Name: how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants
Uploaded: 2016-04-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

البروتوكول هو موضح أدناه لإحداث CTA نحو المحاصيل الخشبية يتبع المبادئ التوجيهية رعاية الحيوان من &quot;جامعة Universitat المستقلة دي برشلونة&quot; (Bellaterra، أسبانيا) وتمت الموافقة من قبل اللجنة الأخلاقية للحيوان والتجريب الإنسان للأغنام والماعز (CEEAH، يحيل الى 770 و 998 على التوالي). 1. إعداد LiCl الجرعة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل 25٪ ث / ت (الوزن / الحجم) حل LiCl في الماء المقطر. بدلا من ذلك، استخدام مياه الصنبور نظيفة. وLiCl هو استرطابي للغاية وبالتالي فإنه من الضروري اتخاذ الحيطة والحذر عند التعامل مع المواد الكيميائية مسحوق. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تزن 250 غرام من LiCl وتذوب في الماء المقطر (LiCl التركيز الحل). كما أن رد الفعل هو طارد للحرارة، والانتظار حتى عاد الحل لدرجة حرارة الغرفة قبل المتابعة. صب الحل في قارورة حجمية وإضافة الماء المقطر للوصول بها إلى 1000 مل. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب حجم محلول لكل حيوان (فردجرعة). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وزن الحيوانات للحصول على وزن الجسم (BW) وحساب مل من LiCl اللازمة لكل حيوان المعادلة التالية 1. الجرعة الموصى بها للاستمرار على المدى الطويل هو 225 ملغ LiCl / كجم من وزن الجسم في الأغنام 10 و 200 ملغ LiCl / كجم من وزن الجسم في الماعز 17. ومع ذلك، أظهرت جرعات الأخرى المستخدمة للرعي في الجدول 1. (كجم من وزن الجسم س جرعة LiCl جم / كجم من وزن الجسم) / تركيز LiCl في غرام / لتر = حجم LiCl (L) [المعادلة. 1] فمثلا: الأغنام = 60 كجم من وزن الجسم. جرعة = 225 ملغ LiCl / كجم من وزن الجسم. تركيز المحلول LiCl = 250 غرام / لتر (60 كجم س 0.225 جم / كجم) / 250 غ / ل = 0.054 لتر = 54 مل الماعز = 35 كجم من وزن الجسم. جرعة = 200 ملغ LiCl / كجم من وزن الجسم. تركيز المحلول LiCl = 250 غرام / لتر (35 كجم س 0.200 جم / كجم) / 250 غ / ل = 0.028 لتر = 28 مل </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> جرعة LiCl </td><td> Mazorra وآخرون (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> فنق وآخرون (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> منخفض </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> متوسط </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> عالي </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> الجدول 1: LiCl مجموعة الجرعة مجموعة من جرعات LiCl (ملغم / كغم من وزن الجسم، BW) المستخدمة من قبل مؤلفين مختلفين للحث على تغذية النفور. 2. اختيار الحيوان والمرافق <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختيار الكبار والحيوانات غير الحوامل والجافة، التي لم تؤكل من قبل تغذية الهدف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لا تحفز CTA إلى أكثر من 20 حيوانا في نفس الوقت، لتحسين مراقبة سلوكهم. في البداية، حمل فقط CTA إلى 5 الحيوانات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخصيص الحيوانات في المكان الذي يوجد فيه كمية من العلف الهدف يمكن تسجيلها على حدة. تغذية الحيوانات مرة واحدة في اليوم مع اتباع نظام غذائي القاعدية تغطي جميع احتياجاتها الغذائية، وتوفير حرية الوصول إلى المياه وإلى ميلكتلة neral. ضمان وجود كمية الملح كافية لمنع LiCl الآثار السامة، منذ خلايا الجسم يمكن استخدام لي بدلا من نا 9. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا كان مرافق جديدة لهذه الحيوانات، ومنحهم 1 أسبوع من وقت التكيف لتصبح مألوفة مع البيئة والنظام الغذائي القاعدي. </li></ol> 3. ارتفاع معدل كره التعريفي <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة النظام الغذائي القاعدي في المساء قبل (يوم -1) وتقديم الهدف الإرضاع بحسب الرغبة تغذية للتأكد من أن الحيوانات تأكل العلف الهدف بشوق في اليوم التالي 12. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في اليوم التالي (يوم 0)، إزالة ORTS في الصباح وتقديم 200 غرام من العلف هدف لكل حيوان خلال 30 دقيقة. تزن ORTS بعد ذلك. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا كانت الحيوانات تستهلك أكثر من 20-30 غرام وإدارة حجم المقابلة المحسوبة LiCl (محسوبة مل في 1.2) بمسدس التنقيع في أقرب وقت ممكن عمليا، لا تنتظر أكثر من 1 ساعة بعد الاستهلاك. وإذا كانت الحيوانات تستهلك أقل من 20-30 غرام، كرر الإجراء في اليوم التالي. دوه إلى سلوك تغذية رهوب الجديد الفطري، ويمكن أن تحتاج إلى الحيوانات أكثر من 1 في اليوم لبدء استهلاك العلف الهدف 10،17،25-27. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد تناوله LiCl، الانتظار 2 ساعة قبل أن يعرض النظام الغذائي القاعدي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> من يوم 1-3، لا تقدم الحيوانات تغذية الهدف والتحقق منها بشكل دوري للكشف عن أي علامة محتملة من مرض شديد، وتسجيل تغذية اليومية وكمية المياه (من حيث الوزن أو بواسطة شيك القائمة)، معدل التنفس وسلوك الحيوان. ويمكن أن يقدم رئيس انخفض والأذنين، والخمول، والإسهال، وزيادة معدل التنفس وانخفاض المياه وتناول نظام غذائي خلال الأيام التالية لإدارة LiCl 9-11،20،25. </li></ol> 4. كره التحقق من صحة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في أيام 4 و 5 و 6 و 7 بعد تناوله LiCl، كرر الخطوة 3.2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا تستهلك الحيوانات &lt;10 غ (أو &lt;4 دغات) من العلف الهدف، والنظر في عتبة CTA established.The بين صفر (أي الاستهلاك) و 10 ز يمكن أن تعتمد على ظرفمصنع الهدف (سمية أم لا). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا يستهلك أي حيوان&gt; 10 غ، إدارة جرعة LiCl جديدة وكرر الخطوة 4.1. إذا استمر الحيوان في استهلاك مصنع الهدف بعد الجرعة الثانية، والقضاء عليه من مجموعة CTA. تيسير اجتماعي (مثل الأم والأشقاء والاصحاب وثيقة) يمكن تعديل السلوك CTA في الثروة الحيوانية. الحيوانات التي تم تجنبها لمصنع الهدف تستهلك بسهولة مرة أخرى عندما ترعى مع الحيوانات غير تفادي 28. </li></ol> إدارة 5. المراعي ملاحظة: الجرعة من LiCl تستخدم للحث على CTA تفرز تماما في غضون بضعة أيام، وذلك أساسا عن طريق البول. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> على الرغم من أن يتم توزيعها على نطاق واسع لي في القشرة الأرضية، من أجل تجنب أي تلوث محتمل في المحاصيل العضوية، انتظر 9-11 أيام قبل أن ينتقل للحيوانات (الزمان إزالة أنشئت مع لى الدوائية) المحصول 11. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تأكد من أن تغطي الأرض المحاصيل وفيرة وقبولا في جميع أنحاءفترة الرعي لمنع الحيوانات من أخذ عينات من الأعلاف الهدف. رعي الحيوانات المعالجة على حدة من غير المعالجة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السماح للحيوانات لرعي مؤامرة ترسيم الرف القاري لكامل السطح للحصول على سيطرة موحدة من ارتفاع العشب. ترسيم مؤامرة باستخدام المحمولة الأسوار الكهربائية أو معدنية أو باستخدام الراعي لرعي الحيوانات بين المحاصيل خطوط محددة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تجنب الإفراط في الرعي مؤامرة، وإزالة الحيوانات قبل أن يصبح غطاء الأرض النادرة (ارتفاع العشب 5 سم) 29. </li></ol> 6. إعادة إنشاء CTA <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في كل عام، قبل السماح للحيوانات للعودة إلى رعي المحاصيل، كرر الخطوة 4. </li></ol>

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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+aversion+learning+in+lambs+with+or+without+a+mother:+discrimination,+novelty+and+persistence.">Food aversion learning in lambs with or without a mother: discrimination, novelty and persistence.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 18 (3-4), 327-340 (1987).</li><li>Pfister, J. A., Astorga, J. B., Panter, K., Molyneux, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+locoweed+exposure+in+utero+and+as+a+neonate+does+not+disrupt+taste+aversion+learning+in+lambs.">Maternal locoweed exposure in utero and as a neonate does not disrupt taste aversion learning in lambs.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36 (2-3), 159-167 (1993).</li><li>Villalba, J. J., Catanese, F., Provenza, F. D., Distel, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+early+experience+to+dietary+diversity,+acceptance+of+novel+flavors,+and+open+field+behavior+in+sheep.">Relationships between early experience to dietary diversity, acceptance of novel flavors, and open field behavior in sheep.</a> Physiol. Behav. 105 (2), 181-187 (2012).</li><li>Thorhallsdottir, A. G., Provenza, F. D., Balph, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+influences+on+conditioned+food+aversions+in+sheep.">Social influences on conditioned food aversions in sheep.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 25 (1-2), 45-50 (1990).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+taste+aversion+generalization+by+aroma+in+sheep.">Conditioned taste aversion generalization by aroma in sheep.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 93, 497 (2015).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+and+persistence+of+conditioned+aversion+to+grape+leaves+and+sprouts+for+grazing+sheep+in+vineyards.">Creation and persistence of conditioned aversion to grape leaves and sprouts for grazing sheep in vineyards.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 91, 497 (2013).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+lithium+chloride+for+mid-term+conditioned+aversion+to+olive+tree+leaves+in+penned+and+grazing+goats.">Effect of lithium chloride for mid-term conditioned aversion to olive tree leaves in penned and grazing goats.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 90, 672 (2012).</li><li>Conover, M. R., Mason, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+Principles+Governing+Conditioned+Food+Aversions+Based+on+Deception.">Behavioral Principles Governing Conditioned Food Aversions Based on Deception.</a> Repellents in wildlife management: Proceedings of the Second DWRC Special Symposium. , 29-40 (1997).</li><li>Howery, L. D., Provenza, F. D., Ruyle, G. B., Jordan, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+animals+learn+it+rangeland+plants+are+toxic+or+nutritious.">How do animals learn it rangeland plants are toxic or nutritious.</a> Rangelands. 20 (6), 4-9 (1998).</li><li>Ralphs, M. H., Cheney, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+cattle+age,+lithium+chloride+dose+level,+and+food+type+in+the+retention+of+food+aversions.">Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level, and food type in the retention of food aversions.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 71 (2), 373-379 (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

تم تأسيس CTA بسهولة في المجترات الصغيرة إذا كان العلف الهدف هو النبات الذي الحيوان قد أكل من أي وقت مضى، ولا تحتوي على المغذيات التي لا يمكن تعويضها. الحيوانات لديها وجود علاقة إيجابية بعد ابتلاعي مع تغذية غير سامة إلا إذا يجعل الاتصال السابق صعوبة في تغيير نظرتهم إلى ?...

استخدام غطاء الأرض بين خطوط المحاصيل الخشبية يخفف تآكل التربة وتدهور ويزيد الماء والكربون العضوي والنيتروجين الاحتفاظ 1-3. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يحافظ على الغطاء النباتي وزيادة التنوع البيولوجي، ودعم التوازن بين آفات المحاصيل والحيوانات المفترسة الطبيعية. المزارعين يميلون إلى القضاء على الأعشاب الضارة من خلال تطبيق منتجات الكيماويات الزراعية أو باستخدام آلة حصادة. وبالتالي تقليل المنافسة المغذيات بين المحاصيل والغطاء الأخضر. وهناك طريقة فعالة من حيث التكلفة للسيطرة على الغطاء النباتي يكون استخدام رعي الحيوانات المجترة الصغيرة. فائدة إضافية من رعي الحيوانات هي التحسن في صحة التربة وخصوبتها. ومع ذلك، المزارعين يترددون في تنفيذ هذه الممارسة بسبب المجترات الصغيرة إتلاف المحاصيل التي تستهلك يترك الشباب وبراعم. لمنع تلف المحصول المحتمل أنه من المفيد للحث على النفور طعم مشروط (CTA) في الأغنام أو الماعز في القطيع أو قطيع. تم تأسيس CTA بسهولة لنيتغذى مصريات، بسبب الفطري سلوك تغذية رهاب الجديد 4،5 المجترات الصغيرة، ولأن يغذي مألوفة ترتبط بشكل إيجابي مع &quot;علمت سلامة&quot; الوضع الذي هو أكثر صعوبة لتغيير أو تلاعب 6. الحيوانات تعلم لرفض خلاصة معينة (التحفيز مكيفة) نظرا لتأثيره السلبي بعد ابتلاعي (المثير غير الشرطي). للحث على CTA نحو النباتات المستساغة وغير سامة، والليثيوم كلوريد (LiCl، وكيل مغو) هو عن طريق الفم بعد يستهلك الحيوان والنبات المستهدف. بينما هناك آخرون وكلاء مغو (على سبيل المثال آبومورفين، ciclosphosphamide، ثيابندازول)، أظهرت LiCl أقوى وأكثر المستمر CTA نظرا لتأثيره على النظام قيء عن طريق تحفيز من منطقة مستقبلة كيميائية منطقة الزناد والضيق الجهاز الهضمي 7،8 مع وجود علامات خفيفة من عام عدم ارتياح. يمتص الليثيوم (لي) من الجهاز الهضمي العلوي وتوزيعها في الفضاء المياه الجسم الكلي 9. الحيوانات كاليفورنيان يكون لها فترة نقاهة قصيرة قدر يومين 7،10،11. وLiCl يمكن أن تدار عن طريق خلطها مع الغذاء 12،13، في كبسولة الجيلاتين 13،14 أو في حل عن طريق الفم بواسطة بندقية التنقيع 15-17. على الرغم من LiCl الحل هو الكاوية، وقد وصفت اصابات في الفم أو المريء. يستخدم LiCl في حدود 100-400 ملغ LiCl / كجم من وزن الجسم (BW)، مع نتائج أفضل (أكثر إصرارا CTA) استخدام جرعات أعلى 16،18. ومع ذلك، والنظر في آثار الجرعة المعروفة تجاه الأنواع والسلالات المختلفة، وتأثير قاتل في بعض الحالات تبدأ في 400 ملغ LiCl / كجم من وزن الجسم. الجرعة الموصى بها للحصول على المدى الطويل فعال CTA يبدأ في 200 ملغ / كجم من وزن الجسم للماعز و 225 ملغم / كجم من وزن الجسم للأغنام 10،17،19. تستخدم لى فى يفرز خلال أول 4 أيام بعد انتهاء الإدارة، وذلك أساسا عن طريق البول (92 ± 4٪) هذه الجرعات، تليها البراز (6.5 ± 1.3٪) والحليب (2.8 ± 0.4٪) 11. الكاملفترة الانسحاب المقدرة لجرعة واحدة من LiCl في البلازما هي 9 و 11 يوما للأغنام والماعز، على التوالي. بسبب الحد الأدنى من إفراز لى فى الحليب، CTA لا يمكن أن تنشأ بشكل طبيعي في الرضاعة خارج الربيع 11،20. وقد أبلغ طويلة الأجل CTA استمرار في الأغنام طوال موسم الرعي بأكمله (3-4 أشهر) عندما كان مصدر العلف البديل المتاح 14،21، تجري حاليا إعادة تشكيل لنفور شبه كامل مع جرعة LiCl واحدة في الرعي المقبل الموسم (بعد 9 أشهر) 14. وعلاوة على ذلك، تم الإبلاغ عن persistences CTA بين 2 و 3 سنوات في الأبقار في ظل ظروف المراعي، دون الحاجة لجرعات التعزيز، عندما تغذية الهدف هو ساما لكن مستساغا محطة 22،23. خيار النظر في تغذية بديلة أمر بالغ الأهمية للحيوان للحفاظ على CTA ضد مصنع غير سامة. في كل مرة الحيوان يستهلك أكثر من 10 غرام من نبات تجنب دون ان تسفر عن دي الهضميscomfort، وCTA سوف تتعرض للخطر 24.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

وقد تم الحصول على النتائج المبينة أدناه من قبل العديد من الدراسات في CTA نحو المحاصيل الخشبية في المجترات الصغيرة التي أجريت في جامعة Universitat المستقلة برشلونة وأنها توفر أدلة لإثبات البروتوكول المقترح. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" style=";text-align:right;di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

كيفية إنشاء مشروطة كره طعم ليغطي الرعي الأرضي في المحاصيل ودي مع المجترات الصغيرة

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K Views.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Video: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

استخدام النظام الآلي (GreenFeed) لرصد المعوية الميثان وثاني أكسيد الكربون الانبعاثات الناتجة عن الحيوانات المجترة

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

A طريقة لإسكات العصبية عن بعد آخر في القوارض وخلال مراحل متقطعة التعلم

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Behavior

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often hampered by a phenomenon known as "bait shyness". Mice and rats cannot vomit, due to the tightness of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach, so to overcome the problem of potential food toxicity they have evolved a strategy of first ingesting only very small amounts of novel substances. The amounts ingested then gradually increase until the animal has determined whether the substance is safe and nutritious. So the old rat-catchers would first put a palatable substance such as oatmeal, which was to be the vehicle for the toxin, in the infested area. Only when large amounts were being readily consumed would they then add the poison, in amounts calculated not to affect the taste of the vehicle. The poisoned bait, which the animals were now readily eating in large amounts, would then swiftly perform its function.
Bait shyness is now used in the behavioural laboratory as a way of measuring anxiety. A highly palatable but novel substance, such as sweet corn, nuts or sweetened condensed milk, is offered to the mice (or rats) in a novel situation, such as a new cage. The latency to consume a defined amount of the new food is then measured.
Robert M.J. Deacon can be reach at <a href="mailto:robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk">robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk</a>

Mice and rats, due to their innate cautiousness, are initially slow in consuming a novel food, particularly in a novel place. This hyponeophagia can readily be measured in the laboratory, even though laboratory animals are much less anxious than their wild counterparts

Hyponeophagia : قياس القلق في الماوس

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

Neuroscience

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>صور النظام الجوي غير المأهول على مستوى الأرض إلى جانب أخذ العينات المتوازنة مكانيا وتحسين المسار لمراقبة الغطاء النباتي للمراعي

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

صور النظام الجوي غير المأهول على مستوى الأرض إلى جانب أخذ العينات المتوازنة مكانيا وتحسين المسار لمراقبة الغطاء النباتي للمراعي

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

قسطرة من حلقات المعوية في المجترات

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

Biology

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

استخدام اختبارات الخوف التقليدية لتقييم الدوائر العاطفية المختلفة في الماشية

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

تقييم تحيز حكم الفأر من خلال مهمة الحفر الشمي

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

توصيف آليات المقاومة آكل النبات : Spittlebugs على Brachiaria النيابة. كمثال

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

ا<em&gt; كاينورهابديتيس ايليجانس</em&gt; الوضع الغذائي القائم على النحاس النفور الفحص

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

كيفية إنشاء مشروطة كره طعم ليغطي الرعي الأرضي في المحاصيل ودي مع المجترات الصغيرة

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استخدام النظام الآلي (GreenFeed) لرصد المعوية الميثان وثاني أكسيد الكربون الانبعاثات الناتجة عن الحيوانات المجترة

A طريقة لإسكات العصبية عن بعد آخر في القوارض وخلال مراحل متقطعة التعلم

Hyponeophagia : قياس القلق في الماوس

صور النظام الجوي غير المأهول على مستوى الأرض إلى جانب أخذ العينات المتوازنة مكانيا وتحسين المسار لمراقبة الغطاء النباتي للمراعي

صور النظام الجوي غير المأهول على مستوى الأرض إلى جانب أخذ العينات المتوازنة مكانيا وتحسين المسار لمراقبة الغطاء النباتي للمراعي

قسطرة من حلقات المعوية في المجترات

استخدام اختبارات الخوف التقليدية لتقييم الدوائر العاطفية المختلفة في الماشية

تقييم تحيز حكم الفأر من خلال مهمة الحفر الشمي

توصيف آليات المقاومة آكل النبات : Spittlebugs على Brachiaria النيابة. كمثال

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