The authors thank Mike Crickmore, Dragana Rogulja, and Michelle Frank for comments on the manuscript. Pavel Gorelik provided technical support for manufacturing the behavioral arenas. This work was conducted in Mike Crickmore's lab and is also supported by the Whitehall Foundation (Principal Investigator: Dragana Rogulja). S.X.Z. is a Stuart H.Q. and Victoria Quan Fellow at Harvard Medical School.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

دول تحفيزية يمكن مشبع، حافظ، وانتشال 34. نقدم الشبع فحص 2-D أن بسرعة وبقوة يقيس كل من هذه الجوانب من التزاوج محرك الأقراص في الطيران. هذا الاختبار يفتح إمكانية استخدام التلاعب الجيني الطيران المتقدمة لدراسة المكونات الجزيئية والدائرة من سلوك دوافع. <p class...

وقد وفرت العمل في ذبابة الفاكهة نظرة عميقة ورائدة في العديد من الظواهر البيولوجية، بما في ذلك طبيعة الجينات 1، ومبادئ التطور الجنيني 2، ايقاعات كل يوم 3، وتطوير والأسلاك من الجهاز العصبي 4 و 5 و 6. ولا يزال الدافع حتى تفهم بشكل أقل من هذه الظواهر، وربما بسبب القيود المفروضة على الأنظمة التي تم دراستها حتى الآن. تدرس الدافع في الطيران في المقام الأول في سياق الجوع، والذي يقدم العديد من التحديات بسبب تناول المواد الغذائية الصغيرة بزوال بها في نوبة التغذية والهيكل الخارجي الذي يحول دون علامات الصريحة من ترسب الدهون. ونتيجة لذلك، هناك حاجة لتوسيع النظم المستخدمة لدراسة الدوافع في الطيران. نحن تصف الإطار السلوكي لدراسة محرك التزاوج فيذبابة الفاكهة. هذا النظام يستفيد من أدوات العصبية الوراثية في الطيران، فضلا عن إمكانية الوصول 7، 8، 9، 10، 11، 12 وconnectome المفترضة للدوائر في ديمبرافيك جنسيا 8 و 13. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن الكثير من فطريه 14، 15، 16، 17، 18، 19، 20، 21 و المستفادة 22، 23، وقد تم عمل 24 الدوائر الحسية والحركية السيطرة الخطوبة في التفاصيل، وتوفير فرصة نادرةلتحديد موقع العقدة الدوائر الدقيقة التي على يفتئت الدافع. بلغنا مؤخرا أنه في الطيران، كما هو الحال في البشر، ومستويات الدوبامين هي محور التزاوج محرك 25 و 26 و 27. لقد تمكنت من الوصول الجيني للمفصل على مستوى الدائرة الجزيئي وواستقبال الخلايا العصبية في الطيران، وتسهيل المنتجة للدوبامين ذات الصلة يحلل هذه الظاهرة الحفظ باستخدام فحوصات وصفنا هنا 25. أضفنا إلى المقايسات السلوكية في تشانغ وآخرون. 25 ساحة مسطحة جديدة السلوكية التي تتيح تسجيل الفيديو، الذي نسميه 2-الأبعاد (2-D) الشبع الفحص، تحسنا هاما مقارنة مع الطرق السابقة. وبالتالي، فإن الفحص الجديد هو أكثر قابلة للقياس، وبالتالي أكثر ملاءمة لشاشات الوراثية الجينات والخلايا العصبية التي تشارك في الدافع. نحن نستخدم هذا الاختبار الجديد، جنبا إلى جنب مع فحوصات الخطوبة وneurogeالتلاعب المغنطيسية، لشرح كيفية قياس وتغيير محرك التزاوج في الطيران.

<table><tbody><tr><td>1/16 inch clear acrylic</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8589K12</td><td>Used to make arenas; see Supplemental Material 1 for designs.</td></tr><tr><td>1/8 inch clear acrylic</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8589K42</td><td>Used to make arenas; see Supplemental Material 1 for designs.</td></tr><tr><td>3/16 inch clear acrylic</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8560K219</td><td>Used to make arenas; see Supplemental Material 1 for designs.</td></tr><tr><td>1/32 inch black delrin</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8575K132</td><td>Used to make arenas; see Supplemental Material 1 for designs.</td></tr><tr><td>Hex screws, 1 inch long (50x)</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>92314A115&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Used to make arenas. Can be replaced by 3/4 inch screws (92314A113, McMaster-Carr) for 32-chamber arenas.</td></tr><tr><td>Thumb nuts (25x)</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>92741A100</td><td>Used to make arenas. Can be replaced by regular hex nuts (90480A005, McMaster-Carr).</td></tr><tr><td>Camcorder</td><td>Canon</td><td>Vixia HF R700</td><td>Can be replaced by any consumer comcorder.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring and altering mating drive in male drosophila melanogaster

وعلى الرغم من عقود من التحقيق، تبقى القواعد العصبية والجزيئية للدول تحفيزية غامضة. لقد وضعت مؤخرا رواية، اختزالية، ونظام قابلة للتحقيق معمق لدوافع استخدام محرك الأقراص التزاوج من الذكور ذبابة الفاكهة (ذبابة الفاكهة)، الأساليب التي نحن هنا بالتفصيل. مراكز النموذج السلوكي على النتيجة التي مفادها أن يقلل محرك التزاوج من الذكور إلى جانب الخصوبة على مدى copulations المتكررة ويسترد أكثر من 3 ~ د. في هذا النظام، والأدوات العصبية الوراثية القوية المتاحة في ذبابة تلتقي مع إمكانية الوصول الوراثية والاسلاك الرسم البياني المفترض متاحة للسلوك الجنسي. هذا التقارب يسمح العزلة السريعة واستجواب السكان العصبية صغيرة مع وظائف تحفيزية محددة. نحن هنا بالتفصيل تصميم وتنفيذ فحص الشبع الذي يستخدم لقياس وتغيير الدافع الخطوبة في الطيران الذكور. استخدام هذافحص، علينا أن نظهر أيضا أن انخفاض محرك التزاوج الذكور يمكن التغلب عليها من خلال تحفيز الخلايا العصبية الدوبامين. فحص الشبع هو بسيط، وبأسعار معقولة، وقوية إلى تأثيرات الخلفية الوراثية. نتوقع أن فحص بالشبع لتوليد العديد من الأفكار الجديدة في البيولوجيا العصبية للدول تحفيزية.

لتوصيف حملة التزاوج ذبابة الفاكهة، البالغ من العمر 3 أيام، تم اختبار WT كانتون-S الذكور في الشبع فحص 2-D. على مدى مقايسة (4.5 ساعة)، الذكور تتزاوج في المتوسط ​​4.8 ± 0.3 (يعني ± الخطأ المعياري للمتوسط، SEM) مرات. التزاوج الشروع في الغالب في ساعة الأولى 2 (78?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

توضح هذه المقالة الفحص السلوكي يستخدم محرك التزاوج من الذكور في ذبابة الفاكهة melanogaste ص لدراسة الدوافع. باستخدام هذه الطريقة، يمكن للباحثين الاستفادة الطيران المتقدمة تقنيات العصبية الوراثية للكشف عن الآليات الوراثية والجزيئية والخلوية التي تكمن وراء هذا الدافع.

قياس وتغيير التزاوج محرك في ذكر<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, ...

measuring-and-altering-mating-drive-in-male-drosophila-melanogaster

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Neuroscience

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

11.0K Views.  Boston Children’s Hospital.  توضح هذه المقالة الفحص السلوكي يستخدم محرك التزاوج من الذكور في ذبابة الفاكهة melanogaste ص لدراسة الدوافع. باستخدام هذه الطريقة، يمكن للباحثين الاستفادة الطيران المتقدمة تقنيات العصبية الوراثية للكشف عن الآليات الوراثية والجزيئية ...

Video: Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are also a useful scientific model to study motion vision and flight dynamics in a controlled laboratory setting. As the larvae develop in organically polluted water, they are useful models for investigating investment in microbial immunity. While large scale commercial breeding for agriculture already occurs, there are no standardized protocols for maintaining captive populations for scientific studies. This is important as commercial captive breeding programs focusing on mass output during peak pollination periods may fail to provide a population that is consistent, stable and robust throughout the year, as is often needed for other research purposes. Therefore, a method to establish, maintain and refresh a captive research population is required. Here, we describe the utilization of an artificial hibernation cycle, in addition to the nutritional and housing requirements, for long term maintenance of Eristalis tenax. Using these methods, we have significantly increased the health and longevity of captive populations of E. tenax compared to previous reports. We furthermore discuss small scale rearing methods and options for optimizing yields and manipulating population demographics.

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

The overall goal of these procedures is to establish, maintain and refresh a captive population of Eristalis tenax in a research setting.

تربية والصيانة الطويلة الأجل من هوفيرفليس تيناكس اريستاليس "البحوث والدراسات"

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are ...

Environment

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

وهناك طريقة لاختبار تأثير الإشارات البيئية على سلوك التزاوج في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة ميلانوغاستر</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Behavior

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

طرق الفحص ذبابة الفاكهة سلوك

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

الفحص مباشرة للالكمي لتجنب الاجتماعي في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy and cheap methods to distinguish between individuals in a trial. A standard technique for this is CO2 anaesthesia and then labelling or wing clipping each fly. However, this is invasive and has been shown to affect behavior. Other techniques have used coloration to identify flies. This article presents a simple and non-invasive method for labelling Drosophila that allows them to be individually identified within experiments, using food coloring. This method is used in trials where two males compete to mate with a female. Dyeing allowed quick and easy identification. There was, however, some difference in the strength of the coloration across the three species tested. Data is presented showing the dye has a lower impact on mating behavior than CO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. The impact of CO2 anaesthesia is shown to depend on the species of Drosophila, with D. pseudoobscura and D. subobscura showing no impact, whereas D. melanogaster males had reduced mating success. The dye method presented is applicable to a wide range of experimental designs.

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

This protocol describes a simple, cost effective way to individually identify Drosophila or other insects. Demonstration data investigating mating success across three species of Drosophila show that this method is comparable or better than the use of CO2 anaesthesia.

الصباغة الحشرات لفحوصات السلوكية: في سلوك التزاوج من تخدير<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

الظروف التي تؤثر في الفضاء الاجتماعي<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

Aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of the sequential expression of stereotypical behavioral patterns (for analysis see 1). This complex behavior is influenced by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. As in many organisms, previous fighting experience influences the fighting strategy of flies and the outcome of later contests: losing a fight increases the probability of losing later contests, revealing &#34;loser&#34; effects that likely involve learning and memory 2-4. The learning and memory that accompanies expression of complex social behaviors like aggression, is sensitive to pre-test handling of animals 5,6. Many experimental procedures are used in different laboratories to study aggression 7-9, however, no routinely used protocol that excludes handling of flies is currently available. Here, we report a new behavioral apparatus that eliminates handling of flies, using instead their innate negative geotactic responses to move animals into or out of fighting chambers. In this protocol, small circular fight arenas containing a food cup are divided into two equal halves by a removable plastic slider prior to introduction of flies. Flies enter chambers from their home isolation vials via sliding chamber doors and geotaxis. Upon removal of plastic sliders, flies are free to interact. After specified time periods, flies are separated again by sliders for subsequent experimentation. All of this is done easily without handling of individual flies. This apparatus offers a novel approach to study aggression and the associated learning and memory, including the formation of &#34;loser&#34; effects in fly fights. In addition, this new general-purpose behavioral apparatus can be employed to study other social behaviors of flies and should, in general, be of interest for investigating experience-related changes in fundamental behavioral processes.

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

During fruit fly fights, the behavioral patterns observed, fight dynamics, and associated learning and memory are influenced by experimental conditions. The protocol presented here describes a novel procedure that entirely eliminates handling of flies during experiments. This improves fight dynamics and allows formation of strong &#34;loser&#34; effects.

نهج جديد يقضي على مناولة لدراسة العدوان و &quot;الخاسر&quot; تأثير في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن</em

Aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of the sequential expression of stereotypical behavioral patterns (for analysis see 1). This ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

طريقة بسيطة لقياس التغيرات في السلوك المكافأة التماس طريق<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is useful for understanding the basic neurobiology underlying cognitive deficits resulting from mutations in genes associated with human cognitive disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This work describes a methodology for testing learning and memory using a classic paradigm in Drosophila known as courtship conditioning. Male flies court females using a distinct pattern of easily recognizable behaviors. Premated females are not receptive to mating and will reject the male&#39;s copulation attempts. In response to this rejection, male flies reduce their courtship behavior. This learned reduction in courtship behavior is measured over time, serving as an indicator of learning and memory. The basic numerical output of this assay is the courtship index (CI), which is defined as the percentage of time that a male spends courting during a 10 min interval. The learning index (LI) is the relative reduction of CI in flies that have been exposed to a premated female compared to na&#239;ve flies with no previous social encounters. For the statistical comparison of LIs between genotypes, a randomization test with bootstrapping is used. To illustrate how the assay can be used to address the role of a gene relating to learning and memory, the pan-neuronal knockdown of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Dhap-at) was characterized here. The human ortholog of Dhap-at, glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPT), is involved in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2, an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by severe ID. Using the courtship conditioning assay, it was determined that Dhap-at is required for long-term memory, but not for short-term memory. This result serves as a basis for further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

This protocol describes a Drosophila learning and memory assay called courtship conditioning. This classic assay is based on a reduction of male courtship behavior after sexual rejection by a non-receptive premated female. This natural form of behavioral plasticity can be used to test learning, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

تكييف قنبلة ذبابة الفاكهة كتدبير للتعلم والذاكرة

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model ...

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e. selection that operates on maximizing the number of successful mating events rather than on maximizing survival and viability 1. Sperm competition represents the competition between males after copulating with the same female 2, in which their sperm are coincidental in time and space. This phenomenon has been reported in multiple species of plants and animals 3. For example, wild-caught D. melanogaster females usually contain sperm from 2-3 males 4. The sperm are stored in specialized organs with limited storage capacity, which might lead to the direct competition of the sperm from different males 2,5.
Comparing sperm competitive ability of different males of interest (experimental male types) has been performed through controlled double-mating experiments in the laboratory 6,7. Briefly, a single female is exposed to two different males consecutively, one experimental male and one cross-mating reference male. The same mating scheme is then followed using other experimental male types thus facilitating the indirect comparison of the competitive ability of their sperm through a common reference. The fraction of individuals fathered by the experimental and reference males is identified using markers, which allows one to estimate sperm competitive ability using simple mathematical expressions 7,8. In addition, sperm competitive ability can be estimated in two different scenarios depending on whether the experimental male is second or first to mate (offense and defense assay, respectively) 9, which is assumed to be reflective of different competence attributes.
Here, we describe an approach that helps to interrogate the role of different genetic factors that putatively underlie the phenomenon of sperm competitive ability in D. melanogaster.

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

Differential sperm competitive ability among Drosophila males with distinct genotypes can be ascertained through double-mating experiments. Each of these experiments involves one of the males of interest and a reference male. Readily identifiable markers in the progeny allow inference of the fraction of individuals fathered by each male.

تقييم الاختلافات في القدرة التنافسية في الحيوانات المنوية<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e. selection that operates on maximizing the ...

قياس وتغيير التزاوج محرك في ذكر

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تربية والصيانة الطويلة الأجل من هوفيرفليس تيناكس اريستاليس "البحوث والدراسات"

وهناك طريقة لاختبار تأثير الإشارات البيئية على سلوك التزاوج في

طرق الفحص ذبابة الفاكهة سلوك

الفحص مباشرة للالكمي لتجنب الاجتماعي في

الصباغة الحشرات لفحوصات السلوكية: في سلوك التزاوج من تخدير

الظروف التي تؤثر في الفضاء الاجتماعي

نهج جديد يقضي على مناولة لدراسة العدوان و "الخاسر" تأثير في

طريقة بسيطة لقياس التغيرات في السلوك المكافأة التماس طريق

تكييف قنبلة ذبابة الفاكهة كتدبير للتعلم والذاكرة

تقييم الاختلافات في القدرة التنافسية في الحيوانات المنوية