هذا العمل كان مدعوما جزئيا من قبل كاكينهي (25708020، 15K13812، 15H00860، 15H00986، 16H02081) من جسبس / المكسيك اليابان، ومؤسسة أساهي الزجاج، وجامعة تسوكوبا مبادرة ما قبل الاستراتيجية &quot;مجموعة الضوء مع المسائل والحياة&quot;.

1. بروتوكولات تلفيق المجهرية البوليمر <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> طريقة نشر البخار <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حل 2 ملغ من البوليمرات المترافق، مثل P1 (بولي [(9،9-ديوكتيل فلورين-2،7-ديل) - ألت - (5-أوكتيلثيانو [3،4- c ] بيرول-4،6-ديون-1، 3-دييل)]) 28 و P2 (بولي [(N- (2-هيبتيلونديسيل) كاربازول-2،7-ديل) - ألت - (4،8-بيس [(دوديسيل) كاربونيل] : 4،5- b &#39;] ديثيوفين-2،6-دييل)]) 28 ، في 2 مل من الكلوروفورم (مذيب جيد) في قارورة 5 مل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع 5 مل من الميثانول (المذيب الفقراء) في قارورة 50 مل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع 5 مل قارورة تحتوي على محلول الكلوروفورم من البوليمر في 50 مل قارورة تحتوي على الميثانول. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كاب قارورة 50 مل والحفاظ عليه لمدة 3 أيام عند 25 درجة مئوية للسماح لهطول الأمطار من المجهرية البوليمر. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مصغرة مستحلب الأسلوب <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حل 5 ملغ من البوليمرات مترافق، مثل بول([9-ميثوكسي-5- (3 &#39;، 7&#39;-ديميثيلوكتيلوكسي) -1،4-فينيلينفينيلين] (مدموبف)، في 1 مل من الكلوروفورم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حل 30 ملغ (~ 50 ملم) من كبريتات دوديسيل الصوديوم (سدز) في 2 مل من الماء منزوع الأيونات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 100 ميكرولتر من محلول الكلوروفورم من البوليمر إلى 2 مل من المياه التي تحتوي على سدز. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك خليط الكلوروفورم / الماء بقوة باستخدام الخالط فائقة السرعة في 30،000 دورة في الدقيقة لمدة 2 دقيقة لاستحلاب الحل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يبقيه لمدة 1 يوم دون السد القارورة لتتبخر الكلوروفورم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الطرد المركزي التشتت في أنبوب ميكروسنتريفوج 1.5 مل لمدة 5 دقائق في 2200 x ز. إزالة محلول مائي طاف يحتوي على سدز. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 2 مل من الماء منزوع الأيونات ويهز بقوة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كرر الخطوة 1.2.6 و 1.2.7 ثلاث مرات لغسل سدز المتبقية. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> واجهة طريقة هطول الأمطار </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حل 200 ميكروغرام من البوليسترين (بس) و 10 μز من صبغة الفلورسنت (البورون ديبرين، بوديبي) إلى 0.2 مل من تيترايدروفوران (ثف). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> صب بلطف حل ثف على 1 مل من طبقة المياه. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحفاظ على فصل اثنين من ثف / المياه لمدة 6 ساعات دون وضع سقف القارورة للسماح لهطول الأمطار من المجهرية البوليمر. </li></ol> 2. ميكرو-فوتولومينزانس (μ-بل) القياس <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد عينة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمييع تعليق المجهرية أعدت في القسم 1 في غير المذيبات ( أي الميثانول أو الماء منزوع الأيونات). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تدور يلقي قطرة واحدة (20-30 ميكرولتر) من تعليق المخفف من المجهرية على الركيزة الكوارتز باستخدام المغزل تدور (عادة، 2،000 دورة في الدقيقة لمدة 50 ثانية). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الهواء الجاف الفيلم الناجم حتى المذيبات تبخرت تماما (~ 5 دقائق). </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الإعداد التجريبية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع الركيزة الكوارتز (15 × 15 × 0.5 مم 3 ) على مرحلة عينة من ميكر البصريةoscope. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> العثور على المجهرية محددة جيدا التي هي معزولة عن المجالات الأخرى ومناسبة لقياس μ-بل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حدد ليزر ( أي الطول الموجي، موجة مستمرة أو نبض، وقت التشعيع، والتكامل، وما إلى ذلك ). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حدد التكبير للعدسة. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياسات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام شعاع الليزر تركز لإشعاع ميكروسفهير. استخدام الليزر التالية: سو أو نابض ليزر مع موجات الإثارة ( λ السابقين ) من 405 نانومتر (سو)، 450 نانومتر (سو)، 355 نانومتر (نبض ليزر؛ تردد، 1 كيلو هرتز؛ مدة النبض، 7 نانومتر)، و 470 نانومتر (نبض ليزر؛ تردد، 2.5 ميغاهيرتز؛ مدة النبض، 70 بس). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تسجيل الطيف بل في بقعة متحمس باستخدام مطياف مع صريف 300 أو 1200 الأخاديد مم -1 . </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التقاط صورة الفلورسنت. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تغيير بقعة الإثارة عن طريق تحريك مرحلة العينة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تغيير بقعة الكشف عن طريق إمالة ميزاء(اذا كان ضروري). </li></ol></li></ol> 3. ميكرومانيبولاتيون تقنية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التلاعب المجهرية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعيين الركيزة الكوارتز التي يتم تجميد المجهرية على مرحلة عينة من المجهر الضوئي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> العثور على ميكروسفهير محددة جيدا مناسبة لقياس μ-بل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعيين إبرة بلاستيكية صغيرة على جهاز التلاعب الصغرى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل إبرة الدقيقة باستخدام عصا التحكم التي تسيطر عليها الكمبيوتر لالتقاط ميكروسفهير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل ميكروسفهير وتوصيله إلى ميكروسفهير آخر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس μ-بل من ميكروسفهير متصلة. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Photon. 5, 406-410 (2011).</li><li>Schubert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lasing+within+Live+Cells+Containing+Intracelluler+Optical+Microresonators+for+Barcode-Type+Cell+Tagging+and+Tracking.">Lasing within Live Cells Containing Intracelluler Optical Microresonators for Barcode-Type Cell Tagging and Tracking.</a> Nano Lett. 15, 5647-5652 (2015).</li></ol>

الكتاب تعلن أي المصالح المالية المتنافسة.

The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer mic...

وتستخدم على نطاق واسع جزيئات البوليمر نانو / الجزئي الحجم لمجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات، بما في ذلك دعم المحفز، حشو اللوني العمود، وكلاء تسليم المخدرات، وتحقيقات الفلورسنت لتتبع الخلايا، وسائل الإعلام البصرية، وهكذا دواليك 1 ، 2 ، 3 ، 4 ، 5 ، 6 ، 7 ، 8 ، 9 . على وجه الخصوص، البوليمرات π مترافق لديها الانارة المتأصلة وشحن إجراء الخصائص التي هي مفيدة للتطبيقات البصرية والإلكترونية، والبصرية باستخدام مجالات البوليمر 10 ، 11 ، 12 ، 13 ، 14 ، وخاصة تطبيقات الليزر باستخدام الناعمة أورغمواد انيك 15 ، 16 ، 17 . على سبيل المثال، والتكامل ثلاثي الأبعاد من المجالات مع عدة مئات من أقطار نانومتر تشكل بلورات الغروية، والتي تظهر الفجوات الفرقة الضوئية في طول موجة معينة 18 ، 19 . عندما يقتصر الضوء في الهيكل الدوري إنتيرسفير، يظهر العمل لاسينغ في منتصف الفرقة توقف. من ناحية أخرى، عندما يزيد حجم المجالات إلى مقياس ميكرومتر عدة، يقتصر الضوء داخل ميكروسفهير واحد عن طريق الانعكاس الداخلي الكلي في واجهة البوليمر / الهواء 20 . ويؤدي انتشار الموجة الضوئية في المحيط الأقصى إلى التداخل، مما يؤدي إلى ظهور وضع الرنين مع خطوط انبعاث حادة ودورية. هذه الأوضاع البصرية هي ما يسمى &quot;وسائط معرض يهمس&quot; (ومز). مصطلح &quot;معرض يهمس&quot; نشأت منكاتدرائية القديس بولس في لندن، حيث تنتشر موجات صوتية على طول محيط الجدار، مما يسمح للسماس أن يسمع من قبل شخص على الجانب الآخر من المعرض. لأن الطول الموجي للضوء على مقياس ميكرومتر الفرعي، الذي هو أصغر بكثير من الموجات الصوتية، مثل هذه القبة الكبيرة ليست ضرورية ل وم من الضوء: صغيرة، ميكرومتر مقياس، وأوعية محددة جيدا، مثل المجهرية، ميكروديسس ، والبلورات الصغيرة، الوفاء بظروف وم. المعادلة 1 هي شكل بسيط من حالة مرن وم 21 : نود = lλ (1) حيث n هو معامل الانكسار للمرنان، d هو القطر، l هو عدد صحيح، و λ هو الطول الموجي للضوء. الجزء الأيسر من (1) هو طول المسير البصري من خلال انتشار دائرة واحدة. عندما يتزامن المسار البصري مععدد صحيح من الطول الموجي، يحدث الرنين، بينما في الطول الموجي الآخر، يتم تقليل الموجة الخفيفة عند التقريب. تقدم هذه الورقة عدة طرق تجريبية لإعداد المجهرية لمرنانات وم من البوليمرات المترافقة في الحل: نشر البخار 22 ، 23 ، 24 ، 25 ، 26 ، 27 ، 28 ، 29 ، 30 ، مستحلب صغير 31 ، وهطول واجهة 32 . كل طريقة لها خصائص فريدة من نوعها. على سبيل المثال، توفر طريقة نشر البخار المجهرية محددة جيدا مع كروية عالية جدا والأسطح الملساء، ولكن فقط البوليمرات منخفضة البلورية يمكن أن تشكل هذه المجهرية. من ناحية أخرى، لمستحلب صغير، وأنواع مختلفة من البوليمرات المترافق، بما في ذلك البوليمرات عالية البلورية، يمكن أن تشكل المجالات، ولكن التشكل سطح أقل شأنا من تلك التي تم الحصول عليها من طريقة نشر البخار. ويفضل استخدام طريقة الترسيب البيني في تكوين المجهرية من البوليمرات غير المخدرة الصبغية غير المترافقة. في جميع الحالات، واختيار المذيب وغير المذيبات يلعب دورا هاما في تشكيل التشكل كروية. في النصف الثاني من هذه الورقة، يتم عرض تقنيات μ-بل والتلاعب الجزئي. بالنسبة إلى تقنية μ-بل، يتم تفريق المجهرية على ركيزة، ويتم استخدام شعاع ليزر مركز، من خلال عدسة المجهر، لإشعاع ميكروسفهير معزول واحد 24 . يتم الكشف عن بل ولدت من المجال من قبل مطياف من خلال عدسة المجهر. نقل مرحلة العينة يمكن أن تختلف الموقف من بقعة إثارة. نقطة الكشف هي أيضا متغيرة عن طريق إمالة البصريات الموازاة من إكسيشعاع الليزر تاتي فيما يتعلق المحور البصري من مسار الكشف 28 ، 32 . للتحقيق في إنتيرسفير انتشار الضوء وتحويل الطول الموجي، وتقنية التلاعب الجزئي يمكن استخدامها 32 . لربط العديد من المجهرية مع خصائص بصرية مختلفة، فمن الممكن لالتقاط المجال واحد باستخدام إبرة الدقيقة ووضعها على مجال آخر. بالتزامن مع تقنيات ميكرومانيبولاتيون وطريقة μ-بل، يمكن إجراء قياسات بصرية مختلفة باستخدام كرات البوليمر مترافق، والتي يتم إعدادها بواسطة طريقة التجميع الذاتي بسيطة. سوف تكون هذه الورقة الفيديو مفيدة للقراء الذين يرغبون في استخدام مواد البوليمر لينة للتطبيقات البصرية.

<table><tbody><tr><td>polystyrene</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>132427-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td><td>Kanto Kagaku</td><td>372035-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Wako</td><td>206-08744</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Wako</td><td>038-18495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>139-13995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>571652-500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&amp;prime;,7&amp;prime;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>546461-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&amp;prime;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 32</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Microscope</td><td>Nicon</td><td>Eclipse LV-N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>laser_405 nm</td><td>Hutech</td><td>DH405-10-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Lambda Vision</td><td>LV-MC3/T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homogenizer</td><td>Microtech Nichion</td><td>Physcotron NS-360D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulation</td><td>Microsupport</td><td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

وتصف هذه الورقة ثلاث طرق لإعداد المجهرية الفلورية تتألف من البوليمرات π مترافق أو غير مترافق: نشر البخار، وهطول واجهة، ومستحلب صغير. في جميع الأساليب، يتم الحصول على مجالات محددة جيدا، ميكرومتر الحجم من عملية التجميع الذاتي في الحل. طريقة نشر البخار يمكن أن يؤدي إلى المجالات مع أعلى كروية ونعومة السطح، ولكن أنواع البوليمرات قادرة على تشكيل هذه المجالات محدودة. من ناحية أخرى، في طريقة مستحلب صغيرة، ويمكن إجراء المجهرية من أنواع مختلفة من البوليمرات، حتى من البوليمرات البلورية للغاية مع كوبلانار، π مترافق مع العمود الفقري. وخصائص فوتولومينسنت (بل) من المجهرية معزولة واحدة غير عادية: بل يقتصر داخل المجالات، ينتشر في محيط المجالات عبر الانعكاس الداخلي الكلي في واجهة البوليمر / الهواء، والتداخل الذاتي لإظهار حادة ودورية الرنين خطوط بل. هذه ريسوناتينوسائط g هي ما يسمى &quot;وسائط معرض يهمس&quot; (ومز). يوضح هذا العمل كيفية قياس وم بل من المجالات المعزولة واحدة باستخدام تقنية الضوئية الدقيقة (μ-بل). في هذه التقنية، شعاع الليزر تركز إشعاعات ميكروسفهير واحد، ويتم الكشف عن التلألؤ من قبل مطياف. ثم يتم استخدام تقنية ميكرومانيبولاتيون لتوصيل المجهرية واحدا تلو الآخر، وإثبات انتشار بل بين الطبقات وتحويل اللون من المجهرية إلى جانب الإثارة في محيط مجال واحد والكشف عن بل من ميكروسفهير أخرى. هذه التقنيات، μ-بل و ميكرومانيبولاتيون، هي مفيدة للتجارب على تطبيق البصريات الصغيرة باستخدام مواد البوليمر.

ويبين الشكل 1 تمثيل تخطيطي لطريقة انتشار البخار (أ)، وطريقة مستحلب صغيرة (ب)، وطريقة ترسيب السطح البيني (ج). لطريقة نشر البخار ( الشكل 1A )، تم وضع قارورة 5 مل تحتوي على محلول تشكل 3 من البوليمرات (0.5 ملغ مل -1 ، 2 م...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

يتم عرض بروتوكولات لتجميع المجهرية من البوليمرات، والتلاعب من المجهرية، والقياسات الضوئية الدقيقة.

تصنيع المجهرية البوليمر لمرنان البصرية وتطبيقات الليزر

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

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Engineering

14.0K Views.  University of Tsukuba.  يتم عرض بروتوكولات لتجميع المجهرية من البوليمرات، والتلاعب من المجهرية، والقياسات الضوئية الدقيقة. 

Video: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

تلفيق من السيليكا عالية جدا Microresonators عامل الجودة

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

افتعال يتعلق بما وارء باستخدام أسلوب الرسم الألياف

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

تطوير يهمس معرض البوليمرية وضع مايكرو البصرية مجسات المجال الكهربائي

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

ميكروويف أنظمة الضوئيات بناء على الرنانون توشوش-معرض واسطة

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

تصنيع وتوصيف المختلين بوليمر ألياف البصرية لعرضية أندرسون توطين الضوء

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

تصنيع واختبار ميكروفلويديك الميكانيكية المذبذبات

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

حفز ستوكس وAntistokes رامان التشتت في Microspherical يهمس معرض الوضع الرنين

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

تصنيع ميكروفلويديك من الألياف البوليمرية والحيوية مع الحجم والشكل المصمم مسبقا

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

Bioengineering

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

تصنيع 1-D الضوئية التجويف البلوري على ألياف نانوية عن طريق الاجتثاث التي يسببها الليزر الفيمتو ثانية

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and morphology of the obtained microsphere. A microsphere copolymerized with an acrydite-DNA probe was successfully fabricated. Different methods such as asymmetric PCR, exonuclease digestion, and isolation on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads can be used to synthesize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, these methods cannot efficiently use large amounts of highly purified ssDNA. Here, we describe a microsphere-PCR protocol detailing how ssDNA can be efficiently amplified and separated from dsDNA simply by pipetting from a PCR reaction tube. The amplification of ssDNA can be applied as potential reagents for the DNA microarray and DNA-SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) processes.

This work provides a method for the fabrication of droplet-based microfluidic platforms and the application of polyacrylamide microspheres for microsphere-PCR amplification. The microsphere-PCR method makes it possible to obtain single-stranded DNA amplicons without separating double-stranded DNA.