نشكر U. Heberlein وA. Devineni للمناقشات طويلة الأمد والمشورة الفنية. كما نشكر أعضاء مختبر شوحط-أوفير، A. Benzur، L. القزاز، وO. شالوم، من أجل المساعدة في إظهار الأسلوب. تقدير خاص يذهب إلى اليعازر كوستي لإقامة أنظمة الطيران في المختبر. وأيد هذا العمل من قبل مؤسسة العلوم اسرائيل (384/14) وكوري الوظيفي التكامل المنح ماري (CIG 631127).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here, we illustrate the details of an integrated approach to measure alterations in reward-seeking behavior, based on previous work described by Devineni et al.6 and Shohat-Ophir et al5. The first section of the protocol uses different types of sexual interactions as the experience input, and the second section uses a two-choice feeding assay to assess the effect of experience on the preference to consume ethanol.
As shown by Devineni et al.<sup...

تعديل السلوك ردا على تجربة يسمح الحيوانات لضبط سلوكهم للتغيرات في بيئتها 1. وخلال هذه العملية، والحيوانات دمج الحالة الفسيولوجية الداخلية مع الظروف المتغيرة للبيئة الخارجية، وبعد ذلك اختيار عمل واحد على الآخر لزيادة فرصهم في البقاء والتكاثر. تطورت نظم المكافآت لتحفيز السلوكيات المطلوبة لبقاء الأفراد والأنواع من خلال تعزيز السلوكيات التي تعزز بقاء فوري، مثل الأكل أو الشرب، أو تلك التي تضمن البقاء على المدى الطويل، مثل السلوك الجنسي أو رعاية الأبناء 2. مركبات اصطناعية مثل تعاطي المخدرات تؤثر أيضا على أنظمة المكافأة تمثله من خلال التعاون المسارات العصبية التي تتوسط المكافآت الطبيعية 2. خلال العقدين الماضيين، وذبابة الفاكهة أنشئت ذبابة الفاكهة نموذجا واعدا لدراسة molecجزيئية والآليات العصبية التي تشكل آثار الإيثانول على سلوك 3،4. سابقا، حددنا مجموعة فرعية من الخلايا العصبية ببتيدي المفعول في الذباب (الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية / الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية مستقبلات (R) الخلايا العصبية) أن المكافآت الطبيعية الزوجين، مثل تجربة جنسية، لدوافع الحصول على المكافآت المخدرات 5. التعبير الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية حساسا لكلا التجارب الجنسية والمكافآت المخدرات، مثل التسمم الايثانول. يتم تحويل التغيرات في مستويات التعبير NPF إلى تغييرات في الإيثانول الذات إدارة 5، حيث يقلل من ارتفاع الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية وانخفاض الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية يزيد من الأفضلية لاستهلاك الإيثانول. تفعيل الخلايا العصبية NPF غير مجزية للذباب، كما أنها تكشف تفضيل قوي للرائحة يقترن تفعيل، وهو ما ينعكس أيضا انخفاض استهلاك الإيثانول. الأهم من ذلك، تنشيط الخلايا العصبية NPF يتداخل مع قدرة الذباب لتشكيل علاقة إيجابية بين التسمم الايثانول وجديلة رائحة. العلاقة السببية بين الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية / Rالنظام والذاكرة مكافأة، واستهلاك الإيثانول تشير إلى أن يمكن للمرء أن استخدام الإيثانول الإدارة الذاتية كمقياس للتغييرات في دول مكافأة 5. في هذا المنشور نظهر نهج متكامل للالاستفادة من نظام المكافأة الطبيعي الطيران والتغيرات يعاير في دول مكافأة. يتكون المنهج من جزأين منفصلين، بروتوكول التدريب لمعالجة الخبرات ذات الصلة مكافأة الطبيعية، تليها اثنين الاختيار الشعرية المغذية فحص (CAFE) لتقييم الإيثانول الإدارة الذاتية كتقدير لإجراء تغييرات في دول مكافأة. فحص CAFE مماثل للفحوصات اختيار اثنين من زجاجة المستخدمة في الدراسات القوارض لمكافحة المخدرات والإدارة الذاتية، ولقد ثبت لتعكس خصائص معينة من السلوك مثل الإدمان في الذباب 6.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1176">
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			<td>Jaece</td>
			<td>L800-A</td>
			<td>fits opening 6 to 13mm</td>
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			<td>Jaece</td>
			<td>L800-D</td>
			<td>fits opening 35 to 45mm</td>
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a simple way to measure alterations in reward-seeking behavior using drosophila melanogaster

نحن تصف بروتوكول لقياس الإيثانول إدارة الذات في ذباب الفاكهة (ذبابة الفاكهة) كوكيل لإجراء تغييرات في دول مكافأة. ونحن لشرح طريقة بسيطة للاستفادة من نظام المكافأة الطاير، تعديل الخبرات المتعلقة مكافأة الطبيعية، واستخدام استهلاك الإيثانول الطوعي كمقياس للتغييرات في دول مكافأة. يخدم النهج كأداة ذات الصلة لدراسة الخلايا العصبية والجينات التي تلعب دورا في التغيرات بوساطة تجربة الدولة الداخلية. يتكون البروتوكول من قسمين منفصلة: فضح الذباب إلى الخبرات مجزية وnonrewarding، ويعاير استهلاك الإيثانول الطوعي كإجراء الدافع للحصول على مكافأة المخدرات. جزأين يمكن استخدامها بشكل مستقل للحث على التشكيل من الخبرة كخطوة أولى لمزيد من المقايسات المصب أو مقايسة التغذية الاختيار اثنين من المستقلين، على التوالي. لا يتطلب بروتوكول الإعداد معقدة، وبالتالي يمكن أن تطبق في أي المختبرذ مع الأدوات ثقافة ذبابة الأساسية.

FPreviously، Devineni وآخرون. أظهرت أنه عندما تعطى ذباب الفاكهة خيار تستهلك المواد الغذائية التي تحتوي على الإيثانول، لأنها تكشف تفضيل قوي للأغذية التي تحتوي على الإيثانول على nonethanol تحتوي على المواد الغذائية 6. يظهر هنا بعض نتائج ممثل حصلنا عليها ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

نحن تصف بروتوكول لإحداث مجزية وnonrewarding الخبرات في ذباب الفاكهة (ذبابة الفاكهة) باستخدام استهلاك الإيثانول الطوعي كمقياس للتغييرات في دول مكافأة.

طريقة بسيطة لقياس التغيرات في السلوك المكافأة التماس طريق<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

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A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

8.3K Views.  Bar-Ilan University.  نحن تصف بروتوكول لإحداث مجزية وnonrewarding الخبرات في ذباب الفاكهة (ذبابة الفاكهة) باستخدام استهلاك الإيثانول الطوعي كمقياس للتغييرات في دول مكافأة. 

Video: A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a novel non-destructive technique that improves spectral line-widths and allows high-resolution spectra to be obtained from extracts, intact cells, cell cultures, and more importantly intact tissue to investigate relationships between metabolites and cellular processes. In vivo HRMAS 1H-MRS studies have yet to be reported in the live fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila, as a simpler genetic organism, allows the multiple biological functions and various evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways to be examined at the whole organism level and it is a useful model for investigating genetics and physiology. To this end, we developed and implemented an in vivo HRMAS 1H-MRS method to investigate live Drosophila at 14.1 T. Here, we outline an HRMAS 1H-MRS protocol for the molecular characterization of Drosophila with a conventional MR spectrometer equipped with an HRMAS probe. This technique is a novel, in vivo, non-destructive Drosophila metabolite measurement approach, which enables the identification of disease biomarkers and thus may contribute to novel therapeutic development.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning

This technique enables the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning proton MR spectroscopy (HRMAS 1H-MRS) for molecular characterization of live Drosophila melanogaster with a conventional 14.1 tesla spectrometer equipped with an HRMAS probe.

الرنين المغناطيسي الطيفي للعيش ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن غزل باستخدام زاوية ماجيك

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a novel non-destructive technique that improves spectral ...

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

تسجيلات Sensillum واحدة في الحشرات ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن و الأنوفيلة الغامبية</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

طريقة بسيطة لقياس حساسية الايثانول في الذباب

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

طرق الفحص ذبابة الفاكهة سلوك

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in Drosophila melanogaster1. Chief among these are optogenetic tools, which enable the activation or silencing of specific neurons in the intact and freely moving animal using bright light. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) is a light-activated cation channel that, when activated by blue light, causes depolarization of neurons that express it. ChR2 has been effective for identifying neurons critical for specific behaviors, such as CO2 avoidance, proboscis extension and giant-fiber mediated startle response2-4. However, as the intense light sources used to stimulate ChR2 also stimulate photoreceptors, these optogenetic techniques have not previously been used in the visual system. Here, we combine an optogenetic approach with a mutation that impairs phototransduction to demonstrate that activation of a cluster of loom-sensitive neurons in the fly's optic lobe, Foma-1 neurons, can drive an escape behavior used to avoid collision. We used a null allele of a critical component of the phototransduction cascade, phospholipase C-&beta;, encoded by the norpA gene, to render the flies blind and also use the Gal4-UAS transcriptional activator system to drive expression of ChR2 in the Foma-1 neurons. Individual flies are placed on a small platform surrounded by blue LEDs. When the LEDs are illuminated, the flies quickly take-off into flight, in a manner similar to visually driven loom-escape behavior. We believe that this technique can be easily adapted to examine other behaviors in freely moving flies.

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetically encoded optogenetic tools enable noninvasive manipulation of specific neurons in the Drosophila brain. Such tools can identify neurons whose activation is sufficient to elicit or suppress particular behaviors. Here we present a method for activating Channelrhodopsin2 that is expressed in targeted neurons in freely walking flies.

Optogenetic تحفيز السلوك في الهروب<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة الدروسوفيلا</em

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

واحدة ذبابة الفحص لسلوك البحث عن الطعام في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

الظروف التي تؤثر في الفضاء الاجتماعي<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To complicate matters even further, the odors detected by the insect nervous system usually are not single compounds but mixtures whose composition and concentration ratios vary. This leads to an almost infinite amount of different olfactory stimuli which have to be evaluated by the nervous system.
To understand which aspects of an odor stimulus determine its evaluation by the fly, it is therefore desirable to efficiently examine odor-guided behavior towards many odorants and odor mixtures. To directly correlate behavior to neuronal activity, behavior should be quantified in a comparable time frame and under identical stimulus conditions as in neurophysiological experiments. However, many currently used olfactory bioassays in Drosophila neuroethology are rather specialized either towards efficiency or towards resolution.
Flywalk, an automated odor delivery and tracking system, bridges the gap between efficiency and resolution. It allows the determination of exactly when an odor packet stimulated a freely walking fly, and to determine the animal&#180;s dynamic behavioral reaction.

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

The automated tracking system Flywalk is used for high-resolution quantification of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

عالية الدقة الكمي للسلوك رائحة الموجهة في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن</em&gt; استخدام<em&gt; Flywalk</em&gt; بارادايم

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

عن طريق القنوات الخطي الاغاروز لدراسة<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; اليرقات الزحف السلوك

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

طريقة بسيطة لقياس التغيرات في السلوك المكافأة التماس طريق

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الرنين المغناطيسي الطيفي للعيش ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن غزل باستخدام زاوية ماجيك

تسجيلات Sensillum واحدة في الحشرات ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن و الأنوفيلة الغامبية

طريقة بسيطة لقياس حساسية الايثانول في الذباب

طرق الفحص ذبابة الفاكهة سلوك

Optogenetic تحفيز السلوك في الهروب

واحدة ذبابة الفحص لسلوك البحث عن الطعام في

الظروف التي تؤثر في الفضاء الاجتماعي

عالية الدقة الكمي للسلوك رائحة الموجهة في

عن طريق القنوات الخطي الاغاروز لدراسة

تتبع السلوك المورفولوجية اليرقات في الاستجابة للتحفيز أوبتوجينيتيك الخلايا العصبية حاسة الشم