فإن الكتاب أود أن أشكر جميع أعضاء المختبر رينولدز في روزاليند فرانكلين جامعة الطب والعلوم، والمختبر تشن دونغ في جامعة تكساس مركز أندرسون للسرطان لتعظيم الاستفادة من هذا البروتوكول. وأيد هذا العمل من خلال منحة لJMR من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة (K22AI104941).

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الكتاب تعلن أي المصالح المالية المتنافسة.

في حين أن الطحال يحتوي على خلايا ث الساذجة، فإن نسبة هذه الفئة من السكان في الغدد الليمفاوية هو أعلى من ذلك بكثير. والفشل في تحديد بشكل صحيح وإزالة العقد اللمفاوية في هذا البروتوكول يؤدي إلى العائد الضعيف للخلايا ساذجة. وهذا يمكن أن يكون من الصعب وخصوصا في الفئران الأ...

مفهوم الأنساب متميزة أو مجموعات فرعية من CD4 + T المساعد وكانت (ث) خلايا موجودة منذ الجزء الأخير من القرن التاسع 20 1. الاعتراف مستضد وما شابه ذلك بحضور النتائج إشارات costimulatory في عدة جولات من انتشار الخلوي والتمايز في نهاية المطاف إلى المستجيب ث الخلايا. نوع ث الخلايا المولدة خلال هذه العملية يتوقف على البيئة خلوى الحالية خلال تفعيل 2. في البداية، كان يعتقد خلايا ث ساذجة لاستقطاب في 2 الأنساب المتميزة التالية مستقبلات الخلايا التائية (TCR) التنشيط، costimulatory CD28 ربط، وخلوى الإشارات. وتتميز نوع 1 الخلايا المساعدة (TH1) من خلال إنتاج المستجيب لها من خلوى IFNγ فضلا عن احتياجاتهما لIL-12 الإشارات خلال 3،4 عملية التمايز. في نهاية المطاف تم اكتشاف أن خلايا TH1 متباينة لديها الصورة الجينية التي تتميز معظم متميز بذ التعبير عن مربع T عامل النسخ الأسرة، Tbx21 (T-رهان)، والتي تعتبر المنظم الرئيسي للبرنامج جيني TH1 5. وعلاوة على ذلك، يمكن أن IL-12 وكذلك IFNγ تعزيز T-رهان التعبير 6،7. في الاستجابة المناعية، وخلايا TH1 مهمة للدفاع المضيف ضد مسببات الأمراض داخل الخلايا وكذلك المروجين قوي للالتهاب المناعة الذاتية. في المقابل، خلايا من النوع 2 المساعد (TH2) تتطلب IL-4 لتنميتها والسيتوكينات المستجيب، بما في ذلك IL-4 و IL-5، وIL-13، هي مهمة للقيادة استجابات الخلايا B وهي المسببة للأمراض في الحساسية 8، 9. وعلى غرار TH1 الخلايا، تم العثور على خلايا TH2 للتعبير عن نفسه منظم النسخي سيدهم، ووصف GATA-3 10،11. ومن المثير للاهتمام، فإن وجود السيتوكينات استقطاب وتوليد نسب ث المحددة هي معادية لتطوير الآخرين 2،12، مما يوحي بأن مجموعة فرعية فقط ث معينة قد تصبح المهيمنة خلال إعادة المناعياستجابته. منذ التعرف على Th1 و TH2 الأنساب، وقد أثبت المزيد من العمل حتى أكثر فريدة من نوعها مجموعات فرعية من الخلايا التائية المساعدة، بما في ذلك مسامي المساعد (TFH)، IL-9-إنتاج (Th9)، وIL-22-إنتاج (Th22) (مؤخرا استعراضها في 13). لأغراض التجارب في المختبر التمايز، وهذا البروتوكول تركز فقط على اثنين من مجموعات فرعية ث إضافية، ووصف خلايا T التنظيمية (Treg) وIL-17-إنتاج خلايا CD4 + T (Th17). CD25 + خلايا T التنظيمية يمكن أن يحدث بشكل طبيعي (nTreg) في الغدة الصعترية. ويمكن أيضا أن يتسبب خلايا ث ساذجة (iTreg) لتصبح التنظيمية في محيط (استعراضها في 14،15). كلا النوعين من Tregs تعبر عن عامل النسخ مميزة، يطلق مربع forkhead P3 (Foxp3)، وهو أمر حاسم لآليات قمع المستجيب لها والتي تشمل إنتاج قابل للذوبان المضادة للالتهابات الوسيط، IL-2 الاستهلاك، وآليات الخلية التي تعتمد على الاتصال 14،15. عدم وجود Foxp3 النتائج في التعبير الشديد، الأعضاء المتعددة اضطراب المناعة الذاتية وصفته ديسريغولاتيون المناعي، polyendocrinopathy، الأمعاء، ومتلازمة X-مرتبط (IPEX)، مما يدل على الدور الحاسم لهذا فرعية ث في حل التهاب وتنظيم التسامح الطرفية في تقرير المصير مستضدات 16. في المختبر، الخلايا المساعدة CD4 + T ساذجة يصل تنظيم Foxp3 وأصبح ملتزما برنامج Treg على التحفيز مع IL-2 و TGF-β 14،15. قد يكون هناك معتدلة إلى اللدونة كبيرة في CD4 + T الأنساب الخلية، وخاصة عند النظر في إنتاج السيتوكينات الوحيد (استعراضها في 17،18). ومع ذلك، لأغراض في المختبر بروتوكولات التمايز، وسوف نناقش كل مجموعة فرعية كما نسب فريدة من نوعها. مؤخرا، تم تحديد مجموعة فرعية من خلايا Th17 التي تنتج خلوى IL-17 كما نسب فريدة من نوعها مع وظائف الموالية للالتهابات التي هي المسببة للأمراض وخاصة أثناء التهاب المناعة الذاتية 19-21. خلايا Th17 تعبر عن عامل النسخ فريدة من نوعها، ووصف المتعلقة ريتينويد اليتيم مستقبلات غاما ر (RORγt) التي تنسق برنامج جيني Th17 22. TGFβ المهم لتوليد Th17 النسب من خلال تحريض RORγt. ومع ذلك، يعتقد أن تأثير TGFβ إشارات للحث على الالتزام فقط Th17 على التآزر مع IL-6 (استعراضها في 12). وقد أظهرت دراسات أخرى أن مجموعة متنوعة من الإشارات الأخرى التي يمكن أن تنظم بشكل إيجابي التزام Th17، بما في ذلك IL-1β، وزيادة الصوديوم، وTLR اشارة 23-26. وأشارت تقارير أخرى إلى أن خلايا Th17 المسببة للأمراض في الجسم الحي هي تلك التي تجاوز الواقع TGFβ الإشارات وبدلا من ذلك تعتمد على مزيج من IL-1، IL-6، وIL-23 للتمايز على 27. وبالتالي، قد تكون مشتقة خلايا Th17 من مجموعة متنوعة من مسارات الإشارات. لأغراض هذا البروتوكول، وشائعة الاستخدام (TGFβ وIL-6) مسارا لTh17 التزام النسبوستعرض. البروتوكولات التمايز هو موضح أدناه لجميع الأنساب المستجيب تعتمد على الأجسام المضادة ثابت كما المحفزات لTCR وCD28 في جميع أنحاء كامل التجربة. ومع ذلك، فقد أظهرت آخرون أن تفعيل TCR مع الخلايا العارضة للمستضد 28 أو مكافحة CD3 وأضداد CD28 مع الهامستر الأجسام المضادة ربط عبر لمدة 2 أيام 29 هي أيضا وسيلة فعالة للغاية من تحريض جيل من مختلف مجموعات فرعية ث. بروتوكول المعروضة هنا يبني على أساليب ذكرت سابقا لعزل خلايا CD4 + T الفئران من الأجهزة اللمفاوية الثانوية 30 و توليد خلايا Th17 31. احد الفرق الرئيسي هو أن هذا البروتوكول يعتمد على استخدام فارز خلية لعزل خلايا CD4 + T ساذجة من الأنسجة اللمفاوية. ومع ذلك، العديد من الشركات تقدم الآن مجموعات فصل السريعة التي يمكن أن تثري للخلايا CD4 + T السذاجة، والتي قد تكون قادرة على تجاوز شرط وأو الفرز اعتمادا على التجربة. الطرق والكواشف الواردة في هذا البروتوكول هي التي نستخدمها بشكل روتيني وتجد أن تكون الأكثر فعالية. ومع ذلك، نضع في اعتبارنا أن الكواشف ومنهجيات بديلة موجودة لكثير من الخطوات الواردة أدناه، والأمر متروك إلى المختبر الفردية لتحديد ما سوف تعمل بشكل أفضل لتحقيق أغراضهم.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete RPMI:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Warm in a 37 oC water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 Media</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 % FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>26140-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000X 2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>120 micron nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>CMN-0120-10YD</td>
			<td>Cut into 2 cm2 squares and autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative: 100 micron cell strainers</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-771-19</td>
			<td>Alternative to cutting nylon mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>autoMACS running buffer</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-091-221</td>
			<td>Warm in a 37 oC water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>autoMACS rinsing solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-091-222</td>
			<td>Warm in a 37 oC water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4 beads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-049-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A10492-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytokines:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human (h) IL-2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>200-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant mouse (rm) IL-4</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>214-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rmIL-6</td>
			<td>R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td>406-ML-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rmIL-12</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>210-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hTGFb</td>
			<td>R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td>240-B-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2C11 (anti-CD3)</td>
			<td>BioXcell</td>
			<td>BE0001-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37.51 (anti-CD28)</td>
			<td>BioXcell</td>
			<td>BE0015-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11B11 (anti-IL-4)</td>
			<td>BioXcell</td>
			<td>BE0045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XMG1.2 (anti-IFNg)</td>
			<td>BioXcell</td>
			<td>BE0055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD62L-FITC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>104406</td>
			<td>Use at 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD25-PE</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>102008</td>
			<td>Use at 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD4-PerCP</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>100434</td>
			<td>Use at 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD44-APC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>103012</td>
			<td>Use at 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phorbol&#160; 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-8139</td>
			<td>Prepare a stock at 0.1 mg/ml in DMSO and freeze aliquots at -20 oC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I-0634</td>
			<td>Prepare a stock at 0.5 mg/ml in DMSO and freeze aliquots at -20 oC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>00-4506-51</td>
			<td>Use at 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse na&#239;ve cd4+ t cell isolation and in vitro differentiation into t cell subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

النقطة الوقت لتحليل التمايز يمكن أن تختلف تبعا لحالة ث يجري اختبارها فضلا عن قوة T تنشيط مستقبلات الخلية. بعد 2-3 أيام من التمايز، والخلايا يمكن تصور بواسطة المجهر الضوئي لتحديد مدى انتشار الخلايا T. سوف الآبار واظهار انتشار واسع والتثاقل من خلايا من المرجح أن تكون جاه?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse NaÃ¯ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets at JoVE.com

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

الماوس السذاجة CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; عزل T خلية و<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; التمايز إلى T مجموعات فرعية خلية

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

mouse-nave-cd4-t-cell-isolation-vitro-differentiation-into-t-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

51.7K Views.  Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. Naïve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals. 

Video: Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

تنبيغ من فيروسات تي خلية المستقبلات في الخلايا التائية ماوس

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Isolation of Precursor B-cell Subsets from Umbilical Cord Blood

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for isolating precursor B-cells at four different stages of differentiation. Because genes are expressed and epigenetic modifications occur in a tissue specific manner, it is vital to discriminate between tissues and cell types in order to be able to identify alterations in the genome and the epigenome that may lead to the development of disease. This method can be adapted to any type of cell present in umbilical cord blood at any stage of differentiation.	
This method comprises 4 main steps. First, mononuclear cells are separated by density centrifugation. Second, B-cells are enriched using biotin conjugated antibodies that recognize and remove non B-cells from the mononuclear cells. Third the B-cells are fluorescently labeled with cell surface protein antibodies specific to individual stages of B-cell development. Finally, the fluorescently labeled cells are sorted and individual populations are recovered. The recovered cells are of sufficient quantity and quality to be utilized in downstream nucleic acid assays.

Here we describe a protocol for isolating subsets of precursor B-cells from umbilical cord blood. A sufficient quantity and quality of nucleic acids may be extracted from the cells and used in subsequent assays utilizing DNA or RNA.

عزل مجموعات فرعية B-الخلية السلائف من دم الحبل السري

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

تنبيغ الفيروسة الغدانية من CD4 الخلايا التائية ساذج لدراسة التمايز Treg

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

العزلة والتمايز TH17 من السذاجة CD4 T الخلايا اللمفاوية

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are upregulated upon this ongoing antigen exposure and contribute to loss of proliferation, reduced cytolytic function, and impaired cytokine production by CD4 and CD8 T cells. In the murine model of LCMV infection, administration of blocking antibodies against these two pathways augmented T cell responses. However, there is currently no in vitro assay to measure the impact of such blockade on cytokine secretion in cells from human samples. Our protocol and experimental approach enable us to accurately and efficiently quantify the restoration of cytokine production by HIV-specific CD4 T cells from HIV infected subjects.
Here, we depict an in vitro experimental design that enables measurements of cytokine secretion by HIV-specific CD4 T cells and their impact on other cell subsets. CD8 T cells were depleted from whole blood and remaining PBMCs were isolated via Ficoll separation method. CD8-depleted PBMCs were then incubated with blocking antibodies against PD-L1 and/or IL-10R&#945; and, after stimulation with an HIV-1 Gag peptide pool, cells were incubated at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2. After 48 hr, supernatant was collected for cytokine analysis by beads arrays and cell pellets were collected for either phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry or transcriptional analysis using qRT-PCR. For more detailed analysis, different cell populations were obtained by selective subset depletion from PBMCs or by sorting using flow cytometry before being assessed in the same assays. These methods provide a highly sensitive and specific approach to determine the modulation of cytokine production by antigen-specific T-helper cells and to determine functional interactions between different populations of immune cells.

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

We developed an in vitro assay to investigate the role of immunoregulatory pathways in the regulation of cytokine secretion by HIV-specific CD4 T cells.

في المختبر الفحص لتقييم أثر مناعة مقررات تمهيدية بشأن فيروس نقص المناعة CD4 T محددة المستجيب خلية وظيفة

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are ...

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

زرع الجلد الذيل لدراسة خيفي CD4 T الردود الخليوي في الفئران

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

Kupffer Cell Isolation for Nanoparticle Toxicity Testing

The large majority of in vitro nanotoxicological studies have used immortalized cell lines for their practicality. However, results from nanoparticle toxicity testing in immortalized cell lines or primary cells have shown discrepancies, highlighting the need to extend the use of primary cells for in vitro assays. This protocol describes the isolation of mouse liver macrophages, named Kupffer cells, and their use to study nanoparticle toxicity. Kupffer cells are the most abundant macrophage population in the body and constitute part of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES), responsible for the capture of circulating nanoparticles. The Kupffer cell isolation method reported here is based on a 2-step perfusion method followed by purification on density gradient. The method, based on collagenase digestion and density centrifugation, is adapted from the original protocol developed by Smedsr&#248;d et al. designed for rat liver cell isolation and provides high yield (up to 14 x 106 cells per mouse) and high purity (&#62;95%) of Kupffer cells. This isolation method does not require sophisticated or expensive equipment and therefore represents an ideal compromise between complexity and cell yield. The use of heavier mice (35-45 g) improves the yield of the isolation method but also facilitates remarkably the procedure of portal vein cannulation. The toxicity of functionalized carbon nanotubes f-CNTs was measured in this model by the modified LDH assay. This method assesses cell viability by measuring the lack of structural integrity of Kupffer cell membrane after incubation with f-CNTs. Toxicity induced by f-CNTs can be measured consistently using this assay, highlighting that isolated Kupffer cells are useful for nanoparticle toxicity testing. The overall understanding of nanotoxicology could benefit from such models, making the nanoparticle selection for clinical translation more efficient.

Liver macrophages, named Kupffer cells, are responsible for the capture of circulating nanoparticles. We describe here a method, of high cell purity and yield, for Kupffer cell isolation. The modified LDH assay is used here to measure the toxicity induced by carbon nanotubes in Kupffer cells.

كوبفر عزل الخلايا للجسيمات متناهية الصغر سمية اختبار

The large majority of in vitro nanotoxicological studies have used immortalized cell lines for their practicality. However, results from nanoparticle ...

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of V&#948;1+CD4+&#947;&#948; T Cells, an Extrathymic &#945;&#946;T-cell Progenitor

The thymus, the primary organ for the generation of &#945;&#946; T cells and backbone of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, has long been considered as the only source of &#945;&#946;T cells. Yet, thymic involution begins early in life leading to a drastically reduced output of na&#239;ve &#945;&#946;T cells into the periphery. Nevertheless, even centenarians can build immunity against newly acquired pathogens. Recent research suggests extrathymic &#945;&#946;T cell development, however our understanding of pathways that may compensate for thymic loss of function are still rudimental. &#947;&#948; T cells are innate lymphocytes that constitute the main T-cell subset in the tissues. We recently ascribed a so far unappreciated outstanding function to a &#947;&#948; T cell subset by showing that the scarce entity of CD4+ V&#948;1+&#947;&#948; T cells can transdifferentiate into &#945;&#946;T cells in inflammatory conditions. Here, we provide the protocol for the isolation of this progenitor from peripheral blood and its subsequent cultivation. V&#948;1 cells are positively enriched from PBMCs of healthy human donors using magnetic beads, followed by a second step wherein we target the scarce fraction of CD4+ cells with a further magnetic labeling technique. The magnetic force of the second labeling exceeds the one of the first magnetic label, and thus allows the efficient, quantitative and specific positive isolation of the population of interest. We then introduce the technique and culture condition required for cloning and efficiently expanding the cells and for identification of the generated clones by FACS analysis. Thus, we provide a detailed protocol for the purification, culture and ex vivo expansion of CD4+ V&#948;1+&#947;&#948; T cells. This knowledge is prerequisite for studies that relate to this &#945;&#946;T cell progenitor`s biology and for those who aim to identify the molecular triggers that are involved in its transdifferentiation.

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of V&#948;1+CD4+&#947;&#948; T Cells, an Extrathymic &#945;&#946;T-cell Progenitor

Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the isolation and cloning of the scarce T-cell entity of peripheral V&#948;1+CD4+ T cells that is, as we showed recently, an extrathymic &#945;&#946; T-cell progenitor. This technique allows to quantitatively isolate, clone and efficiently expand these cells in ex vivo culture.

العزلة و<em&gt; السابقين فيفو</em&gt; ثقافة Vδ1<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; خلايا T γδ، وهو Extrathymic αβT خلايا السلف

The thymus, the primary organ for the generation of &#945;&#946; T cells and backbone of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, has long been ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

التصوير CD4 T خلية الخلالية الهجرة في الأدمة الملتهبة

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

التمايز في المختبر من خلايا CD4 الإنسان + FOXP3 + المستحثة تنظيم الخلايا التائية (iTregs) من خلايا CD4 + T السذاجة باستخدام بروتوكول تحتوي على TGF-β-

الماوس السذاجة CD4

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