وأيد هذه الدراسة من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة (المنحة 1UM1HL112856).

وتمت الموافقة على جميع الإجراءات والبروتوكولات من قبل لجنة رعاية واستخدام الحيوان المؤسسي من جامعة إلينوي في شيكاغو. وصف التجارب هنا حادة التجارب غير البقاء على قيد الحياة، ولم يكن هناك استخدام مرهم العين. صيانة ظروف معقمة يحدث فقط عندما يتم غسل الأدوات الجراحية مع الايثانول 70٪ في DiH 2 O. وقعت التضحية من الفئران في نهاية التجربة عن طريق جرعة زائدة من الكيتامين IV / زيلازين. 1. إعداد الآلات والكيماويات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد محلول المخزون من 0.05 M من 5-HT حمض الهيدروكلوريك في برنامج تلفزيوني. ثم تمييع الأسهم مع PBS إلى النهائي تركيز 5-HT من 0.203 ملم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمييع الدرونابينول في زيت السمسم في تركيز 20 ميكروغرام / ميكرولتر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع 20 سم طول من البولي إثيلين (PE) -50 أنابيب (ID 0.58 مم، OD 0.965 مم). في واحدة من نهاية الأنبوب، وقطع رأس شطبة باستخدام مقص، وعند نهاية مربع أخرى، اضافة الى وجود 23 ز الإبرة. ربط هذا ز 23 إبرة إلى 1 ملحقنة، وملء هذا الامر مع 0.3 مل من 50 ش / مل الهيبارين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع أربع قطع من 4-0 مضفر خيط الحرير وتعيين إلى الجانب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعقيم مقص جراحي، 2 منحني ملقط غريف، و 3 المشابك الصغيرة مع 70٪ من الإيثانول في diH 2 O. </li></ol> 2. قسطرة الوريد فخذي يتم تعديل بروتوكول للقسطرة من جيسبيرسن وآخرون 21 <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخدير الفئران سبراغ داولي مع داخل الصفاق (IP) الكيتامين / زيلازين (100 ملغ / كلغ: 10 مغ / كغ). قرصة إصبع القدم من الفئران ومراقبة أي حركة لتأكيد المستوى المناسب من التخدير. حلق الجانب البطني من الفخذ الأيسر، والجانب البطني من الرقبة. إذا لزم الأمر من قبل لجنة رعاية واستخدام الحيوان المؤسسية المحلية، وتطبيق مرهم العين لمنع جفاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الفئران آمن في موقف ضعيف على لوحة العمليات الجراحية. استخدام مقص جراحي لخفض بعيدا الجلد في الفخذ الخلفية اليسرى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام ملقط، والسلوك dissectio كليلةن من العضلات السطحية لفضح الوريد الفخذي. استخدام ملقط لفصل الوريد من الشريان الفخذي، ووضع 2 المواضيع حول الوريد الفخذي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام ملقط غريف منحنية لسحب ما يصل الوريد لوقف تدفق الدم. باستخدام حقنة إبرة 22 G، ثقب الوريد الفخذي ومن ثم إدراج نهاية مشطوف من أنابيب PE-50 في الوريد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> معرفة ما اذا كان تم إدراج أنابيب PE-50 بشكل صحيح من قبل التراجع المكبس من حقنة. ينبغي أن ينظر إلى الدم دخول أنابيب PE-50. التعادل 2 عقدة حول الوريد وPE-50 الأنابيب باستخدام الخيوط 2. </li></ol> 3. الناجم عن 5-HT توقف التنفس أثناء عبر IV تسريب <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع قياس الضغط كهرضغطية حول فأر لقياس التنفس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تغيير إعدادات مستوى التضخيم من مكبر للصوت مكبر للصوت الإلكترونية عن طريق برنامج على جهاز الكمبيوتر: لتضخيم (100X) ومرشح تمرير النطاق (1-10 هرتز) إشارات الجهاز التنفسي تم الحصول عليها من قياس الضغط، ومجموعة &quot;فلتر highpas&quot; في &amp; #8220، AC @ 1 هرتز &quot;و&quot; تصفية (فلترة) أم بي &quot;في&quot; 10 هرتز &quot;، وتعيين التضخيم عن طريق إدخال&quot; 10 &quot;من أجل&quot; كسب الأولي &quot;و&quot; 100 &quot;ل&quot; إجمالي ربح &quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تغيير إعدادات لمعدل أخذ العينات من خلال فتح &quot;الإدخال التناظرية&quot; عبر برنامج تسجيل على الكمبيوتر. لرقمنة (500 معدل أخذ العينات هرتز) باستخدام تحويل التناظرية إلى الرقمية، &quot;عينة&quot; في &quot;1،000 هرتز&quot; و &quot;تخطي&quot; كل نقطة تسجيل الأخرى التي &quot;1&quot; (المعدل الفعلي أخذ العينات 500 هرتز)، ومن ثم تسجيل إشارة باستخدام برنامج تسجيل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة حقنة 1 مل من القسطرة وتضاف 500 ميكرولتر الزجاج الدقة حقنة مليئة 0.203 ملي من 5-HT في القسطرة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع 500 ميكرولتر الزجاج الدقة الحقنة في مضخة التسريب. ضخ 12.5 ميكروغرام / كغ لكل 350 ميكرولتر / كغ من محلول 5-HT بمعدل 63 مل / ساعة. أداء دفعات متعددة ومراقبة انقطاع النفس عند الفئران، التي ينظر إليها علىسا وقفة في التنفس (≥ 2.5 ثانية) في إشارات الجهاز التنفسي المسجلة على شاشة الحاسوب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قبل الشروع في عملية جراحية في العنق، ومراقبة نمط التنفس والتحقق من وجود الألم المنعكس من قرصة أخمص قدميه في الفئران. إذا تنفس غير منتظم، أو إذا كان هناك رد فعل الألم من قرصة أخمص قدميه وادارة IP الكيتامين / زيلازين (100 ملغ / كغ: 5 ملغ / كلغ) ومن ثم إعادة تأكيد المستوى المناسب من التخدير. </li></ol> 4. الرقبة جراحة لفضح العقداء العقد <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الفئران آمن في موقف ضعيف على لوحة العمليات الجراحية. اجراء خفض طولية خط الوسط باستخدام مقص جراحي في الرقبة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عن طريق تشريح حادة على platysma العضلات (باستخدام 2 المشابك الصغيرة للحفاظ على هذه العضلة واضح من موقع الجراحية)، فضح القصية اللامية الكتفية اللامية والعضلات. فصل هذه العضلات لفضح الشريان السباتي الداخلي وأحد فروعها، وهو الشريان الجناحي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مراقبة العصب المبهم لأنه يمتد على طول الشريان السباتي الداخلي ومن ثم على طول عشر<html> البريد جناحية الشريان. نلاحظ كيف العصب المبهم والشريان الجناحي، جنبا إلى جنب مع العصب اللساني البلعومي (العصب القحفي التاسع) والعصب الشوكي الإكسسوارات (العصب القحفي الحادي عشر)، أدخل الخلفي الثقبة تمزقه في قاعدة الجمجمة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لاحظ أنه يتم عرض العقدة العقداء باعتباره تورم العصب المبهم الحق قبل أن يدخل الخلفي تمزقه الثقبة. تلاحظ أيضا أن البلعوم والعصب الحنجري فروع تؤتي ثمارها الجوانب الأمامية والخلفية، على التوالي، من العقدة العقداء. 5 </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام ملقط غريف، فصل العصب المبهم من الشرايين، ووضع قطعة من الخيط حول العصب المبهم. وضع المشبك على موضوع لتطبيق التوتر طفيف على العصب المبهم، وتنظيف العقدة العقداء من أي نوع من الأنسجة الضامة لتوفير مقاومة أقل عند حقن. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تكرار انقطاع النفس التي يسببها 5-HT-كما جاء في المادة 3 للتأكد من عدم وجود ضرر وقد تم إلى العقد عقدي. </li></ol>itle &quot;&gt; 5. حقن Intranodose العقد من الدرونابينول <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ملء 10 ميكرولتر الدقة gastight الزجاج حقنة اضافته مع 28 غرام نصف بوصة حقنة إبرة مصنوعة خصيصا مع 35 ° مشطوف الحافة مع 5 ميكرولتر من الدرونابينول في زيت السمسم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع المشبك الصغير على موضوع لتطبيق التوتر طفيف على العصب المبهم، وثقب العقداء أخذ العقدة الحرص على عدم ثقب من خلال ذلك. خفض الحقنة ببطء (≥ 60 ثانية) لحقن محتويات الحقنة. لاحظ أن بعض محتويات حقنة سوف يتسرب من العقدة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> توقف التنفس أثناء الناجم عن 5-HT تكرار كما جاء في القسم 3. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

الخطوات الحاسمة للحقن الناجح لنوروشيميكالس في العقد العقيدي هي: 1) تحديد وتنظيف النسيج الضام قبالة العقد عقدي. 2) تؤكد على سلامة العقد عقدي قبل الحقن. 3) وباستخدام إبرة قياس صغيرة لحقن بدقة إلى، ولكن ليس تماما من خلال ثقب، والعقد عقدي. <p class="jove_content" style=";text-align:right;direction:r...

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system (CNS) from baro-, chemo-, hepatic osmo-, cardiac, pulmonary, and gastric receptors located in the organs of the abdomen and thorax. The vagus nerve communicates information from stimuli such as heart rate, blood pressure, bronchopulmonary irritation, and gastrointestinal distension to the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) of the medulla. The cell bodies of the pseudounipolar neurons of the vagus nerve are located in the nodose and petrosal ganglia, of which the majority is found in the former. Nodose ganglion cells contain a wealth of receptors for amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides, and other neurochemicals that when activated, can modify afferent vagus nerve activity.1 Numerous innervations of the afferent vagus nerves coupled with the diversity of receptors located on the nodose ganglia illustrate the biological importance of this cranial nerve, and systemic drugs that do not cross into the CNS targeted at receptors on nodose ganglia can be used to treat various diseases, such as sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic cough.2-4
The ease of access to the nodose ganglia lends itself to experimental manipulation by midline longitudinal incision made at the neck. The vagus nerve emerges from the posterior lacerated foramen at the base of the skull, and immediately displays a swelling of the nerve that is the nodose ganglion. The nodose ganglion is easily recognizable due to two nerve branches that arise from it: anteriorly the pharyngeal branch; and posteriorly superior laryngeal branch.5 Previous experimental manipulations of the nodose ganglia involved electrophysiological recordings,6 injections of immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent compounds for nerve tracings,7-10 superfusion or injections of neuroexcitotoxins,11-13 injections of adeno-associated virus to knockdown receptors,14,15 and injections of receptor-specific neurochemicals to change the activity of the vagus nerve.16,17
Systemic injections of neurochemicals are problematic in that systemic treatment affects both peripheral and central nervous systems. Thus, systemic treatment does not isolate the effect of neurochemicals on afferent vagal nerve activity. This protocol describes a method using readily available equipment of intranodose injections in the Sprague-Dawley rat that modulates vagus nerve activity without affecting the central nervous system. Stimulation of serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptors on nodose ganglia by intravenous (IV) infusion of serotonin (5-HT) induces the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, a vagal response trifecta of bradycardia, hypotension, and apnea, which can be abolished by supranodose vagatomy.11,17-19 Apnea is easily measured by placing a respiratory transducer around the abdomen of the rat.17,18 Cannabinoids decrease 5-HT-induced current in nodose ganglia cells,20 and intranodose ganglia injections of dronabinol attenuate 5-HT-induced apnea.

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			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:191px;">5-HT HCl</td>
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			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:191px;">Dronabinol (Marinol) 10 mg Capsules (80 &#181;g/&#181;l)</td>
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a method of nodose ganglia injection in sprague-dawley rat

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system from many diverse receptors located in the organs of the abdomen and thorax. The vagus nerve communicates information from stimuli such as heart rate, blood pressure, bronchopulmonary irritation, and gastrointestinal distension to the nucleus of solitary tract of the medulla. The cell bodies of the vagus nerve are located in the nodose and petrosal ganglia, of which the majority are located in the former. The nodose ganglia contain a wealth of receptors for amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides, and other neurochemicals that can modify afferent vagus nerve activity. Modifying vagal afferents through systemic peripheral drug treatments targeted at the receptors on nodose ganglia has the potential of treating diseases such as sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic cough. The protocol here describes a method of injection neurochemicals directly into the nodose ganglion. Injecting neurochemicals directly into the nodose ganglia allows study of effects solely on cell bodies that modulate afferent nerve activity, and prevents the complication of involving the central nervous system as seen in systemic neurochemical treatment. Using readily available and inexpensive equipment, intranodose ganglia injections are easily done in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats.

يمثل الرقم 1 عينة تسجيل التنفس في الفئران التي لديها ضخ 5-HT للحث على توقف التنفس أثناء قبل وبعد حقن العقد intranodose من الدرونابينول. 5-HT ينشط 5-HT 3 المستقبلات على العقد العقيدي التي تساهم في رد الفعل بيزولد-ياريش من بطء القلب، انخفاض ضغط الدم، وتوقف التنفس أثن...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat at JoVE.com

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat

Afferent vagal signaling transmits important information to central nervous system from receptors located in organs of the abdomen and thorax. The nodose ganglia of vagus nerves contain many types of receptors that modulate vagal activity. This protocol describes a method of local injections of neurochemicals into the nodose ganglia.

وهناك طريقة العقداء العقد حقن في سبراغ داولي الفئران

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system from many diverse receptors located ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.5K Views.  University of Illinois at Chicago. Afferent vagal signaling transmits important information to central nervous system from receptors located in organs of the abdomen and thorax. The nodose ganglia of vagus nerves contain many types of receptors that modulate vagal activity. This protocol describes a method of local injections of neurochemicals into the nodose ganglia.

Video: A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat

Gene Delivery to Postnatal Rat Brain by Non-ventricular Plasmid Injection and Electroporation

Creation of transgenic animals is a standard approach in studying functions of a gene of interest in vivo. However, many knockout or transgenic animals are not viable in those cases where the modified gene is expressed or deleted in the whole organism. Moreover, a variety of compensatory mechanisms often make it difficult to interpret the results. The compensatory effects can be alleviated by either timing the gene expression or limiting the amount of transfected cells.
The method of postnatal non-ventricular microinjection and in vivo electroporation allows targeted delivery of genes, siRNA or dye molecules directly to a small region of interest in the newborn rodent brain. In contrast to conventional ventricular injection technique, this method allows transfection of non-migratory cell types. Animals transfected by means of the method described here can be used, for example, for two-photon in vivo imaging or in electrophysiological experiments on acute brain slices.

This protocol describes a non-viral method of delivery of genetic constructs to a certain area of living rodent brain. The method consists of plasmid preparation, micropipette fabrication, neonatal rat pup surgery, microinjection of the construct, and in vivo electroporation.

تسليم الجينات إلى الدماغ الجرذ بعد الولادة من غير البطين حقن البلازميد وElectroporation

Creation of transgenic animals is a standard approach in studying functions of a gene of interest in vivo. However, many knockout or transgenic animals ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

طريقة عامة لتقييم الحضانة لالتوق السكروز في الجرذان

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central nervous system in a minimally-invasive surgery without bone removal. This technique describes an approach to visualization and direct injection of the optic nerve following minor fascial dissection from the orbital ridge, using a conjunctival traction suture to gently pull the eye down and out. Representative examples of an injected optic nerve show successful injection of dyed beads.

Direct injection into the rat optic nerve is useful for regenerative research. We demonstrate a minimally-invasive technique for direct injection into a rat optic nerve that does not involve opening the skull. Using this method, surgical complications are minimized and recovery is more rapid.

تقنيات الحد الأدنى الغازية لحقن الفئران في العصب البصري

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central ...

A Rat Model of Central Fatigue Using a Modified Multiple Platform Method

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed as a water tank with narrow platforms on the bottom. The model rats were put into the tank and stood on the platforms for 14 h (18:00 - 8:00) per day for a consecutive 21 days, with a blank control group set for contrast. At the end of modeling, rats in the model group showed an obvious fatigued appearance. To assess the model, we performed several behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and the exhaustive swimming (ES) test. The results showed that anxiety, spatial cognition impairment, poor muscle performance, and declined voluntary activity presented in model rats confirm the diagnosis of&#160;central fatigue. Changes of the central neurotransmitters also verified the result. In conclusion, the model successfully simulated central fatigue, and future study with the model may help reveal the pathological mechanism of the disease.

Here, we present a protocol to introduce a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM).

نموذج فأر من التعب المركزي تعديله باستخدام أسلوب منصة متعددة

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed ...

Optimization of Laser-Capture Microdissection for the Isolation of Enteric Ganglia from Fresh-Frozen Human Tissue

The purpose of this method is to obtain high-integrity RNA samples from enteric ganglia collected from unfixed, freshly-resected human intestinal tissue using laser capture microdissection (LCM). We have identified five steps in the workflow that are crucial for obtaining RNA isolates from enteric ganglia with sufficiently high quality and quantity for RNA-seq. First, when preparing intestinal tissue, each sample must have all excess liquid removed by blotting prior to flattening the serosa as much as possible across the bottom of large base molds. Samples are then quickly frozen atop a slurry of dry ice and 2-methylbutane. Second, when sectioning the tissue, it is important to position cryomolds so that intestinal sections parallel the full plane of the myenteric plexus, thereby yielding the greatest surface area of enteric ganglia per slide. Third, during LCM, polyethylene napthalate (PEN)-membrane slides offer the greatest speed and flexibility in outlining the non-uniform shapes of enteric ganglia when collecting enteric ganglia. Fourth, for distinct visualization of enteric ganglia within sections, ethanol-compatible dyes, like Cresyl Violet, offer excellent preservation of RNA integrity relative to aqueous dyes. Finally, for the extraction of RNA from captured ganglia, we observed differences between commercial RNA extraction kits that yielded superior RNA quantity and quality, while eliminating DNA contamination. Optimization of these factors in the current protocol greatly accelerates the workflow and yields enteric ganglia samples with exceptional RNA quality and quantity.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-integrity RNA samples from enteric ganglia isolated from unfixed, freshly-resected human intestinal tissue using laser capture microdissection (LCM). This protocol involves preparing flash-frozen samples of human intestinal tissue, cryosectioning, ethanolic staining and dehydration, LCM, and RNA extraction.

الأمثل لالتقاط الليزر ميكروديسيكشن لعزل Ganglia المعوي من الأنسجة البشرية الطازجة المجمدة

The purpose of this method is to obtain high-integrity RNA samples from enteric ganglia collected from unfixed, freshly-resected human intestinal tissue ...

Direct Injection of a Lentiviral Vector Highlights Multiple Motor Pathways in the Rat Spinal Cord

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. Injection directly into spinal cord tissue bypasses these barriers, providing access to cell bodies or synapses where molecules can be incorporated. Combining viral vector technology with this method allows for introduction of target genes into nervous tissue for the purpose of gene therapy or tract tracing. Here a virus engineered for highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) is introduced at the synapses of propriospinal interneurons (PNs) to encourage specific transport to neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. Targeting PNs takes advantage of the numerous connections they receive from motor pathways such as the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts, as well as their interconnection with each other throughout spinal cord segments. Representative tracing using the HiRet vector with constitutively active green fluorescent protein (GFP) shows high fidelity details of cell bodies, axons and dendritic arbors in thoracic PNs and in reticulospinal neurons in the pontine reticular formation. HiRet incorporates well into brainstem pathways and PNs but shows age dependent integration into corticospinal tract neurons. In summary, spinal cord injection using viral vectors is a suitable method for introduction of proteins of interest into neurons of targeted tracts.

This protocol demonstrates injection of a retrogradely transportable viral vector into rat spinal cord tissue. The vector is taken up at the synapse and transported to the cell body of target neurons. This model is suitable for retrograde tracing of important spinal pathways or targeting cells for gene therapy applications.

الحقن المباشر لناقل لينتيفيرال يسلط الضوء على عدة مسارات الحركية في الحبل الشوكي الفئران

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. ...

Generation of Neurospheres from Mixed Primary Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons Isolated from E14-E16 Sprague Dawley Rat Embryo

Primary neuron culture is an essential technique in the field of neuroscience. To gain deeper mechanistic insights into the brain, it is essential to have a robust in vitro model that can be exploited for various neurobiology studies. Though primary neuron cultures (i.e., long-term hippocampal cultures) have provided scientists with models, it does not yet represent the complexity of brain network completely. In the wake of these limitations, a new model has emerged using neurospheres, which bears a closer resemblance to the brain tissue. The present protocol describes the plating of high and low densities of mixed cortical and hippocampal neurons isolated from the embryo of embryonic day 14-16 Sprague Dawley rats. This allows for the generation of neurospheres and long-term primary neuron culture as two independent platforms to conduct further studies. This process is extremely simple and cost-effective, as it minimizes several steps and reagents previously deemed essential for neuron culture. This is a robust protocol with minimal requirements that can be performed with achievable results and further used for a diversity of studies related to neuroscience.

Presented here is a protocol for the spontaneous generation of neurospheres enriched in neural progenitor cells from high density plated neurons. During the same experiment, when neurons are plated at a lower density, the protocol also results in prolonged primary rat neuron cultures.

جيل من المجالات العصبية من الخلايا العصبية خلية فرس النهر الأولية المختلطة والقشرية معزولة عن E14-E16 سبراغ دولي الفئران الجنين

Primary neuron culture is an essential technique in the field of neuroscience. To gain deeper mechanistic insights into the brain, it is essential to have ...

Culturing Rat Sympathetic Neurons from Embryonic Superior Cervical Ganglia for Morphological and Proteomic Analysis

Sympathetic neurons from the embryonic rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) have been used as an in vitro model system for peripheral neurons to study axonal growth, axonal trafficking, synaptogenesis, dendritic growth, dendritic plasticity and nerve-target interactions in co-culture systems. This protocol describes the isolation and dissociation of neurons from the superior cervical ganglia of E21 rat embryos, followed by the preparation and maintenance of pure neuronal cultures in serum-free medium. Since neurons do not adhere to uncoated plastic, neurons will be cultured on either 12 mm glass coverslips or 6-well plates coated with poly-D-lysine. Following treatment with an antimitotic agent (Ara-C, cytosine &#946;-D-arabinofuranoside), this protocol generates healthy neuronal cultures with less than 5% non-neuronal cells, which can be maintained for over a month in vitro. Although embryonic rat SCG neurons are multipolar with 5-8 dendrites in vivo; under serum-free conditions, these neurons extend only a single axon in culture and continue to be unipolar for the duration of the culture. However, these neurons can be induced to extend dendrites in the presence of basement membrane extract, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), or 10% fetal calf serum. These homogenous neuronal cultures can be used for immunocytochemical staining and for biochemical studies. This paper also describes optimized protocol for immunocytochemical staining for microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in these neurons and for the preparation of neuronal extracts for mass spectrometry.

This paper describes the isolation and culturing of embryonic rat sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglia. It also provides detailed protocols for immunocytochemical staining and for preparing neuronal extracts for mass spectrometric analysis.

زراعة الجرذ المتعاطفة العصبية من الجنينية الجنينية الجنينية عنق الرحم العصبية لتحليل مورفولوجية وبروتيومية

Sympathetic neurons from the embryonic rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) have been used as an in vitro model system for peripheral neurons to study ...

A Hydrophobic Tissue Clearing Method for Rat Brain Tissue

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered tissue samples. Traditional immunolabeling procedures require cutting the sample into thin sections, which restricts the ability to label and examine intact structures. However, if brain tissue can remain intact during processing, structures and circuits can remain intact for the analysis. Previously established clearing methods take significant time to completely clear the tissue, and the harsh chemicals can often damage sensitive antibodies. The iDISCO method quickly and completely clears tissue, is compatible with many antibodies, and requires no special lab equipment. This technique was initially validated for the use in mice tissue, but the current protocol adapts this method to image hemispheres of control and transgenic rat brains. In addition to this, the present protocol also makes several adjustments to preexisting protocol to provide clearer images with less background staining. Antibodies for Iba-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase were validated in the HIV-1 transgenic rat and in F344/N control rats using the present hydrophobic tissue clearing method. The brain is an interwoven network, where structures work together more often than separately of one another. Analyzing the brain as a whole system as opposed to a combination of individual pieces is the greatest benefit of this whole brain clearing method.

Here we present a hydrophobic tissue clearing method that allows for the viewing of target molecules as part of intact brain structures. This technique has now been validated for F344/N control and HIV-1 transgenic rats of both sexes.

طريقة إزالة الأنسجة الكارهة للماء لأنسجة دماغ الفئران

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered ...

Establishment of a Rat Model of Superior Sagittal-Sinus Occlusion via a Thread-Embolism Method

The mechanisms contributing to the natural onset of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) are mostly unknown, and a variety of uncontrollable factors are involved in the course of the disease, resulting in great limitations in clinical research. Therefore, the establishment of stable CVST animal models that can standardize a variety of uncontrollable confounding factors have helped to circumvent shortcomings in clinical research. In recent decades, a variety of CVST animal models have been constructed, but the results based on these models have been inconsistent and incomplete. Hence, in order to further explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVST, it is necessary to establish a novel and highly compatible animal model, which has important practical value and scientific significance for the diagnosis and treatment of CVST. In the present study, a novel Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis was established via a thread-embolization method, and the stability and reliability of the model were verified. Additionally, we evaluated changes in cerebral venous blood flow in rats after the formation of CVST. Collectively, the SD-rat SSS-thrombosis model represents a novel CVST animal model that is easily established, minimizes trauma, yields good stability, and allows for accurately controlling ischemic timing and location.

Here, we establish a novel Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis via a thread-embolization method, and the stability and reliability of the model were verified.

إنشاء نموذج الفئران من القوس العليا الجيوب الأنفية انسداد عبر طريقة الخيط والانصمام

The mechanisms contributing to the natural onset of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) are mostly unknown, and a variety of uncontrollable factors ...