The authors would like to thank Dr Rita Shaknovich and members of Elemento lab, Melnick lab, and Tam lab for thoughtful discussions. We would also like to thank the Genomics Resources Core Facility at Weill Cornell Medical College for performing the VDJ-sequencing. YJ was supported by ASH Scholar Award. WT and OE are supported by Weill Cornell Cancer Center Pilot Grant. OE is supported by the NSF CAREER award, the Starr Cancer Consortium and the Hirschl Trust. We would also like to thank Katherine Benesch, JD, MPH for her generous support to this project.

<ol>
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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

نظرا لوجود عدد غير محدود تقريبا من تكرار المعلومات تسلسل مشفرة عن طريق VDJ إعادة ترتيب وSHM في موضع IGH من خلايا B الإنسان، أثبت الفحص للذخيرة IGH بالكامل عن طريق الإنتاجية العالية في أعماق التسلسل لتكون وسيلة فعالة وشاملة لتحديد نسيلي والسكان B-خلية فرعية نسيلي. وعلاوة على...

السرطان هو مرض نسيلي. منذ ثلاثين عاما عندما اقترح بيتر C. نويل السرطان نسيلي نموذج التطور 1، وقد حاول العديد من الدراسات لتشريح السكان نسيلي داخل عينات الورم وإعادة التوسع والتطور أنماط نسيلي التي تكمن وراء عملية تكون الأورام 2. في الآونة الأخيرة، وقد مكن كامل الجينوم التسلسل المحققين إلى إلقاء نظرة عميقة على عدم التجانس نسيلي وتطور 3،4. ولكن نظرا لعدم وجود علامات الانقياد في العديد من أنواع الخلايا، فإنه من الصعب للاستدلال على العمارة نسيلي دقيقة والمسار التطوري. لحسن الحظ هناك علامة قابلية التنسيل الطبيعية في خلايا B الناضجة من فيه العديد من الأورام الخبيثة اللمفاوية، بما في ذلك DLBCL، تنشأ. وردا على التحفيز مستضد، ويمكن لكل خلية B تشكيل منتجة تسلسل IGH VDJ واحد من خلال الانضمام إلى H V (متغير)، وD (التنوع)، وJ H (الانضمام) قطعة معا من مجموعة كبيرة من هذه القطاعات. خلال هذه العلاقات العامةocess، وأجزاء صغيرة من التسلسل الأصلي قد يتم حذف ويمكن أن يضاف النيوكليوتيدات غير قالب إضافية لإنشاء VDJ إعادة ترتيب فريدة من نوعها. يمكن أن تكون موروثة هذا إعادة ترتيب VDJ محددة في كل ذرية من هذه الخلايا B، ومن ثم وضع علامات الفردية ناضجة B-الخلية ونتاجه 5. وعلاوة على ذلك، ويحدث SHM على تسلسل VDJ معاد في وسط جرثومي (GC) رد فعل لاحق لتقديم الطفرات إضافية لتوسيع تجمع الأضداد وتعزيز الأجسام المضادة تقارب 6. لذلك، من خلال مقارنة والمتناقضة VDJ وSHM أنماط عينات سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية التي خضعت هذه العمليات، يمكن أن يرسم داخل الورم عدم التجانس ويمكن استخلاصه مسار التطور نسيلي من المرض. سابقا، يمكن تحديد VDJ إعادة ترتيب وSHM بواسطة PCR تضخيم المناطق معاد، استنساخ المنتجات PCR، وبعد ذلك سانجر التسلسل للحصول على معلومات التسلسل. هذا النهج طق منخفضة الإنتاجية والعائد المنخفض واسترجاع سوى جزء صغير جدا من كامل معاد ذخيرة VDJ، وتعيق توصيف التمثيل العام للسكان نسيلي ضمن عينة معينة. تم إنشاء نهج المعدلة عن طريق توليد NGS فهرسة المكتبات التسلسل من المنتجات VDJ PCR وأداء PE 2x150 بي بي التسلسل للحصول على أكثر من نصف مليون تسلسل VDJ معاد لكل عينة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم تطوير خط أنابيب مخصصة لأداء مراقبة الجودة (QC)، محاذاة، فلتر VDJ التسلسل يقرأ لتحديد إعادة ترتيب وSHMS كل قراءة، وإجراء تحليل النشوء والتطور على بنية نسيلي من كل عينة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم تأسيس نهج جديد لمزيد من تميز وتطور أنماط نسيلي عن العينات التي تم جمعها في مختلف مراحل المرض. لقد طبقت هذه التقنية لعينات المريض DLBCL. DLBCL هو شكل من اشكال عدوانية من سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية غير هودجكين مع الانتكاس المتكرر في ال تصل إلى واحدIRD من المرضى 7. الانتكاسات DLBCL عادة تحدث في وقت مبكر، في غضون 2-3 سنوات من التشخيص الأولي، على الرغم من أن البعض الآخر تحدث بعد 5 سنوات 8. تشخيص حالة المرضى انتكس والفقراء، مع 10٪ فقط نتوصل إلى 3 سنوات البقاء على قيد الحياة خالية من التقدم بسبب خيارات العلاج محدودة. وهذا هو الأساس للحاجة الملحة لمقاربات جديدة لعلاج DLBCL الانتكاس 9،10. ومع ذلك، الآليات الجزيئية المرتبطة DLBCL الانتكاس لا تزال مجهولة إلى حد كبير. بشكل خاص، دور التجانس نسيلي في التشخيص وتطور نسيلي خلال تطوير الانتكاس DLBCL هم uncharacterized في الوقت الحاضر، مما يجعل من الصعب تعريف العلامات البيولوجية دقيقة ومفيدة للتنبؤ الانتكاس. لمعالجة هذه المسائل، طبقنا نهجنا VDJ التسلسل في أزواج متعددة من مطابقة الأساسي التشخيص الانتكاس عينة DLBCL أزواج. ظهرت سيناريوهين التطورية نسيلي متميزة من الانتكاس من المقارنة بين أبنية نسيلي بين التشخيص وعصيدة الانتكاسليه توحي بأن الآليات الجزيئية متعددة يمكن أن تشارك في DLBCL الانتكاس.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="841">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">89125-170</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">200 proof, for molecular biology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">TE buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12090-015</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">10 mM Tris&#183;Cl, pH 8.0; 10mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylenes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>EM-XX0055-6</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Proteinase K&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Life Technonogies</td>
			<td>25530-015</td>
			<td>100 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) Solution Mix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">U1515</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">10 mM each nucleotide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10x PCR Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11699105001</td>
			<td>Without MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:359px;">AmpliTaq Gold DNA Polymerase with Gold Buffer and MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Life Technonogies</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">4311806</td>
			<td>50 &#181;l at 5 U/&#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Specimen Control Size Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invivoscribe Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>2-096-0020</td>
			<td>33 reactions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:359px;">IGH Somatic Hypermutation Assay v2.0 - Gel Detection</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invivoscribe Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5-101-0030</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">33 reactions, Mix 2 for IGVHFR1 detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;">IGH Gene Clonality Assay - Gel Detection</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invivoscribe Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>1-101-0020</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">33 reactions, Tube B for IGVHFR2 detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GoTaq Flexi DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">M8291</td>
			<td>20 &#181;l at 5 U/&#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10X Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer</td>
			<td>Corning (cellgro)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">46-011-CM</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">6x1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50X TAE BUFFER&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>101414-298</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethidium bromide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E1510</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">10 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">25 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10597011</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">1 &#181;g/&#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">100 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15628-019</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">1 &#181;g/&#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">UltraPure Agarose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16500-500</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">40% Acrylamide/Bis Solution</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1610144</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">50 columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">Agencourt AMPure XP</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A63881</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Q32854</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">High Sensitivity DNA Kit</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5067-4626</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">2100 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">PhiX Control v3</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-110-3001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">MiSeq</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32872</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">Resuspension buffer (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">End repair mix (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">A-tailing mix (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">Ligation mix (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">DNA adaptor index (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">Stop ligation buffer (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">PCR primer cocktail (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">PCR master mix (Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation Kit v2)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-121-2001</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Magnetic stand</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">4457858</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:359px;">Gel imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>170-8370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

vdj-seq: deep sequencing analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene to reveal clonal evolution patterns of b cell lymphoma

فهم قابلية التنسيل الورم أمر بالغ الأهمية لفهم الآليات التي تشارك في تكون الأورام وأمراض التقدم. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فهم التغييرات تكوين نسيلي التي تحدث داخل الورم في الاستجابة لبعض البيئة الصغرى أو العلاجات قد تؤدي إلى تصميم نهج أكثر تطورا وفعالة للقضاء على الخلايا السرطانية. ومع ذلك، فقد كان الورم تتبع نسيلي سكان شبه صعبة نظرا لعدم وجود علامات مميزة. لمعالجة هذه المشكلة، تم إنشاء بروتوكول VDJ تسلسل لتتبع أنماط التطور نسيلي من منتشر كبير سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية الخلية B (DLBCL) الانتكاس من خلال استغلال VDJ إعادة التركيب والتحور الجسدية (SHM)، واثنين من ميزات فريدة من الأورام اللمفاوية الخلايا البائية. في هذا البروتوكول، شيدت الجيل التالي من التسلسل (خ ع) مكتبات مع إمكانية فهرسة من تضخيم المناعي ترتيبها السلسلة الثقيلة (IGH) المنطقة VDJ من أزواج من التشخيص الأولي والانتكاس DLBCL عصيدةليه. على تم الحصول المتوسط ​​أكثر من نصف مليون تسلسل VDJ في العينة بعد التسلسل، والتي تحتوي على كل VDJ إعادة ترتيب والمعلومات SHM. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم تطوير خطوط الأنابيب المعلوماتية الحيوية المخصصة للاستفادة الكاملة من المعلومات تسلسل لتوصيف IGH-VDJ ذخيرة داخل هذه العينات. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن خط الأنابيب يسمح لإعادة الإعمار والمقارنة بين الهندسة المعمارية نسيلي الأورام الفردية، والتي تمكن الفحص من عدم التجانس نسيلي داخل الأورام التشخيص وخصم من أنماط التطور نسيلي بين التشخيص وأزواج الورم الانتكاس. عند تطبيق هذا التحليل على عدة أزواج التشخيص الانتكاس، وكشف لنا أدلة الرئيسي الذي أنماط تطورية الورم مميزة متعددة يمكن أن يؤدي إلى DLBCL الانتكاس. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن توسيع هذا النهج في الجوانب السريرية الأخرى، مثل التعرف على المرض المتبقي الحد الأدنى، رصد التقدم المحرز الانتكاس والاستجابة للعلاج، والتحقيق في مأمن repertoirوفاق في سياقات غير سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية.

الإجراء العام للVDJ التسلسل (VDJ وما يليها)، بما في ذلك استخراج الحمض النووي، معاد VDJ المنطقة التضخيم والتنقية، وبناء مكتبة التسلسل، يقرأ معالجة، وتحليل النشوء والتطور، تتمثل في الشكل 1. روتيني 5-200 DNA ميكروغرام يمكن استرجاعها من أقسام الأنسجة الصلبة ال...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma at JoVE.com

VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma

This protocol describes an approach to interrogate the recombined immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJ regions of lymphomas by deep-sequencing and retrieve VDJ rearrangement and somatic hypermutation status to delineate clonal architecture of individual tumor. Comparing clonal architecture between paired diagnosis and relapse samples reveals lymphoma relapse clonal evolution modes.

VDJ تسلسل: تحليل تسلسل عميق من سلسلة ترتيبها المناعي الثقيلة جين لكشف أنماط نسيلي تطور سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية B الخليوي

Understanding tumor clonality is critical to understanding the mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and disease progression. In addition, understanding ...

vdj-seq-deep-sequencing-analysis-rearranged-immunoglobulin-heavy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

26.5K Views.  Weill Cornell Medical College. This protocol describes an approach to interrogate the recombined immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJ regions of lymphomas by deep-sequencing and retrieve VDJ rearrangement and somatic hypermutation status to delineate clonal architecture of individual tumor. Comparing clonal architecture between paired diagnosis and relapse samples reveals lymphoma relapse clonal evolution modes. 

Video: VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma

Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions between vitreous substructures and the retina underlie several vitreoretinal diseases, including retinal tear and detachment, macular pucker, macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, vitreomacular traction, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and inherited vitreoretinopathies. 1,2 The molecular composition of the vitreous substructures is not known. Since the vitreous body is transparent with limited surgical access, it has been difficult to study its substructures at the molecular level. We developed a method to separate and preserve these tissues for proteomic and biochemical analysis. The dissection technique in this experimental video shows how to isolate vitreous base, anterior hyaloid, vitreous core, and vitreous cortex from postmortem human eyes. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of each vitreous component showed that our dissection technique resulted in four unique protein profiles corresponding to each substructure of the human vitreous body. Identification of differentially compartmentalized proteins will reveal candidate molecules underlying various vitreoretinal diseases.

This video shows an effective technique for differentiating and dissecting the various semi-transparent structures of the human vitreous body in post mortem eyes.

تشريح الإنسان عناصر الجسم الزجاجي لتحليل البروتين

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions ...

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited time. These cultured tumorspheres may exhibit markedly different cellular phenotypes when compared to the original tumors. Demonstration that cultured cells have the capability of forming new tumors is important to ensure that cultured cells model the biology of the original tumor. 
Here we present a protocol for propagating human retinoblastoma tumors in vivo using Rag2-/- immune deficient mice. Cultured human retinoblastoma tumorspheres of low passage or cells obtained from freshly harvested human retinoblastoma tumors injected directly into the vitreous cavity of murine eyes form tumors within 2-4 weeks. These tumors can be harvested and either further passaged into murine eyes in vivo or grown as tumorspheres in vitro. Propagation has been successfully carried out for at least three passages thus establishing a continuing source of human retinoblastoma tissue for further experimentation. 
Wesley S. Bond and Lalita Wadhwa are co-first authors.

A method is described to propagate human retinoblastoma tumors in mice. Tumor cells are directly injected into the eyes of immune deficient mice. Secondary tumors have been successfully established using both cells directly harvested from human tumors and cultured tumorspheres.

إنشاء والدعوة للأورام الشبكية الإنسان في الفئران أن نقص المناعة

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited ...

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

Reactive oxygen species include a number of molecules that damage DNA and RNA and oxidize proteins and lipids (lipid peroxydation). These reactive molecules contain an oxygen and include H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), NO (nitric oxide), O2- (oxide anion), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), hydrochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydroxyl radical (OH-).
Oxidative species are produced not only under pathological situations (cancers, ischemic/reperfusion, neurologic and cardiovascular pathologies, infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases 1, autoimmune diseases 2, etc&hellip;) but also during physiological (non-pathological) situations such as cellular metabolism 3, 4. Indeed, ROS play important roles in many cellular signaling pathways (proliferation, cell activation 5, 6, migration 7 etc..). ROS can be detrimental (it is then referred to as "oxidative and nitrosative stress") when produced in high amounts in the intracellular compartments and cells generally respond to ROS by upregulating antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) that protects them by converting dangerous free radicals to harmless molecules (i.e. water). Vitamins C and E have also been described as ROS scavengers (antioxidants).
Free radicals are beneficial in low amounts 3. Macrophage and neutrophils-mediated immune responses involve the production and release of NO, which inhibits viruses, pathogens and tumor proliferation 8. NO also reacts with other ROS and thus, also has a role as a detoxifier (ROS scavenger). Finally NO acts on vessels to regulate blood flow which is important for the adaptation of muscle to prolonged exercise 9, 10. Several publications have also demonstrated that ROS are involved in insulin sensitivity 11, 12.
Numerous methods to evaluate ROS production are available. In this article we propose several simple, fast, and affordable assays; these assays have been validated by many publications and are routinely used to detect ROS or its effects in mammalian cells. While some of these assays detect multiple ROS, others detect only a single ROS.

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species ROS in Cancers

Here we propose simple methods to test and evaluate the presence of reactive oxygen species in cells.

الإنتاج والكشف عن أنواع الاكسجين التفاعلية (ريوس) في السرطان

Reactive oxygen species include a number of molecules that damage DNA and RNA and oxidize proteins and lipids (lipid peroxydation). These reactive ...

DNA Vector-based RNA Interference to Study Gene Function in Cancer

RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits gene expression by specifically degrading target mRNAs. Since the discovery of double-stranded small interference RNA (siRNA) in gene silencing1, RNAi has become a powerful research tool in gene function studies. Compared to genetic deletion, RNAi-mediated gene silencing possesses many advantages, such as the ease with which it is carried out and its suitability to most cell lines. Multiple studies have demonstrated the applications of RNAi technology in cancer research. In particular, the development of the DNA vector-based technology to produce small hairpin RNA (shRNA) driven by the U6 or H1 promoter has made long term and inducible gene silencing possible2,3. Its use in combination with genetically engineered viral vectors, such as lentivirus, facilitates high efficiencies of shRNA delivery and/or integration into genomic DNA for stable shRNA expression. 
We describe a detailed procedure using the DNA vector-based RNAi technology to determine gene function, including construction of lentiviral vectors expressing shRNA, lentivirus production and cell infection, and functional studies using a mouse xenograft model. 
Various strategies have been reported in generating shRNA constructs. The protocol described here employing PCR amplification and a 3-fragment ligation can be used to directly and efficiently generate shRNA-containing lentiviral constructs without leaving any extra nucleotide adjacent to a shRNA coding sequence. Since the shRNA-expression cassettes created by this strategy can be cut out by restriction enzymes, they can be easily moved to other vectors with different fluorescent or antibiotic markers. Most commercial transfection reagents can be used in lentivirus production. However, in this report, we provide an economic method using calcium phosphate precipitation that can achieve over 90% transfection efficiency in 293T cells. Compared to constitutive shRNA expression vectors, an inducible shRNA system is particularly suitable to knocking down a gene essential to cell proliferation. We demonstrate the gene silencing of Yin Yang 1 (YY1), a potential oncogene in breast cancer4,5, by a Tet-On inducible shRNA system and its effects on tumor formation. Research using lentivirus requires review and approval of a biosafety protocol by the Biosafety Committee of a researcher's institution. Research using animal models requires review and approval of an animal protocol by the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC) of a researcher's institution.

RNA interference (RNAi) possesses many advantages over gene knockout and has been broadly used as a tool in gene functional studies. The invention of DNA vector-based RNAi technology has made long term and inducible gene knockdown possible, and also increased the feasibility of gene silencing in vivo.

الحمض النووي الريبي التدخل ناقلات القائم على دراسة وظيفة الجينات في سرطان

RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits gene expression by specifically degrading target mRNAs. Since the discovery of double-stranded small interference RNA ...

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy

Shoulder pain is a commonly reported symptom following laparoscopic procedures such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, and recent studies have shown that lowering the insufflation pressure during surgery may reduce the risk of post-operative pain. In this pilot study, a method is presented for measuring the intra-abdominal space available to the surgeon during laproscopy, in order to examine whether the relaxation produced by deep neuromuscular blockade can increase the working surgical space sufficiently to permit a reduction in the CO2 insufflation pressure. Using the laproscopic grasper, the distance from the promontory to the skin is measured at two different insufflation pressures: 8 mm Hg and 12 mm Hg. After the initial measurements, a neuromuscular blocking agent (rocuronium) is administered to the patient and the intra-abdominal volume is measured again. Pilot data collected from 15 patients shows that the intra-abdominal space at 8 mm Hg with blockade is comparable to the intra-abdominal space measured at 12 mm Hg without blockade. The impact of neuromuscular blockade was not correlated with patient height, weight, BMI, and age. Thus, using neuromuscular blockade to maintain a steady volume while reducing insufflation pressure may produce improved patient outcomes.

This article presents a method for measuring the working abdominal volume during laproscopic myomectomy using the surgical grasper, and applies this technique to obtain pilot data on whether deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) can enable the use of lower insufflation pressure. Reduced insufflation pressure during laproscopic surgery has been shown to reduce post-operative pain, and thus the use of NMB during surgery may enable improved patient outcomes.

حصار عصبي عضلي عميق يؤدي إلى حجم أكبر داخل البطن أثناء تنظير البطن

Shoulder pain is a commonly reported symptom following laparoscopic procedures such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, and recent studies have shown that ...

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

We demonstrate methods for the detection of architectural distortion in prior mammograms of interval-cancer cases based on analysis of the orientation of breast tissue patterns in mammograms. We hypothesize that architectural distortion modifies the normal orientation of breast tissue patterns in mammographic images before the formation of masses or tumors. In the initial steps of our methods, the oriented structures in a given mammogram are analyzed using Gabor filters and phase portraits to detect node-like sites of radiating or intersecting tissue patterns. Each detected site is then characterized using the node value, fractal dimension, and a measure of angular dispersion specifically designed to represent spiculating patterns associated with architectural distortion.
Our methods were tested with a database of 106 prior mammograms of 56 interval-cancer cases and 52 mammograms of 13 normal cases using the features developed for the characterization of architectural distortion, pattern classification via quadratic discriminant analysis, and validation with the leave-one-patient out procedure. According to the results of free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis, our methods have demonstrated the capability to detect architectural distortion in prior mammograms, taken 15 months (on the average) before clinical diagnosis of breast cancer, with a sensitivity of 80% at about five false positives per patient.

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

We demonstrate methods for the detection of architectural distortion in prior mammograms. Oriented structures are analyzed using Gabor filters and phase portraits to detect sites of radiating tissue patterns. Each site is characterized and classified using measures to represent spiculating patterns. The methods should assist in the detection of breast cancer.

الكشف عن تشويه المعمارية في تصوير الثدي بالأشعة السينية قبل<em&gt; عبر</em&gt; تحليل أنماط الموجه

We demonstrate methods for the detection of architectural distortion in prior mammograms of interval-cancer cases based on analysis of the orientation of ...

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone.&#160;To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder.&#160;Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD.&#160;The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates.&#160;This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes can generate products that may increase or decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.&#160;A gene-environment interaction study could identify LOX isozyme-specific effects. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of nigrostriatal damage in two LOX isozyme-deficient transgenic lines allows for comparison of the contribution of LOX isozymes on dopaminergic integrity and inflammation.

نماذج التفاعل بين الجينات والبيئة لكشف آليات الحساسية في مرض باركنسون

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth potential, and the ability to form tumors in experimental animals1. In NIH 3T3 cells, the Ras signal transduction pathway is known to trigger many of these events, what is known as Ras transformation. The introduction of an overexpressed gene in NIH 3T3 cells may promote morphological transformation and loss of contact inhibition, which can help determine the oncogenic potential of that gene of interest. An assay that provides a straightforward method to assess one aspect of the transforming potential of an oncogene is the Focus Formation Assay (FFA)2. When NIH 3T3 cells divide normally in culture, they do so until they reach a confluent monolayer. However, in the presence of an overexpressed oncogene, these cells can begin to grow in dense, multilayered foci1 that can be visualized and quantified by crystal violet or Hema 3 staining. In this article we describe the FFA protocol with retroviral transduction of the gene of interest into NIH 3T3 cells, and how to quantify the number of foci through staining. Retroviral transduction offers a more efficient method of gene delivery than transfection, and the use of an ecotropic murine retrovirus provides a biosafety control when working with potential human oncogenes.

The Focus Formation Assay provides a straightforward method to assess the transforming potential of a candidate oncogene.

التركيز تشكيل: A الفحص القائم على خلية لتحديد إمكانية أنكجنيك لجين

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent ...

Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples

Here we outline a next-generation RNA sequencing protocol that enables de novo assemblies and intra-host variant calls of viral genomes collected from clinical and biological sources. The method is unbiased and universal; it uses random primers for cDNA synthesis and requires no prior knowledge of the viral sequence content. Before library construction, selective RNase H-based digestion is used to deplete unwanted RNA &#8212; including poly(rA) carrier and ribosomal RNA &#8212; from the viral RNA sample. Selective depletion improves both the data quality and the number of unique reads in viral RNA sequencing libraries. Moreover, a transposase-based &#39;tagmentation&#39; step is used in the protocol as it reduces overall library construction time. The protocol has enabled rapid deep sequencing of over 600 Lassa and Ebola virus samples-including collections from both blood and tissue isolates-and is broadly applicable to other microbial genomics studies.

This protocol describes a rapid and broadly applicable method for unbiased RNA-sequencing of viral samples from human clinical isolates.

تسلسل عميق متحيز من الحمض النووي الريبي الفيروسات من العينات السريرية

Here we outline a next-generation RNA sequencing protocol that enables de novo assemblies and intra-host variant calls of viral genomes collected from ...

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. However, a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement system with a high price-performance ratio is lacking in mainland China, especially in the primary care hospitals. This paper describes the principle and operation procedures of using a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system to detect allergen-specific IgE in serum. The results were compared with those from ImmunoCAP (System 1), the industrial standard, and the reproducibility of the system to detect patients sensitized to common allergens is evaluated. The results showed that in comparison with ImmunoCAP (System 1), the BioIC System (System 2) has good precision and sensitivity in detecting serum-specific IgE against various inhalant and food allergens but with a significantly lower cost. It can serve as a good alternative to System 1 in primary care hospitals in mainland China who have lower financial affordability.

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E sIgE

This paper presents a protocol for detecting serum-specific immunoglobulin E with a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system and the evaluation of its usefulness in allergy diagnoses.

تطبيق تكنولوجيا Biochip موائع جزيئية "الكشف عن مصل" الحساسية الخاصة "كريين مناعي ه" (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. ...