The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. This research was performed while the authors Alberto Mu&#241;iz, Ramesh R Kaini, Whitney A Greene and Jae-Hyek Choi held a National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associateship at the USAISR. This work was supported by U.S. Army Clinical Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program (CRMRP) and Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

لتحقيق الوعد الكامل للخلايا الجذعية المحفزة لعلاج الخلايا، فمن الضروري لتنظيم التمايز بهم بطريقة متسقة وقابلة للتكرار. ويصف هذا التقرير بروتوكولات لتشكيل EBS التي تسيطر عليها حجم استخدام التكنولوجيا لوحة microwell، والشروع في التمايز نحو RPE وتحديد البروتين والجينات علا...

الجذعية المحفزة (آي بي إس) الخلايا التي يسببها هي نوع من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة المشتقة عن طريق إعادة برمجة خلايا بالغة مع العوامل الخارجية 1. في المقابل، الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية (المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية)، ونوع آخر من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة، يتم إنشاء من الكتلة الخلوية الداخلية من الكيسة 2-3. وعلى الرغم من أصولها المختلفة، خلايا الجذع والمجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية قابلة للمقارنة في قدرة غير محدودة لتكرار في التجارب المختبرية وقدرتها على التمايز إلى أي نوع من الخلايا 4-5. هذه الخصائص من خلايا الجذع جعلها المرشحين مثالية لتطبيقات في شخصية الطب التجديدي. وتتركز الجهود البحثية الأخيرة على تطوير بروتوكولات التمايز قوية لإنتاج خلايا بالغة متخصصة بما في ذلك الظهارة الصبغية الشبكية (RPE) 6-11. لالتطبيقات السريرية المحتملة للخلايا الجذع المشتقة، والتمايز الموجهة لهذا النوع من خلية معينة أمر ضروري. وهناك طرق مختلفةنشرت للتمايز موجهة من المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والجذع خلايا كلا في RPE التي تختلف اختلافا كبيرا في كفاءتها 6-7، 12-16. ونحن ما زلنا لا نعرف الكثير من الأحداث الجزيئية التي تتحكم في مصير خلية / الأنسجة أثناء تطوير أو التمايز. في السنوات الأخيرة، بذلت جهود لتطوير بروتوكول التمايز التي يمكن أن تحاكي التطور الجنينى قدر الإمكان. خلال مرحلة الكيسة الأريمية، والسكان غير الملتزم به والخلايا الجذعية هي معا في المكروية ثلاثية الأبعاد. لذلك، طبقت استراتيجيات مختلفة لجعل خلايا ESC / IPS تجميعها معا وتنمو لهم في ثلاثة أبعاد. وتسمى هذه المجاميع الخلايا الجذعية الهيئات مضغي الشكل (EBS). وقد أظهرت الدراسات أن EB تمايز الخلايا الجذعية تحاكي المرحلة المبكرة من تطور الجنين ويمكن أن تعطي بشكل عفوي أدى إلى الأديم الباطن البدائي على سطحه الخارجي. وفي وقت لاحق، كما تقدم EB التنمية، الظواهر خلية متمايزة من كل الأنساب الجرثومية الثلاث تظهر 17-18. عشرerefore، جذبت EBS بروتوكولات التمايز القائم على الكثير من الاهتمام لفي المختبر تمايز الخلايا ESC / الجذع وتكون مرشحا جيدا لتوليد RPE من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة (13). EBS يمكن أن يتم باستخدام عدة أساليب من خلايا ESC / IPS. في البداية، أدلى EBS عن طريق كشط قبالة المستعمرات ملتصقة والحفاظ عليها في الثقافة تعليق غير ملتصقة. ومع ذلك، فإن هذا النهج غلة السكان غير متجانسة من EBS الذي يسبب انخفاض التكاثر. شنقا انخفاض زراعة الخلايا وmicrowell تشكيل EBS المعتمدة على تقنيات الشعبية الأخرى لتشكيل EBS التي تسفر EBS متجانسة من الأحجام المحددة التي هي تكرار للغاية. وعلاوة على ذلك، يمكن للتقنية microwell تسفر عن عدد كبير من المجاميع مع أقل جهد. وينظم تمايز الخلايا داخل EBS من متعدد من العظة morphogenic من المكروية خارج الخلية والخلايا. وعلى النقيض من التمايز في مونشكل olayer، EBS توفير منصة لتجميع معقدة من الخلايا والإشارات بين الخلايا أن تحدث 17. ومن المثير للاهتمام، لوحظ عدد من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة التي استخدمت لصنع EBS الفردية للتأثير على مصير الخلايا. على سبيل المثال، في دراسة التمايز المكونة للدم من المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية الإنسان، لوحظ أن 500 خلية EB الترويج التمايز نحو الأنساب النخاعي في حين دفعت 1،000 خلية EB نحو محمر النسب 20. وفي دراسة أخرى، فضلت EBS أصغر الأديم الباطن التمايز في حين EBS أكبر روجت نحو العصبية الأديم الظاهر التمايز 11، 17. هذه الدراسات السابقة تشير بقوة إلى أن عدد الخلايا ESC / IPS المستخدمة لجعل EBS الفردية تؤثر على EBS التمايز القائم على أي من أنواع الخلايا. ومع ذلك، على حد علمنا، لا توجد دراسات الحالية التي توضيح تأثير حجم EBS في نزوعها إلى التفريق نحو RPE. والهدف من هذه الدراسة هو لتوصيف تأثيرحجم EB على يسببها المحفزة الجذعية (آي بي إس) خلايا - الظهارة الصبغية الشبكية (IPS-RPE) التمايز وتحديد عدد الخلايا الأمثل لجعل EBS للتمايز الموجهة نحو RPE النسب.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="722">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="36">
			<td height="36" style="height:36px;width:239px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mTeSR1 media + 5X supplement</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Y-27632 (Rock Inhibitor)</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>72304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">M-7154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Non essential amino acids</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hyclone(Fisher)</td>
			<td>SH30853.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Knockout serum replacement</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">10828-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Gentamicin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">15750-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">MEM media</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">10370-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">N1 supplement</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">N-6530-5ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Taurine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">T-8691-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">H0888-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hyclone(Fisher)</td>
			<td>SH3008803HI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triiodo-l-thyronine sodium&#160; salt</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">T6397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Dispase</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17105-041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">354277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hyclone(Fisher)</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Aggrewell 400 plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>27940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">AggreWell medium</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5893</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Accutase</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>7920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:239px;">BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Fixation/Permeabilization Kit</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>554714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Mouse Anti-PAX6 antibody</td>
			<td colspan="2">Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Rabbit Anti- RX antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab23340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Mouse&#160; Anti-MITF antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>MS-772-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Rabbit Anti-ZO-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>40-2200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">RNeasy plus mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">PCR master mix</td>
			<td>promega</td>
			<td>M7502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">High capacity RNA to c DNA kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4387406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

deriving retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) from induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells by different sizes of embryoid bodies

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of techniques to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has generated interest and excitement towards the possibility of customized personal regenerative medicine. However, the efficiency of stem cell differentiation towards a desired lineage remains low. The purpose of this study is to describe a protocol to derive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from iPS cells (iPS-RPE) by applying a tissue engineering approach to generate homogenous populations of embryoid bodies (EBs), a common intermediate during in vitro differentiation. The protocol applies the formation of specific size of EBs using microwell plate technology. The methods for identifying protein and gene markers of RPE by immunocytochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are also explained. Finally, the efficiency of differentiation in different sizes of EBs monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of RPE markers is described. These techniques will facilitate the differentiation of iPS cells into RPE for future applications.

في هذه التجربة، كانت خلايا الجذع مثقف ومتميزا في النسب RPE من EBS. وتم تشكيل EBS من الأحجام التحكم باستخدام لوحات microwell. كما رأينا في الشكل 1 EB تشكيل كانت متجانسة في لوحات microwell. وكانت هذه EBS ثم جمعها ومطلي على 6 لوحات جيدا (الشكل 2). <p class="jove_content" style=";text-align:r...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

والهدف من هذا التقرير هو لوصف بروتوكولات لاستخلاص الظهارة الشبكية الصباغ (RPE) من الجذعية المحفزة (آي بي إس) الخلايا باستخدام أحجام مختلفة من الهيئات مضغي الشكل.

المستمدة الشبكية الظهارة الصبغية (RPE) من المستحثة متعددة القدرات الجذعية (آي بي إس) الخلايا عن طريق أحجام مختلفة من الهيئات مضغي

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

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Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

10.5K Views.  U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research.  والهدف من هذا التقرير هو لوصف بروتوكولات لاستخلاص الظهارة الشبكية الصباغ (RPE) من الجذعية المحفزة (آي بي إس) الخلايا باستخدام أحجام مختلفة من الهيئات مضغي الشكل. 

Video: Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

اشتقاق كفاءة خلايا الظهارة الصبغية الشبكية من الخلايا الجذعية

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for studying early embryonic development. In the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ESCs differentiate by default into neural precursor cells. They can be amassed into a three dimensional (3D) spherical aggregate termed embryoid body (EB) due to its similarity to the early stage embryo. EBs can be seeded on fibronectin-coated coverslips, where they expand by growing two dimensional (2D) extensions, or implanted in 3D collagen matrices where they continue growing as spheroids, and differentiate into the three germ layers: endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal. The 3D collagen culture mimics the in vivo environment more closely than the 2D EBs. The 2D EB culture facilitates analysis by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting to track differentiation. We have developed a two-step neural differentiation protocol. In the first step, EBs are generated by the hanging-drop technique, and, simultaneously, are induced to differentiate by exposure to retinoic acid (RA). In the second step, neural differentiation proceeds in a 2D or 3D format in the absence of RA.

We describe a technique for using murine embryonic stem cells for generating two or three dimensional embryoid bodies. We then explain how to induce neural differentiation of the embryoid body cells by retinoic acid, and how to analyze their state of differentiation by progenitor cell marker immunofluorescence and immunoblotting.

تحليل الناجم عن حمض الريتينويك العصبية تمايز الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية الماوس في الهيئات مضغي اثنين وثلاثة الأبعاد

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an integration-free method. Following embryoid body (EB) formation and fibroblastic cell expansion, the iPSCs are induced for chondrogenic differentiation for 21 days under serum-free and xeno-free conditions. After chondrocyte induction, the phenotypes of the cells are evaluated by morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses, as well as by the quantitative real-time PCR examination of chondrogenic differentiation markers. The chondrogenic pellets show positive alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. The immunohistochemistry of collagen II and X staining is also positive. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and the chondrogenic differentiation markers COLLAGEN 2 (COL2), COLLAGEN 10 (COL10), SOX9, and AGGRECAN are significantly upregulated in chondrogenic pellets compared to hiPSCs and fibroblastic cells. These results suggest that PBCs can be used as seed cells to generate iPSCs for cartilage repair, which is patient-specific and cost-effective.

We present a protocol to generate a chondrogenic lineage from human peripheral blood (PB) via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using an integration-free method, which includes embryoid body (EB) formation, fibroblastic cells expansion, and chondrogenic induction.

تشوندروسيتيس التفريق من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة المستحثة البشرية المستحثة من الدم

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. Currently, efforts are being made to regenerate damaged cartilage with ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the restricted viability and instability of these cells limit their application in cartilage reconstruction. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have received scientific attention as a new alternative for regenerative applications. With unlimited self-renewal ability and multipotency, hiPSCs have been highlighted as a new replacement cell source for cartilage repair. However, obtaining a high quantity of high-quality chondrogenic pellets is a major challenge to their clinical application. In this study, we used embryoid body (EB)-derived outgrowth cells for chondrogenic differentiation. Successful chondrogenesis was confirmed by PCR and staining with alcian blue, toluidine blue, and antibodies against collagen types I and II (COL1A1 and COL2A1, respectively). We provide a detailed method for the differentiation of cord blood mononuclear cell-derived iPSCs (CBMC-hiPSCs) into chondrogenic pellets.

Here, we propose a protocol for chondrogenic differentiation from cord blood mononuclear cell-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells.

تشكيل بيليه غضروفي من الخلايا الجذعية المحفزة المستمدة من الدم الحبلية

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

التفريق بين الخلايا الظهارية الصبغية الشبكية من الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent المستحث أو الجنينية البشرية سريعة وموجهة

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Several pathological conditions of the eye affect the functionality and/or the survival of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These include some forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell therapy is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies proposed to cure these diseases, with already encouraging preliminary results in humans. However, the method of preparation of the graft has a significant impact on its functional outcomes in vivo. Indeed, RPE cells grafted as a cell suspension are less functional than the same cells transplanted as a retinal tissue. Herein, we describe a simple and reproducible method to engineer RPE tissue and its preparation for an in vivo implantation. RPE cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells are seeded on a biological support, the human amniotic membrane (hAM). Compared to artificial scaffolds, this support has the advantage of having a basement membrane that is close to the Bruch&#39;s membrane where endogenous RPE cells are attached. However, its manipulation is not easy, and we developed several strategies for its proper culturing and preparation for grafting in vivo.

We describe a method to engineer a retinal tissue composed of retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells cultured on top of human amniotic membranes and its preparation for grafting in animal models.

هندسة الأنسجة ظهارة صباغ الشبكية زرع مناسبة المستمدة من الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية البشرية

Several pathological conditions of the eye affect the functionality and/or the survival of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These include some forms ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent epiblast cells by orchestrated exposures to cytokines, including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4). In human embryos, the earliest PGCs have been identified on the endodermal wall of yolk sac around the end of the 3rd week of gestation, but little is known about the process of human PGC specification and their early development. To circumvent the technical and ethical barriers of studying human embryonic PGCs, surrogate cell culture models have been recently generated from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we describe a 13-day protocol for robust production of human PGC-Like Cells (hPGCLCs). Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) maintained in the primed pluripotency state are incubated in the 4i na&#239;ve reprogramming medium for 48 hours, dissociated to single cells, and packed into microwells. Prolonged maintenance of hiPSCs in the na&#239;ve pluripotency state causes significant chromosomal aberrations and should be avoided. hiPSCs in the microwells are maintained for an additional 24 hours in the 4i medium to form embryoid bodies (EBs), which are then cultured in low-adherence plasticware under a rocking condition in the hPGCLC induction medium containing a high concentration of recombinant human BMP4. EBs are further cultured for up to 8 days in the rocking, non-adherent condition to obtain maximum yields of hPGCLCs. By immunohistochemistry, hPGCLCs are readily detected as cells strongly expressing OCT4 in almost all EBs exclusively on their surface. When EBs are enzymatically dissociated and subjected to FACS enrichment, hPGCLCs can be collected as CD38+ cells with up to 40-45% yield.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of both sperm and eggs. Human embryonic PGCs are specified from pluripotent epiblast cells through interactions of cytokines. Here, we describe a 13-day protocol of inducing human cells transcriptomally resembling PGCs at the surface of embryoid bodies from primed-pluripotency induced pluripotent stem cells.

جيل من البشرية البدائية الخلية الجرثومية مثل الخلايا على سطح الهيئات امبريويد من بلوريبوتينسي جاهزة للانفجار الناجم عن الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

جيل أورجانويد الجلد 3D من سلك المستمدة من الدم الناجم عن الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

في المختبر توليد المشتقات سميط من البشرية التي يسببها الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Hemogenic Endothelium Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in A Feeder- and Xeno-free Defined Condition

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous transplants to treat hematological and malignant disorders. Hemogenic endothelium (HE) is an amenable platform to produce functional HSPCs by transcription factors or to induce lymphocytes in a robust manner. However, current methods to derive HE are either costly or variable in yield. In this protocol, we established a cost-effective and precise method to derive HE within 4 days in a feeder- and xeno-free defined condition. The resultant HE underwent an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and produced CD34+CD45+ clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors. The potential capacity of our platform for generating functional HSPCs will have broad applications in disease modeling and screening for therapeutic compounds.

Here, we present a protocol to precisely form hemogenic endothelium from human pluripotent stem cells in a feeder- and xeno-free condition. This method will have broad applications in disease modeling and screening for therapeutic compounds.

البطانة الظهارة الظهارية الظهارة من الخلايا الجذعية البشرية متعددة القدرات في حالة محددة خالية من التغذية وXeno

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous ...