This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

诱导CTA对木本作物下面描述的协议遵循了"巴塞罗那自治大学"的动物护理指导原则（Bellaterra的，西班牙），并通过动物和人体实验的伦理委员会，绵羊和山羊（CEEAH批准，引用770和分别为998）。 1.氯化锂剂量的制备<ol><li>使25％w / v的（重量/体积）的LiCl在蒸馏水溶液。另外，使用清洁的自来水。该氯化锂吸湿性极强，因此有必要处理化学粉时要小心。 <ol><li>权衡250克的LiCl和在蒸馏水（的LiCl浓溶液）溶解。由于反应是放热的，等到该解决方案已在继续之前返回到室温。倒在容量瓶溶液并加蒸馏水至它带来1000毫升</li></ol></li><li>计算的溶液的体积为每个动物（个体剂量）。 <ol><li>称重动物，以获得他们的体重（BW）和计算的LiCl的毫升需要为每个动物下列方程式1，长期持久的推荐剂量是225毫克的LiCl / kg体重绵羊10和200mg氯化锂/ kg体重山羊17。然而，用于放牧其它剂量示于表1。 （kg体重点¯x的LiCl剂量以g / kg体重）/氯化锂浓度以g / L =氯化锂（L）[公式的体积。 1] 例如: 羊= 60 kg体重;剂量= 225毫克氯化锂/公斤体重;的氯化锂溶液浓度= 250克/升 （60公斤点¯x0.225克/千克）/ 250克/升= 0.054 L = 54毫升 山羊= 35 kg体重;剂量为200毫克氯化锂/公斤体重;的氯化锂溶液浓度= 250克/升 （35公斤点¯x0.200克/千克）/ 250克/升= 0.028 L = 28毫升</li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>氯化锂剂量</td><td> Mazorra 等人 （2006年）19 </td&gt; <td>伯里特等人 （2013年）35 </td></tr><tr><td>低</td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td>中</td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td>高</td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:氯化锂的剂量范围内的LiCl剂量范围（毫克/公斤体重，体重）所使用的不同的作者以诱导饲料厌恶。 2.动物选择和设施<ol><li>选择成人，非怀孕和干燥的动物，这从来没有吃过先前目标饲料。 </li><li>不诱导的CTA超过20只动物在同一时间，以更好地控制自己的行为。最初，只有诱导CTA到5只动物。 </li><li>分配动物在可单独记录的目标进料的进气的地方。喂动物一次的一天，一个基础日粮涵盖所有的营养需求以及水和一英里提供免费使用橙花块。保证充足的盐的摄入量，以防止氯化锂的毒性作用，因为人体细胞可用来代替娜李9。 </li><li>如果设施是新来的动物，给他们1周适应时间来熟悉环境和基础日粮。 </li></ol> 3.感应厌恶<ol><li>卸下基础日粮的前一天晚上（-1天），并提供目标饲料自由采食 ，以保证动物吃如饥似渴地在目标进于次日12。 </li><li>翌日（第0天），除去沃茨在早晨和30分钟时提供200克目标馈送到每个动物的。此后称量沃茨。 </li><li>如果动物消耗超过20-30克，尽快给予氯化锂的用湿透枪相应的计算量（以1.2毫升计算）为几乎是可能的，而不是等待消费经过1个多小时。如果动物消耗少于20-30克，重复上述步骤第二天。杜E要他们天生neophobic饲料的行为，动物可能需要超过1天开始强烈的目标饲料10,17,25-27。 </li><li>氯化锂给药后，提供基础日粮等待2小时。 </li><li>从1天到3，不提供动物目标饲料和定期检查他们发现严重疾病的任何可能的迹象，记录每天的饲料和饮水量（按重量或通过检查表），呼吸频率和动物的行为。他们可以呈现下降头部和耳朵，缺乏运动，腹泻，增加呼吸速率，并在之后的氯化锂管理9-11,20,25天减少水和食物的摄入量。 </li></ol> 4.厌恶验证<ol><li>在天4，5，6和7的LiCl管理，重复步骤3.2之后。 </li><li>如果动物消耗&lt;10克（或&lt;4叮咬）目标饲料，考虑零（不消费）和10克之间的CTA确立。阈值可以依靠的情况下靶植物（有毒或不是）。 </li><li>如果任何动物消耗"10克，管理一个新的氯化锂剂量和重复步骤4.1。如果动物在消费第二剂量后目标植物仍然存在，CTA组消除它。社会便利（ 如母亲，兄弟姐妹和队友紧密）可以修改家畜CTA的行为。这是可以避免的一个目标植物动物又容易消耗，当他们与非动物避免28吃草。 </li></ol> 5.牧场管理注意:氯化锂的剂量用于诱导的CTA在几天完全排出，主要由尿。 <ol><li>虽然李可广泛应用在地壳中分布，以避免在有机作物的任何可能的污染，等待9-11天的动物移动到11作物（含锂的药代动力学设立过关时间）之前。 </li><li>确保农作物地面覆盖整个丰富，适口性好放牧期间，以防止从动物采样目标饲料。从非处理分别吃草处理的动物。 </li><li>让动物吃草的整个表面的delimitated阴谋获得草高度的统一控制。划定使用便携式电或金属栅栏，或使用一个牧羊人放牧特定作物行间的动物的情节。 </li><li>避免过度放牧情节，去除动物前的地面覆盖日渐稀少（草高度5厘米），29。 </li></ol> 6.重新建立CTA <ol><li>每年，让动物回归吃草作物前，重复步骤4。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

该CTA是很容易成立于小反刍动物，如果目标饲料是动物从来没有吃过，不包含着不可替代的营养物质的植物。动物与非毒性饲料的正后的摄食关联除非前一次的接触使得难以改变其特定进料7,33的感知。条件味觉厌恶产生的LiCl因为生产刺激感觉不舒服或胃肠不适34催吐系统。已确定，动物消耗的LiCl增加呼吸率，显示出头部和耳下垂，他们偶尔会踢自己在胃25中 ，并显示牛?...

利用木本作物行间地面覆盖减轻土壤侵蚀和退化，增加水，有机碳和氮潴留1-3。此外，地面覆盖保持和增加生物多样性，支持农作物害虫及其天敌之间的平衡。农民往往以消除农化应用产品或使用收割机机杂草;从而减少农作物和绿化覆盖率之间的竞争养分。以控制地面覆盖一个经济有效的方法是使用小反刍动物放牧。从动物放牧一个额外的好处是在土壤中的健康和生育的改善。然而，农民是不愿意实施这种做法，由于小反刍动物通过消耗嫩叶和豆芽损坏庄稼。 为避免可能对作物的损害是非常有用的诱导羊群或畜群内的绵羊或山羊条件味觉厌恶（CTA）。该CTA很容易对n成立EW饲料，由于小反刍动物的先天饲料恐新症行为4,5，和因为熟悉进料正与一个相关的"学习安全"状态这是更难以改变或操纵6。动物学会拒绝特定的饲料（条件刺激），由于其负后摄食效应（无条件刺激）。以诱导CTA朝适口和无毒的植物，氯化锂（氯化锂;电感剂）动物消耗的靶植物后口服给药。虽然有其他电感剂（ 例如阿朴吗啡，ciclosphosphamide，噻菌灵），氯化锂显示出最强和最持久的CTA由于由化学感受器触发区面积的刺激和胃肠道不适7,8与一般轻微迹象其催吐系统的影响不适。锂（Li）从上胃肠道吸收和分布于全身水空间9。动物CAn具有恢复期短两天7,10,11。 的氯化锂可以通过与食物12,13混合它，在明胶胶囊13,14或在由浸透枪15-17口服溶液给药。虽然氯化锂的解决方案是刻薄的，在口腔或食管没有受伤被描述。氯化锂是在100至400毫克的LiCl / kg体重（BW）的范围内使用，在使用较高剂量16,18更好的结果（更持久CTA）。尽管如此，考虑到对不同物种和品种的已知剂量的影响，在某些情况下的致死效果开始于400毫克的LiCl / kg体重。一个有效的长期推荐剂量CTA开始在200毫克/公斤体重山羊和225毫克/千克体重的羊10,17,19。李用在这些剂量第4天给药后内排出，主要通过尿（92±4％），其次为粪便（6.5±1.3％）和乳（2.8±0.4％）11。完整估计停药期为氯化锂的血浆中的单剂量为9和11天的绵羊和山羊，分别。由于牛奶中的最小的李排泄，CTA不能自然建立的哺乳断开弹簧11,20。 绵羊长期持久CTA已报道一整个放牧季节（3-4个月）时的替代饲料来源是提供14,21，下一个牧场被重新建立与单一的LiCl剂量几乎完全规避旺季（9月以后）14。此外，2年和3年的CTA不放过已经报道了在牧草条件下牛，而不需要加强剂量，当目标进料是一种有毒的，但适口植物22,23。考虑的替代原料的选择是至关重要的动物保持CTA对无毒的植物。每次动物消耗超过10克避免植物的，而不会导致胃肠二scomfort，注册税务师将受到影响24。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="598">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Lithium Chloride PRS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Panreac</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">141392.1209</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Labelvage drencher 70 mL</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Labelvage</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">240040</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

以下描述的结果是通过一些研究中的CTA朝向在巴塞罗那自治大学进行了小反刍动物木本作物获得，他们提供证据证明所提出的协议。 175剂量和200mg氯化锂/ kg体重在山羊和200和225毫克的LiCl / kg体重绵羊被成功用于诱导CTA针对木本作物与单次给药，有两个动物除外，它没有完全吞下施用氯化锂剂量10,17（ 表2）。</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

如何创建条件性味觉厌恶放牧在地面木本作物与小反刍动物封面

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K 次观看.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

视频: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences. For many scientists without formal training in atmospheric science, these techniques are relatively inaccessible. Surface renewal and other flux measurement methods require an understanding of boundary layer meteorology and extensive training in instrumentation and multiple data management programs. To improve accessibility of these techniques, we describe the underlying theory of surface renewal measurements, demonstrate how to set up a field station for surface renewal with eddy covariance calibration, and utilize our open-source turnkey data logger program to perform flux data acquisition and processing. The new turnkey program returns to the user a simple data table with the corrected fluxes and quality control parameters, and eliminates the need for researchers to shuttle between multiple processing programs to obtain the final flux data. An example of data generated from these measurements demonstrates how crop water use is measured with this technique. The output information is useful to growers for making irrigation decisions in a variety of agricultural ecosystems. These stations are currently deployed in numerous field experiments by researchers in our group and the California Department of Water Resources in the following crops: rice, wine and raisin grape vineyards, alfalfa, almond, walnut, peach, lemon, avocado, and corn.

Surface renewal is a micrometeorological method that is being used increasingly to determine energy fluxes, but its technical complexity makes it inaccessible to a broad audience. We describe the steps needed to set up and calibrate a surface renewal field station, to acquire and process data, and to correctly interpret results.

表面重建:一种先进的微气象法测量和处理油田规模能流密度数据

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

科研

环境科学

A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.

An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.

小体积的方法从水中病毒浓度

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。病毒样本的收集I.

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to environmental changes and to finally reconstruct such changes. This is done by analyzing growth variations back in time and correlating various plant-specific parameters to (for example) temperature records. Integrating wood anatomical parameters in these analyses would strengthen reconstructions, even down to intra-annual resolution. We therefore present a protocol on how to sample, prepare, and analyze wooden specimen for common macroscopic analyses, but also for subsequent microscopic analyses. Furthermore we introduce a potential solution for analyzing digital images generated from common small and large specimens to support time-series analyses. The protocol presents the basic steps as they currently can be used. Beyond this, there is an ongoing need for the improvement of existing techniques, and development of new techniques, to record and quantify past and ongoing environmental processes. Traditional wood anatomical research needs to be expanded to include ecological information to this field of research. This would support dendro-scientists who intend to analyze new parameters and develop new methodologies to understand the short and long term effects of specific environmental factors on the anatomy of woody plants.

Here we present a protocol outlining how to sample wooden specimens for the overall assessment of their growth structures. Macro- and microscopic preparation and visualization techniques necessary to generate well-replicated and highly resolved wood anatomical and dendroecological dataset, are described are described.

现代树轮研究技术的角度 - 如何克服Dendroecological和木解剖挑战

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。第三部分。病毒检测用RT-qPCR的

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

对水样的自动固相萃取小污染物的免疫学分析的简单方法

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

Ø的底栖交易所<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;，N<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;和营养盐使用小的核心孵化

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array was used to collect data during an infiltration experiment conducted at a test site near the Tottori Sand Dune, Japan. The antenna array used in this study consists of 10 transmitting antennas (Tx) and 11 receiving antennas (Rx). For this experiment, the system was configured to use all possible Tx-Rx pairings, resulting in a Multi-Offset Gather (MOG) consisting of 110 Tx-Rx combinations. The array was left stationary at a position directly above the infiltration area and data were collected every 1.5 seconds using a time-based trigger. Common-Offset Gather (COG) and Common Mid-Point (CMP) data cubes were reconstructed from the MOG data during post-processing. There have been few studies that used time-lapse CMP data to estimate changes in velocity of propagation. In this study, electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity was estimated heuristically at 1-minute intervals from the reconstructed CMP data through curve fitting, using the hyperbola equation. We then proceeded to calculate the depth of the wetting front. The evolution of the wetting front over time obtain through this method is consistent with the observations from a soil moisture sensor which was placed at a depth below 20 cm. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the ability of such array GPR system to monitor a subsurface dynamic process like water infiltration accurately and quantitatively.

Here we present a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array for monitoring the dynamic process of subsurface water infiltration. A time-lapse radar image of the infiltration process allowed estimating the depth of the wetting front during the course of the infiltration process.

利用阵列天线探地雷达采集的时移多偏移收集跟踪入渗前深度

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array was used to collect data during an infiltration ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...