The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. This research was performed while the authors Alberto Mu&#241;iz, Ramesh R Kaini, Whitney A Greene and Jae-Hyek Choi held a National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associateship at the USAISR. This work was supported by U.S. Army Clinical Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program (CRMRP) and Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP).

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced+aggregation+of+defined+numbers+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+into+embryoid+bodies+fosters+robust,+reproducible+hematopoietic+differentiation.">Forced aggregation of defined numbers of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies fosters robust, reproducible hematopoietic differentiation.</a> Blood. 106 (5), 1601-1603 (2005).</li><li>Maminishkis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confluent+monolayers+of+cultured+human+fetal+retinal+pigment+epithelium+exhibit+morphology+and+physiology+of+native+tissue.">Confluent monolayers of cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelium exhibit morphology and physiology of native tissue.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47 (8), 3612-3624 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

על מנת לממש את ההבטחה המלאה של תאי גזע pluripotent לטיפול בתאים, יש צורך להסדיר הבידול שלהם באופן עקבי לשחזור. דו&quot;ח זה מתאר פרוטוקולים כדי ליצור EBS-נשלט באמצעות טכנולוגיית גודל צלחת microwell, ליזום בידול כלפי הרשתית ולזהות סמני חלבון וגן של הרשתית. כדי לסנכרן את הבידול במב?...

גזע pluripotent תאים (iPS) מושרה הם סוג של תאי גזע pluripotent נגזר על ידי תכנות מחדש של תאים בוגרים עם גורמים חיצוניים 1. בניגוד לכך, תאי גזע עובריים (ESCs), סוג אחר של תאי גזע pluripotent, נוצרים ממסת התאים הפנימית של הבלסטוציסט 2-3. למרות מקורותיהם השונים, תאי iPS וESCs הם דומים בקיבולת בלתי מוגבלת שלהם לשכפל במבחנה וביכולתם להתמיין לכל סוג תא 4-5. מאפיינים אלו של תאי iPS להפוך אותם למועמדים אידיאליים עבור יישומים ברפואת רגנרטיבית אישית. מאמצי המחקר אחרונים מתמקדים בפיתוח פרוטוקולי בידול חזקים להפקת תאים בוגרים מיוחדים כוללים אפיתל הפיגמנט ברשתית (RPE) 6-11. עבור יישומים קליניים פוטנציאליים של תאי iPS נגזרים, בידול מכוון עבור אותו סוג תא מסוים הוא חיוני. ישנן שיטות שונותפורסם לבידול מכוון של שני תאי iPS ESCs ולרשתית שמשתנית מאוד ביעילות שלהם 6-7, 12-16. אנחנו עדיין לא יודעים שרבים מן האירועים המולקולריים הקובעים את גורל תא / רקמה במהלך פיתוח או בידול. בשנים האחרונות, נעשו מאמצים לפתח פרוטוקול הבידול שיכול לחקות ההתפתחות העוברית ככל האפשר. בשלב הבלסטוציסט, אוכלוסייה לא מחויבת של תאי גזע נמצא יחד במייקרו-סביבה תלת ממדים. אז, אסטרטגיות שונות יושמו על מנת להפוך את תאי ESC / iPS התאספו יחד ולגדל אותם בשלושה ממדים. אגרגטים של תאי גזע אלה נקראים גופי embryoid (EBS). מחקרים הראו כי ההבחנה EB של תאי גזע לחקות שלב המוקדם של התפתחות עובר ואופן ספונטני יכולה להצמיח האנדודרם פרימיטיווי על פני השטח החיצוניים שלה. מאוחר יותר, כפיתוח EB מתקדם, פנוטיפים תאים מובחנים של כל שלוש השושלות נבט מופיעים 17-18. הerefore, פרוטוקולי בידול המבוסס EBS משכו הרבה תשומת לב לבידול במבחנה של תאי ESC / iPS ומועמד טוב לדור הרשתית מתאי גזע pluripotent 13. EBS יכול להתבצע באמצעות מספר שיטות מESC תאים / iPS. בתחילה, EBS נעשה על ידי גירוד את מושבות חסיד ושמירתם בתרבות השעיה שאינה חסיד. עם זאת, גישה זו מניבה אוכלוסייה הטרוגנית של EBS שגורם לשחזור נמוך. תרבות תליית ירידת תא וmicrowell היווצרות EBS מבוססת טכניקות פופולריות אחרות להיווצרות EBS שיניבו EBS הומוגנית בגדלים מוגדרים, כי הם מאוד לשחזור. יתר על כן, טכניקת microwell יכולה להניב מספר רב של אגרגטים בפחות מאמץ. התמיינות של תאים בתוך EBS מוסדרת על ידי זמנית רמזי morphogenic ממייקרו-הסביבה התאית ו תאי. בניגוד לבידול ביום שניפורמט olayer, EBS לתת במה להרכבה מורכבת של תאים ואיתות בין תאית להתרחש 17. מעניין לציין, כי מספר תאי גזע pluripotent המשמשים לייצור EBS הבודד נצפה להשפיע על גורלם של תאים. לדוגמא, במחקר בידול hematopoietic של ESCs אדם, זה היה ציין כי 500 התאים EB קידמה בידול כלפי שושלת מיאלואידית ואילו 1,000 התאים EB דחפה כלפי שושלת erythroid 20. במחקר אחר, EBS הקטן העדיף בידול האנדודרם אילו EBS הגדול קידם לבידול נוירו-האאקטודרם 11, 17. המחקרים האחרונים ממליצים כי מספר תאי ESC / iPS המשמשים לייצור EBS הפרט להשפיע על EBS בידול המבוסס על כל סוגי תאים. עם זאת, למיטב ידיעתנו, אין מחקרים הנוכחיים שהובהרו ההשפעה של גודל EBS בנטייה שלה כדי לבדל את כיוון הרשתית. מטרתו של מחקר זה היא לאפיין את ההשפעה שלגודל EB על גזע pluripotent מושרה תאים (iPS) - אפיתל הפיגמנט ברשתית בידול (iPS-RPE) ולזהות את המספר הסלולרי האופטימלי על מנת להפוך את EBS לבידול מכוון לשושלת הרשתית.

<table><tbody><tr><td>mTeSR1 media + 5x supplement</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>5850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Y-27632 (Rock Inhibitor)</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>72304</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F12</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11330-032</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M-7154</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non essential amino acids</td><td>Hyclone(Fisher)</td><td>SH30853.01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knockout serum replacement</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10828-028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030-081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM media</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10370-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N1 supplement</td><td>Sigma</td><td>N-6530-5ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Taurine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T-8691-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrocortisone</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H0888-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Hyclone(Fisher)</td><td>SH3008803HI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium&amp;nbsp; salt</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T6397</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dispase</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>17105-041</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>354277</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Hyclone(Fisher)</td><td>10010-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aggrewell 400 plate</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>27940</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AggreWell medium</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>5893</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accutase</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>7920</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Fixation/Permeabilization Kit</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>554714</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Anti-PAX6 antibody</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit Anti-RX antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>Ab23340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse&amp;nbsp; Anti-MITF antibody</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>MS-772-P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit Anti-ZO-1 antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>40-2200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy plus mini kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR master mix</td><td>Promega</td><td>M7502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High capacity RNA to cDNA kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>4387406</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

deriving retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) from induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells by different sizes of embryoid bodies

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of techniques to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has generated interest and excitement towards the possibility of customized personal regenerative medicine. However, the efficiency of stem cell differentiation towards a desired lineage remains low. The purpose of this study is to describe a protocol to derive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from iPS cells (iPS-RPE) by applying a tissue engineering approach to generate homogenous populations of embryoid bodies (EBs), a common intermediate during in vitro differentiation. The protocol applies the formation of specific size of EBs using microwell plate technology. The methods for identifying protein and gene markers of RPE by immunocytochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are also explained. Finally, the efficiency of differentiation in different sizes of EBs monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of RPE markers is described. These techniques will facilitate the differentiation of iPS cells into RPE for future applications.

בניסוי זה, תאי iPS היו בתרבית ומובחנת לשושלת הרשתית מEBS. EBS בגדלים מבוקרים נוצר באמצעות צלחות microwell. כפי שניתן לראות באיור 1 EB ההיווצרות היה הומוגני בצלחות microwell. EBS אלה ולאחר מכן נאסף ומצופה על 6 צלחות היטב (איור 2). ני...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

מטרת דו&quot;ח זה היא לתאר את הפרוטוקולים לגזור את האפיתל רשתית פיגמנט (RPE) מתאי גזע pluripotent מושרה (iPS) באמצעות גדלים שונים של גופי embryoid.

תאים (iPS) נובע רשתית פיגמנט האפיתל (RPE) מגזע המושרה pluripotent על ידי בגדלים שונים של גופי Embryoid

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

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Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

10.5K Views.  U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research.  מטרת דו"ח זה היא לתאר את הפרוטוקולים לגזור את האפיתל רשתית פיגמנט (RPE) מתאי גזע pluripotent מושרה (iPS) באמצעות גדלים שונים של גופי embryoid. 

Video: Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

גזירה יעילה של תאי הרשתית פיגמנט האפיתל מתאי גזע

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

הבידול מהירה, מכוונת של תאים אפיתל הפיגמנט ברשתית מתאי גזע Pluripotent האנושי עובריים או מושרה

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Defined Xeno-free and Feeder-free Culture Conditions for the Generation of Human iPSC-derived Retinal Cell Models

The production of specialized cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a powerful tool to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. The use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is particularly attractive for neurodegenerative disease studies, including retinal dystrophies, where iPSC-derived retinal cell models mark a major step forward to understand and fight blindness. In this paper, we describe a simple and scalable protocol to generate, mature, and cryopreserve retinal organoids. Based on medium changing, the main advantage of this method is to avoid multiple and time-consuming steps commonly required in a guided differentiation of iPSCs. Mimicking the early phases of retinal development by successive changes of defined media on adherent human iPSC cultures, this protocol allows the simultaneous generation of self-forming neuroretinal structures and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells in a reproducible and efficient manner in 4 weeks. These structures containing retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) can be easily isolated for further maturation in a floating culture condition enabling the differentiation of RPCs into the seven retinal cell types present in the adult human retina. Additionally, we describe quick methods for the cryopreservation of retinal organoids and RPE cells for long-term storage. Combined together, the methods described here will be useful to produce and bank human iPSC-derived retinal cells or tissues for both basic and clinical research.

The production of specialized retinal cells from pluripotent stem cells is a turning point in the development of stem cell-based therapy for retinal diseases. The present paper describes a simple method for an efficient generation of retinal organoids and retinal pigmented epithelium for basic, translational, and clinical research.

קסנו נטולת מוגדר ותנאים מזין ללא תרבות לדגמי הדור של האדם נגזר iPSC רשתית תא

The production of specialized cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a powerful tool to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. The use of ...

Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Several pathological conditions of the eye affect the functionality and/or the survival of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These include some forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell therapy is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies proposed to cure these diseases, with already encouraging preliminary results in humans. However, the method of preparation of the graft has a significant impact on its functional outcomes in vivo. Indeed, RPE cells grafted as a cell suspension are less functional than the same cells transplanted as a retinal tissue. Herein, we describe a simple and reproducible method to engineer RPE tissue and its preparation for an in vivo implantation. RPE cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells are seeded on a biological support, the human amniotic membrane (hAM). Compared to artificial scaffolds, this support has the advantage of having a basement membrane that is close to the Bruch&#39;s membrane where endogenous RPE cells are attached. However, its manipulation is not easy, and we developed several strategies for its proper culturing and preparation for grafting in vivo.

We describe a method to engineer a retinal tissue composed of retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells cultured on top of human amniotic membranes and its preparation for grafting in animal models.

הנדסת רקמות אפיתל הפיגמנט ברשתית השתלת-מתאים נגזר תאי גזע עובריים

Several pathological conditions of the eye affect the functionality and/or the survival of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These include some forms ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

ביצוע subretinal זריקות במכרסמים כדי לספק תאי הרשתית פיגמנט האפיתל בהשעיה

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

Medicine

Generation of Retinal Organoids from Healthy and Retinal Disease-Specific Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells can generate complex tissue organoids that are useful for in vitro disease modeling studies and for developing regenerative therapies. This protocol describes a simpler, robust, and stepwise method of generating retinal organoids in a hybrid culture system consisting of adherent monolayer cultures during the first 4 weeks of retinal differentiation till the emergence of distinct, self-organized eye field primordial clusters (EFPs). Further, the doughnut-shaped, circular, and translucent neuro-retinal islands within each EFP are manually picked and cultured under suspension using non-adherent culture dishes in a retinal differentiation medium for 1-2 weeks to generate multilayered 3D optic cups (OC-1M). These immature retinal organoids contain PAX6+ and ChX10+ proliferating, multipotent retinal precursors. The precursor cells are linearly self-assembled within the organoids and appear as distinct radial striations. At 4 weeks after suspension culture, the retinal progenitors undergo post-mitotic arrest and lineage differentiation to form mature retinal organoids (OC-2M). The photoreceptor lineage committed precursors develop within the outermost layers of retinal organoids. These CRX+ and RCVRN+ photoreceptor cells morphologically mature to display inner segment-like extensions. This method can be adopted for generating retinal organoids using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). All steps and procedures are clearly explained and demonstrated to ensure replicability and for wider applications in basic science and translational research.

This protocol describes an efficient method of differentiating hiPSCs into eye field clusters and generating neuro-retinal organoids using simplified culture conditions involving both adherent and suspension culture systems. Other ocular cell types, such as the RPE and corneal epithelium, can also be isolated from mature eye fields in retinal cultures.

יצירת אורגנואידים ברשתית מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים בריאים וספציפיים למחלות רשתית הנגרמים על ידי בני אדם

Pluripotent stem cells can generate complex tissue organoids that are useful for in vitro disease modeling studies and for developing regenerative ...

התמיינות תלת-ממדית משופרת של הרשתית העצבית מתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים

Generating Neural Retina from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Retinopathy is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. Investigating its pathogenesis is essential for the early diagnosis and timely treatment of retinopathy. Unfortunately, ethical barriers hinder the collection of evidence from humans. Recently, numerous studies have shown that human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be differentiated into retinal organoids (ROs) using different induction protocols, which have enormous potential in retinopathy for disease modeling, drug screening, and stem cell-based therapies. This study describes an optimized induction protocol to generate neural retina (NR) that significantly reduces the probability of vesiculation and fusion, increasing the success rate of production until day 60. Based on the ability of PSCs to self-reorganize after dissociation, combined with certain complementary factors, this new method can specifically drive NR differentiation. Furthermore, the approach is uncomplicated, cost-effective, exhibits notable repeatability and efficiency, presents encouraging prospects for personalized models of retinal diseases, and supplies a plentiful cell reservoir for applications such as cell therapy, drug screening, and gene therapy testing.

מחבר זרקור: ייצור אורגנואיד פשוט ויעיל ברשתית העצבית למידול מחלות

The present protocol describes an optimized 3D neural retina induction system that reduces the adhesion and fusion of retinal organoids with high repeatability and efficiency.

יצירת רשתית עצבית מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים אנושיים

Retinopathy is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. Investigating its pathogenesis is essential for the early diagnosis and timely treatment of ...

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human iPS cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE. The protocols include collection of RNA for analysis by microarray, and the analysis of microarray data to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed among three cell types. The methods for culture of iPS cells and fetal RPE are explained. The protocol used for differentiation of RPE from human iPS is also described. The RNA extraction technique we describe was selected to allow maximal recovery of very small RNA for use in a miRNA microarray. Finally, cellular pathway and network analysis of microarray data is explained. These techniques will facilitate the comparison of the miRNA profiles of three different cell types.

The microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE, were compared.

פרופילי הביטוי microRNA של תאי iPS האנושי, רשתית פיגמנט האפיתל נגזר משב&quot;ס, ועוברי הרשתית פיגמנט האפיתל

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, ...

תאים (iPS) נובע רשתית פיגמנט האפיתל (RPE) מגזע המושרה pluripotent על ידי בגדלים שונים של גופי Embryoid

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גזירה יעילה של תאי הרשתית פיגמנט האפיתל מתאי גזע

הבידול מהירה, מכוונת של תאים אפיתל הפיגמנט ברשתית מתאי גזע Pluripotent האנושי עובריים או מושרה

קסנו נטולת מוגדר ותנאים מזין ללא תרבות לדגמי הדור של האדם נגזר iPSC רשתית תא

הנדסת רקמות אפיתל הפיגמנט ברשתית השתלת-מתאים נגזר תאי גזע עובריים

ביצוע subretinal זריקות במכרסמים כדי לספק תאי הרשתית פיגמנט האפיתל בהשעיה

יצירת אורגנואידים ברשתית מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים בריאים וספציפיים למחלות רשתית הנגרמים על ידי בני אדם

יצירת רשתית עצבית מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים אנושיים

יצירת רשתית עצבית מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים אנושיים

יצירת רשתית עצבית מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים אנושיים

פרופילי הביטוי microRNA של תאי iPS האנושי, רשתית פיגמנט האפיתל נגזר משב"ס, ועוברי הרשתית פיגמנט האפיתל