This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

Il protocollo descritto di seguito per indurre CTA verso colture legnose segue le linee guida per la cura degli animali della &quot;Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona&quot; (Bellaterra, Spagna) ed è approvato dal Comitato Etico di animali e la sperimentazione umana per pecore e capre (CEEAH, fa riferimento a 770 e 998, rispettivamente). 1. Preparazione di LiCl Dose <ol><li> Fare un 25% w / v (peso / volume) soluzione LiCl in acqua distillata. In alternativa, utilizzare l&#39;acqua del rubinetto pulita. Il LiCl è estremamente igroscopico, pertanto è necessario fare attenzione quando si maneggia la sostanza chimica in polvere. <ol><li> Pesare 250 g di LiCl e sciogliere in acqua distillata (soluzione concentrata LiCl). Poiché la reazione è esotermica, attendere che la soluzione è tornato a temperatura ambiente prima di continuare. Versare la soluzione in un pallone tarato e aggiungere acqua distillata per portare a 1000 ml. </li></ol></li><li> Calcolare il volume di soluzione per ogni animale (singoladose). <ol><li> Pesare gli animali per ottenere il loro peso corporeo (BW) e calcolare la mL di LiCl necessaria per ogni animale seguente equazione 1. La dose raccomandata per la persistenza a lungo termine è 225 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo negli ovini 10 e 200 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo nelle capre 17. Tuttavia, altre dosi utilizzate per il pascolo sono riportati in Tabella 1. (Kg di peso corporeo x dose di LiCl in g / kg di peso corporeo) / concentrazione LiCl in g / L = Volume di LiCl (L) [Eq. 1] Per esempio: Sheep = 60 kg di peso corporeo; Dose = 225 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo; concentrazione della soluzione LiCl = 250 g / L (60 kg x 0,225 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0,054 L = 54 mL Capra = 35 kg di peso corporeo; Dose = 200 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo; concentrazione della soluzione LiCl = 250 g / L (35 kg x 0.200 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0,028 L = 28 mL </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> Dose LiCl </td><td> Mazorra et al. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> Burritt et al. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> Basso </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> medio </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> alto </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1:. Intervallo di dosaggio LiCl Gamma di dosi LiCl (mg / kg di peso corporeo, BW) utilizzato da diversi autori per indurre alimentare l&#39;avversione. 2. Selezione e strutture degli animali <ol><li> Scegli adulti, gli animali non gravide e secche, che non sono mai in precedenza mangiato il feed di destinazione. </li><li> Non provocare il CTA di più di 20 animali, allo stesso tempo, per controllare meglio il loro comportamento. Inizialmente, inducono solo CTA di 5 animali. </li><li> Allocare gli animali in un luogo in cui l&#39;assunzione di mangime bersaglio può essere registrato individualmente. Nutrire gli animali una volta al giorno con una dieta basale che copre tutte le loro esigenze nutrizionali e fornire libero accesso all&#39;acqua e ad un miblocco nerale. Assicurare un adeguato apporto di sale per prevenire gli effetti tossici LiCl, dal momento che le cellule del corpo possono utilizzare Li Na, invece di 9. </li><li> Se le strutture sono nuovi per gli animali, dare loro uno settimane di tempo di adattamento per acquisire familiarità con l&#39;ambiente e la dieta basale. </li></ol> 3. L&#39;avversione induzione <ol><li> Rimuovere la dieta basale la sera prima (giorno -1) e offrono il bersaglio di alimentazione ad libitum per garantire che gli animali mangiano l&#39;alimentazione bersaglio avidamente il Giorno 12. </li><li> Il giorno successivo (giorno 0), togliere le Orts di mattina e di offrire 200 g di mangime di destinazione per ogni animale durante 30 min. Pesare i Orts da allora in poi. </li><li> Se gli animali consumano più di 20-30 g, amministrare il volume corrispondente calcolato di LiCl (ml calcolata 1.2) con una pistola inzuppando appena è praticamente possibile, senza aspettare più di 1 ora dopo il consumo. Se gli animali consumano meno di 20-30 g, ripetere la procedura il giorno seguente. due al loro comportamento alimentare neophobic innato, animali potrebbe avere bisogno di più di 1 giorno per iniziare a consumare il feed bersaglio 10,17,25-27. </li><li> Dopo la somministrazione LiCl, aspettare 2 ore prima di offrire la dieta basale. </li><li> Dal giorno 1 a 3, non offrono gli animali feed di destinazione e controllare periodicamente per rilevare ogni possibile segno di malattia grave, la registrazione di alimentazione quotidiana e l&#39;assunzione di acqua (in peso o in una check-list), la frequenza respiratoria e il comportamento degli animali. Potevano presentare testa abbassata e le orecchie, l&#39;inattività, diarrea, aumento della frequenza respiratoria e una diminuzione di acqua e l&#39;assunzione di dieta durante i giorni successivi alla somministrazione LiCl 9-11,20,25. </li></ol> 4. Avversione convalida <ol><li> Nei giorni 4, 5, 6 e 7 dopo la somministrazione LiCl, ripetere il punto 3.2. </li><li> Se gli animali consumano &lt;10 g (o &lt;4 punture) del mangime destinazione, considerare la soglia CTA established.The tra zero (nessun consumo) e 10 g potrebbe dipendere dalla circostanzal&#39;impianto di destinazione (tossico o meno). </li><li> Se un animale consuma&gt; 10 g, somministrare una nuova dose LiCl e ripetere il punto 4.1. Se l&#39;animale persiste nel consumare pianta destinazione dopo la seconda dose, eliminare dal gruppo CTA. La facilitazione sociale (ad esempio, la madre, i fratelli e compagni vicini) possono modificare il comportamento CTA nel bestiame. Gli animali che sono stati evitati per un impianto di destinazione facilmente occupare di nuovo quando si nutrono con gli animali non scongiurato 28. </li></ol> Gestione 5. Pascolo Nota: La dose di LiCl usato per indurre CTA è completamente eliminata in pochi giorni, soprattutto da urine. <ol><li> Anche se Li è ampiamente diffuso sulla crosta terrestre, in modo da evitare ogni possibile contaminazione nella coltura biologica, aspettare 9-11 giorni prima di passare gli animali al (tempo di gioco stabilito con Li farmacocinetico) delle colture 11. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la copertura del suolo raccolto è abbondante e gradevole per tutta lapascolo periodo per evitare che gli animali da campionando il feed di destinazione. Graze animali trattati separatamente da non trattato. </li><li> Permettere agli animali di pascolare un terreno delimitato di tutta la superficie per ottenere un controllo uniforme l&#39;altezza dell&#39;erba. Delimitare la trama utilizzando recinzioni elettriche o metallici portatili o utilizzando un pastore a pascolare gli animali tra le linee specifiche per le coltivazioni. </li><li> Evitare di pascolo una trama, eliminando gli animali prima che la copertura del terreno diventa scarso (altezza dell&#39;erba 5 cm) 29. </li></ol> 6. Ristabilire il CTA <ol><li> Ogni anno, prima di consentire agli animali di tornare a pascolare il raccolto, ripetere il passaggio 4. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il CTA è facilmente stabilito nei piccoli ruminanti, se l&#39;alimentazione di destinazione è una pianta che l&#39;animale non ha mai mangiato prima e non contiene una sostanza nutriente insostituibile. Gli animali hanno un associazione post-ingestive positivo con un feed non tossico, a meno contatto precedente rende difficile cambiare la loro percezione di quel particolare mangime 7,33. L&#39;avversione condizione di gusto è prodotto perché LiCl stimola il sistema emetico produrre malessere o disagio gas...

L&#39;uso di copertura del terreno tra le linee di colture legnose mitiga l&#39;erosione del suolo e il degrado e aumenta l&#39;acqua, carbonio organico e l&#39;azoto ritenzione 1-3. Inoltre, copertura del terreno mantiene e aumenta la biodiversità, sostenendo l&#39;equilibrio tra parassiti delle colture e dei loro predatori naturali. Gli agricoltori tendono a eliminare le erbe infestanti mediante l&#39;applicazione di prodotti chimici per l&#39;agricoltura o utilizzando una macchina mietitrice; riducendo in tal modo la concorrenza di nutrienti tra le colture e la copertura verde. Un modo efficace per controllare la copertura del terreno potrebbe essere l&#39;uso di piccoli ruminanti al pascolo. Un ulteriore vantaggio dal pascolo degli animali è il miglioramento della salute del suolo e della fertilità. Tuttavia, gli agricoltori sono riluttanti ad attuare questa pratica a causa di piccoli ruminanti danneggiare le colture dal consumo di foglie giovani e germogli. Per evitare potenziali danni ai raccolti è utile per indurre avversione al gusto condizionato (CTA) nella pecore o capre all&#39;interno del gregge o dell&#39;allevamento. Il CTA è facilmente stabilito per new alimenta, a causa del comportamento innato alimentazione neophobia 4,5 dei piccoli ruminanti, e perché i feed familiari sono positivamente associati con un &quot;appreso di sicurezza&quot; stato che è più difficile da cambiare o manipolare 6. Gli animali imparano a respingere un feed specifico (stimolo condizionato) a causa del suo effetto post-ingestive negativo (stimolo incondizionato). Per indurre CTA verso piante appetibili e non tossico, cloruro di litio (LiCl; agente induttore) viene somministrata dopo che l&#39;animale consuma l&#39;impianto di destinazione. Mentre ci sono altri agenti induttori (ad es apomorfina, ciclosphosphamide, tiabendazolo), LiCl ha mostrato il più forte e più persistente CTA a causa del suo effetto sul sistema emetico dalla stimolazione della zona chemoreceptor trigger zone e disturbi gastrointestinali 7,8 con segni lievi di genere disagio. Litio (Li) è assorbito dal tratto gastrointestinale superiore e distribuito nello spazio acqua corporea totale 9. Gli animali can hanno un periodo di recupero più breve due giorni 7,10,11. La LiCl può essere somministrato mescolandolo con il cibo 12,13, in una capsula di gelatina 13,14 o in un soluzione somministrata oralmente una pistola inzuppando 15-17. Anche se la soluzione LiCl è caustico, senza lesioni in bocca o nell&#39;esofago è stato descritto. LiCl è utilizzato nella gamma da 100 a 400 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo (BW), con risultati migliori (più persistente CTA) con dosi superiori 16,18. Tuttavia, considerando i noti effetti di dosaggio verso specie e razze diverse, l&#39;effetto letale in alcuni casi partono da 400 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo. Il dosaggio raccomandato per un efficace a lungo termine CTA inizia a 200 mg / kg di peso corporeo per le capre e 225 mg / kg di peso corporeo per le pecore 10,17,19. Li usato a questi dosaggi viene escreto entro i primi 4 giorni dopo la somministrazione, principalmente attraverso le urine (92 ± 4%), seguita da feci (6,5 ± 1,3%) e latte (2,8 ± 0,4%) 11. la completatempo di attesa stimato per una singola dose di LiCl nel plasma è di 9 e 11 giorni per ovini e caprini, rispettivamente. A causa della minima Li escrezione nel latte, CTA non può essere naturalmente stabilito nella suzione off-molla 11,20. A lungo termine CTA persistenza negli ovini stato segnalato nel corso di un&#39;intera stagione di pascolo (3-4 mesi), quando una fonte alternativa di foraggio era disponibile 14,21, viene ristabilito per un&#39;avversione quasi completa con una singola dose LiCl al prossimo pascolo stagione (9 mesi dopo) 14. Inoltre, CTA persistenze di 2 e 3 anni sono stati segnalati nelle vacche in condizioni di pascolo, senza la necessità di dosi di rinforzo, quando il feed bersaglio è una pianta tossica, ma gradevole al palato 22,23. L&#39;opzione di considerare un feed alternativa è critica per l&#39;animale a mantenere il CTA contro una pianta non tossico. Ogni volta che l&#39;animale consuma più di 10 g della pianta evitata senza conseguente di gastrointestinalescomfort, il CTA sarebbe compromessa 24.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="598">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Lithium Chloride PRS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Panreac</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">141392.1209</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Labelvage drencher 70 mL</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Labelvage</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">240040</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

I risultati descritti di seguito sono stati ottenuti da diversi studi in CTA verso colture legnose nei piccoli ruminanti condotti presso l&#39;Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona e forniscono prove per stabilire il protocollo proposto. Dosi di 175 e 200 mg LiCl / kg BW in capre e 200 e 225 mg LiCl / kg BW negli ovini sono stati usati con successo per indurre CTA contro le colture legnose con una singola somministrazione, ad ecc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Come creare Condizionata Avversione gusto per il pascolo terra Coperchi in Woody Colture con piccoli ruminanti

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

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7.2K Views.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Video: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences. For many scientists without formal training in atmospheric science, these techniques are relatively inaccessible. Surface renewal and other flux measurement methods require an understanding of boundary layer meteorology and extensive training in instrumentation and multiple data management programs. To improve accessibility of these techniques, we describe the underlying theory of surface renewal measurements, demonstrate how to set up a field station for surface renewal with eddy covariance calibration, and utilize our open-source turnkey data logger program to perform flux data acquisition and processing. The new turnkey program returns to the user a simple data table with the corrected fluxes and quality control parameters, and eliminates the need for researchers to shuttle between multiple processing programs to obtain the final flux data. An example of data generated from these measurements demonstrates how crop water use is measured with this technique. The output information is useful to growers for making irrigation decisions in a variety of agricultural ecosystems. These stations are currently deployed in numerous field experiments by researchers in our group and the California Department of Water Resources in the following crops: rice, wine and raisin grape vineyards, alfalfa, almond, walnut, peach, lemon, avocado, and corn.

Surface renewal is a micrometeorological method that is being used increasingly to determine energy fluxes, but its technical complexity makes it inaccessible to a broad audience. We describe the steps needed to set up and calibrate a surface renewal field station, to acquire and process data, and to correctly interpret results.

Rinnovo di superficie: un metodo avanzato micrometeorologici per la misurazione e l&#39;elaborazione del campo scala dell&#39;energia densità di flusso di dati

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

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A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.

An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.

A Procedura piccolo volume per concentrazione virale da Water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

Metodo EPA 1615. Misura di Enterovirus e Norovirus Evento in acqua per la cultura e RT-qPCR. I. Raccolta di campioni di virus

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to environmental changes and to finally reconstruct such changes. This is done by analyzing growth variations back in time and correlating various plant-specific parameters to (for example) temperature records. Integrating wood anatomical parameters in these analyses would strengthen reconstructions, even down to intra-annual resolution. We therefore present a protocol on how to sample, prepare, and analyze wooden specimen for common macroscopic analyses, but also for subsequent microscopic analyses. Furthermore we introduce a potential solution for analyzing digital images generated from common small and large specimens to support time-series analyses. The protocol presents the basic steps as they currently can be used. Beyond this, there is an ongoing need for the improvement of existing techniques, and development of new techniques, to record and quantify past and ongoing environmental processes. Traditional wood anatomical research needs to be expanded to include ecological information to this field of research. This would support dendro-scientists who intend to analyze new parameters and develop new methodologies to understand the short and long term effects of specific environmental factors on the anatomy of woody plants.

Here we present a protocol outlining how to sample wooden specimens for the overall assessment of their growth structures. Macro- and microscopic preparation and visualization techniques necessary to generate well-replicated and highly resolved wood anatomical and dendroecological dataset, are described are described.

Un punto di vista tecnico in Modern Tree-Ring Research - Come superare Dendroecological e legno anatomiche sfide

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

Metodo EPA 1615. Misura di Enterovirus e Norovirus Presenza in Water di Cultura e RT-qPCR. Parte III. Rilevamento virus mediante RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Un metodo semplice per Automated fase solida estrazione di campioni di acqua per l&#39;analisi immunologiche di piccole inquinanti

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

La Borsa bentonici di O<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, N<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; e nutrienti disciolti Utilizzo piccolo nucleo Incubazioni

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array was used to collect data during an infiltration experiment conducted at a test site near the Tottori Sand Dune, Japan. The antenna array used in this study consists of 10 transmitting antennas (Tx) and 11 receiving antennas (Rx). For this experiment, the system was configured to use all possible Tx-Rx pairings, resulting in a Multi-Offset Gather (MOG) consisting of 110 Tx-Rx combinations. The array was left stationary at a position directly above the infiltration area and data were collected every 1.5 seconds using a time-based trigger. Common-Offset Gather (COG) and Common Mid-Point (CMP) data cubes were reconstructed from the MOG data during post-processing. There have been few studies that used time-lapse CMP data to estimate changes in velocity of propagation. In this study, electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity was estimated heuristically at 1-minute intervals from the reconstructed CMP data through curve fitting, using the hyperbola equation. We then proceeded to calculate the depth of the wetting front. The evolution of the wetting front over time obtain through this method is consistent with the observations from a soil moisture sensor which was placed at a depth below 20 cm. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the ability of such array GPR system to monitor a subsurface dynamic process like water infiltration accurately and quantitatively.

Here we present a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array for monitoring the dynamic process of subsurface water infiltration. A time-lapse radar image of the infiltration process allowed estimating the depth of the wetting front during the course of the infiltration process.

Rilevamento delle infiltrazioni frontale profondità utilizzando multi-offset time-lapse raccoglie raccolti con Array Antenna terra penetrante Radar

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array was used to collect data during an infiltration ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

Metodi sperimentali di polvere carica e mobilitazione sulle superfici con l'esposizione a radiazione ultravioletta o plasmi

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

La prova di infezione di pianta: Spray e ferita-mediata di inoculazione con la pianta patogeno Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Come creare Condizionata Avversione gusto per il pascolo terra Coperchi in Woody Colture con piccoli ruminanti

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Rinnovo di superficie: un metodo avanzato micrometeorologici per la misurazione e l'elaborazione del campo scala dell'energia densità di flusso di dati