta in unique microenvironmental niches. Here, we describe experimental techniques required for isolation and visualization of HSCs in the mouse placenta.

العزلة وتحليل الخلايا الجذعية المكونة للدم من المشيمة

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. ...

Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its remarkable neuronal cell plasticity, and its involvement in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. The hippocampus is composed of distinct regions; the dentate gyrus, which comprises mainly granule neurons, and Ammon's horn, which comprises mainly pyramidal neurons, and the two regions are connected by both anatomic and functional circuits. Many different mRNAs and proteins are selectively expressed in the dentate gyrus, and the dentate gyrus is a site of adult neurogenesis; that is, new neurons are continually generated in the adult dentate gyrus. To investigate mRNA and protein expression specific to the dentate gyrus, laser capture microdissection is often used. This method has some limitations, however, such as the need for special apparatuses and complicated handling procedures. In this video-recorded protocol, we demonstrate a dissection technique for removing the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope. Dentate gyrus samples prepared using this technique are suitable for any assay, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell biology analyses. We confirmed that the dissected tissue is dentate gyrus by conducting real-time PCR of dentate gyrus-specific genes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and desmoplakin (Dsp), and Ammon's horn enriched genes, Meis-related gene 1b (Mrg1b) and TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3 (Tyro3). The mRNA expressions of TDO2 and Dsp in the dentate gyrus samples were detected at obviously higher levels, whereas Mrg1b and Tyro3 were lower levels, than those in the Ammon's horn samples. To demonstrate the advantage of this method, we performed DNA microarray analysis using samples of whole hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The mRNA expression of TDO2 and Dsp, which are expressed selectively in the dentate gyrus, in the whole hippocampus of alpha-CaMKII+/- mice, exhibited 0.037 and 0.10-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, respectively. In the isolated dentate gyrus, however, these expressions exhibited 0.011 and 0.021-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, demonstrating that gene expression changes in dentate gyrus can be detected with greater sensitivity. Taken together, this convenient and accurate dissection technique can be reliably used for studies focused on the dentate gyrus.

A dissection technique for removal of the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope was demonstrated in this video-recorded protocol.

تشريح التلفيف المسنن من الحصين ماوس الكبار

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its ...

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

عزل Myofibroblasts الابتدائية من ماوس والأنسجة البشرية القولون

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

عزل السريع وتنقية الميتوكوندريا لزرع الأنسجة بواسطة التفكك والتفضيلية الترشيح

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

عزل الميتوكوندريا من كميات الحد الأدنى من الفأر العضلات الهيكلية للإنتاجية عالية صفيحة ميكروسكوبية الجهاز التنفسي القياسات

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

عزل الخلايا العضلية الأذينية والبطينية عالية الجودة للقياسات المتزامنة لتيار الكالسيوم2+ العابر وتيار الكالسيوم من النوع L

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Respirometric Assays

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which is regulated in response to cellular demands. The lipid molecule Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential in this process by transferring electrons to complex III in the electron transport chain (ETC) through constant oxidation/reduction cycles. Mitochondria status and, ultimately, cellular health can be assessed by measuring ETC oxygen consumption using respirometric assays. These studies are typically performed in established or primary cell lines that have been cultured for several days. In both cases, the respiration parameters obtained may have deviated from normal physiological conditions in&#160;any given organ or tissue.
Additionally, the intrinsic characteristics of cultured single fibers isolated from skeletal muscle impede this type of analysis. This paper presents an updated and detailed protocol for the analysis of respiration in freshly isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle. We also provide solutions to potential problems that could arise at any step of the process. The method presented here could be applied to compare oxygen consumption rates in diverse transgenic mouse models and study the mitochondrial response to drug treatments or other factors such as aging or sex. This is a feasible method to respond to crucial questions about mitochondrial bioenergetics metabolism and regulation.

Here, we describe a detailed method for mitochondria isolation from mouse skeletal muscle and the subsequent analysis of respiration by Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) using microplate-based respirometric assays. This pipeline can be applied to study the effects of multiple environmental or genetic interventions on mitochondrial metabolism.

عزل الميتوكوندريا عن العضلات الهيكلية للفأر لإجراء فحوصات قياس التنفس

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arteriolar Endothelium of Mouse Brain Parenchyma

Cerebral blood flow is conveyed by vascular resistance arteries and downstream parenchymal arterioles. Steady-state vascular resistance to blood flow increases with decreasing diameter from arteries to arterioles that ultimately feed into capillaries. Due to their smaller size and location in the parenchyma, arterioles have been relatively understudied and with less reproducibility in findings than surface pial arteries. Regardless, arteriolar endothelial cell structure and function&#8212;integral to the physiology and etiology of chronic degenerative diseases&#8212;requires extensive investigation. In particular, emerging evidence demonstrates that compromised endothelial function precedes and exacerbates cognitive impairment and dementia.
In the parenchymal microcirculation, endothelial K+ channel function is the most robust stimulus to finely control the spread of vasodilation to promote increases in blood flow to areas of neuronal activity. This paper illustrates a refined method for freshly isolating intact and electrically coupled endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; (diameter, ~25 &#181;m) from mouse brain parenchymal arterioles. Arteriolar endothelial tubes are secured during physiological conditions (37 &#176;C, pH 7.4) to resolve experimental variables that encompass K+ channel function and their regulation, including intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, changes in membrane potential, and membrane lipid regulation. A distinct technical advantage versus arterial endothelium is the enhanced morphological resolution of cell and organelle (e.g., mitochondria) dimensions, which expands the usefulness of this technique. Healthy cerebral perfusion throughout life entails robust endothelial function in parenchymal arterioles, directly linking blood flow to the fueling of neuronal and glial activity throughout precise anatomical regions of the brain. Thus, it is expected that this method will significantly advance the general knowledge of vascular physiology and neuroscience concerning the healthy and diseased brain.

Intensive preparation of intact mouse cerebral endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; from cerebral parenchymal arterioles is illustrated for studying cerebral blood flow regulation. Further, we demonstrate the experimental strengths of this endothelial study model for fluorescence imaging and electrophysiology measurement of key cellular signaling pathways, including changes in intracellular [Ca2+] and membrane potential.

العزل والتحليل الوظيفي للبطانة الشريانية لحمة دماغ الفأر

Cerebral blood flow is conveyed by vascular resistance arteries and downstream parenchymal arterioles. Steady-state vascular resistance to blood flow ...

Isolation of Conditionally Immortalized Mouse Glomerular Endothelial Cells with Fluorescent Mitochondria

Glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) dysfunction can initiate and contribute to glomerular filtration barrier breakdown. Increased mitochondrial oxidative stress has been suggested as a mechanism resulting in GEC dysfunction in the pathogenesis of some glomerular diseases. Historically the isolation of GECs from in vivo models has been notoriously challenging due to difficulties in isolating pure cultures from glomeruli. GECs have complex growth requirements in vitro and a very limited lifespan. Here, we describe the procedure for isolating and culturing conditionally immortalized GECs with fluorescent mitochondria, enabling the tracking of mitochondrial fission and fusion events. GECs were isolated from the kidneys of a double transgenic mouse expressing the thermolabile SV40 TAg (from the Immortomouse), conditionally promoting proliferation and suppressing cell differentiation, and a photo-convertible fluorescent protein (Dendra2) in all mitochondria (from the photo-activatable mitochondria [PhAMexcised] mouse). The stable cell line generated allows for cell differentiation after inactivation of the immortalizing SV40 TAg gene and photo-activation of a subset of mitochondria causing a switch in fluorescence from green to red. The use of mitoDendra2-GECs allows for live imaging of fluorescent mitochondria&#39;s distribution, fusion, and fission events without staining the cells.

The article describes the method for isolating conditionally immortalized glomerular endothelial cells from the kidneys of transgenic mice expressing the thermolabile simian virus 40 and photo-activatable mitochondria, PhAMexcised. We describe the procedure for glomeruli isolation from whole kidneys using beads, digestion steps, seeding, and culturing of GECs-CD31 positive.

عزل الخلايا البطانية الكبيبية للفأر الخالدة المشروطة مع الميتوكوندريا الفلورية

Glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) dysfunction can initiate and contribute to glomerular filtration barrier breakdown. Increased mitochondrial oxidative ...

Isolation and Analysis of Traceable and Functionalized Extracellular Vesicles from the Plasma and Solid Tissues

Circulating and tissue-resident extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent promising targets as novel theranostic biomarkers, and they emerge as important players in the maintenance of organismal homeostasis and the progression of a wide spectrum of diseases. While the current research focuses on the characterization of endogenous exosomes with the endosomal origin, microvesicles blebbing from the plasma membrane have gained increasing attention in health and sickness, which are featured by an abundance of surface molecules recapitulating the membrane signature of parent cells. Here, a reproducible procedure is presented based on differential centrifugation for extracting and characterizing EVs from the plasma and solid tissues, such as the bone. The protocol further describes subsequent profiling of surface antigens and protein cargos of EVs, which are thus traceable for their derivations and identified with components related to potential function. This method will be useful for correlative, functional, and mechanistic analysis of EVs in biological, physiological, and pathological studies.

The present protocol describes a method to extract extracellular vesicles from the peripheral blood and solid tissues with subsequent profiling of surface antigens and protein cargos.

عزل وتحليل الحويصلات خارج الخلية التي يمكن تتبعها والوظيفية من البلازما والأنسجة الصلبة

Circulating and tissue-resident extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent promising targets as novel theranostic biomarkers, and they emerge as important ...