이 작품은 JSPS / MEXT Japan, 아사히 글래스 재단, 쓰쿠바 대학의 전략적 이니셔티브 인 &quot;KAKENHI (25708020, 15K13812, 15H00860, 15H00986, 16H02081)의 지원을 받았다.

1. 폴리머 미세 구의 제작 프로토콜 <ol><li> 증기 확산 법 <ol><li> P1 (폴리 [(9,9- 디 옥틸 플루 오렌 -2,7- 디일) -alt- (5- 옥틸 티에 노 [3,4- c ] 피롤 -4,6- 디온 -1)와 같은 2mg의 공액 중합체를 용해시키고, (2-헵틸 운데 실) 카바 졸 -2,7- 디일) -alt- (4,8- 비스 [(도데 실) 카보 닐] 벤조 [1,2- b : 4,5- b &#39;] 디티 오펜 -2,6- 디일)]) 28 을 5 mL 바이알에 넣고 2 mL의 클로로포름 (양 용매)에 넣었다. </li><li> 50 mL 유리 병에 5 mL의 메탄올 (빈 용매)을 넣는다. </li><li> 메탄올이 들어있는 50 mL 바이알에 폴리머의 클로로포름 용액이 들어있는 5 mL 바이알을 넣으십시오. </li><li> 50 ML 유리 병을 모자와 폴리머 microspheres의 강수량을 허용 25 ° C에서 3 일 동안 계속. </li></ol></li><li> 미니 에멀젼 ​​법 <ol><li> 폴 (pol)과 같은 공액 폴리머 5mg을 녹인다.(PFO) 및 폴리 [2- 메 톡시 -5- (3 &#39;, 7&#39;- 디메틸 옥틸 옥시) -1,4- 페닐 렌 비닐 렌] (MDMOPPV)과 같은 폴리 옥시 에틸렌 클로로포름 1 mL에 용해시킨다. </li><li> 탈 이온수 2 mL에 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 30 mg (~ 50 mM)을 녹인다. </li><li> SDS가 함유 된 물 2 mL에 중합체의 클로로포름 용액 100 μL를 넣는다. </li><li> 용액을 유화시키기 위해 30,000 rpm의 초고속 호 모지 나이저를 이용하여 2 분 동안 클로로포름 / 물 혼합물을 격렬하게 저어 준다. </li><li> 바이알을 마개없이 클로로포름을 증발시키지 않고 1 일 동안 보관하십시오. </li><li> 2,200 X g에서 5 분 1.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 튜브에 분산을 원심 분리기. SDS가 포함 된 상층 액을 제거한다. </li><li> 2mL의 탈 이온수를 넣고 격렬히 흔든다. </li><li> 나머지 SDS를 씻어 내려면 1.2.6과 1.2.7 단계를 반복하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 인터페이스 강수 방법 </li><li> 200 μg의 폴리스티렌 (PS)과 10 μg의 형광 염료 (붕소 디피린, BODIPY)를 0.2 mL의 테트라 하이드로 퓨란 (THF)에 첨가 하였다. </li><li> 부드럽게 물층 1 ML에 THF 용액을 부어. </li><li> 폴리머 microspheres의 강수량을 허용하기 위해 유리 병을 모자를 쓰지 않고 6 시간 동안 두 레이어 분리 THF / 물을 유지. </li></ol> 2. 마이크로 - 포토 루미 네 선스 (μ-PL) 측정 <ol><li> 샘플 준비 <ol><li> 비 용매 ( 즉, 메탄올 또는 탈 이온수)에서 섹션 1에서 준비된 미세 구의 현탁액을 희석한다. </li><li> 스핀 코팅기 (일반적으로 2,000 rpm, 50 초)를 사용하여 석영 기판에 마이크로 스피어의 희석 된 현탁액 1 방울 (20-30 μL)을 스핀 캐스트합니다. </li><li> 용매가 완전히 증발 할 때까지 (~ 5 분) 최종 캐스트 된 필름을 공기 건조시킵니다. </li></ol></li><li> 실험 설정 <ol><li> 석영 기판 (15 x 15 x 0.5 mm 3 )을 광 microscope. </li><li> 다른 구체와 격리되어 있고 μ-PL 측정에 적합한 잘 정의 된 미소 구를 찾으십시오. </li><li> 레이저 ( 즉, 파장, 연속파 또는 펄스, 조사 시간, 통합 등 )를 선택하십시오. </li><li> 렌즈의 배율을 선택하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 측정 <ol><li> 집속 된 레이저 빔을 사용하여 미소 구체를 조사하십시오. 405 nm (cw), 450 nm (cw), 355 nm (펄스 레이저, 주파수, 1 kHz, 펄스 지속 시간, 7 ns) 및 470 nm의 여기 파장 ( λ ex )을 갖는 cw 또는 펄스 레이저를 사용하십시오. nm (펄스 레이저, 주파수, 2.5 MHz, 펄스 지속 시간, 70 ps). </li><li> 300 또는 1,200 그루브 mm -1 의 격자와 분광계를 사용하여 흥분 지점에서 PL 스펙트럼을 기록합니다. </li><li> 형광 이미지를 찍으십시오. </li><li> 샘플 스테이지를 움직여 여기 지점을 변경하십시오. </li><li> 시준기를 기울여 감지 지점 변경(필요하다면). </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 미세 조작 기법 <ol><li> 미소 구의 조작 <ol><li> 광학 현미경의 샘플 단계에 microspheres가 고정되어있는 수정 기판을 놓습니다. </li><li> μ-PL 측정에 적합한 잘 정의 된 마이크로 스피어를 찾으십시오. </li><li> 마이크로 조작 장치에 플라스틱 마이크로 바늘을 놓습니다. </li><li> 컴퓨터 제어 조이스틱을 사용하여 미세 바늘을 움직여 미세 구를 들어 올리십시오. </li><li> 마이크로 스피어를 움직여 다른 마이크로 스피어에 연결하십시오. </li><li> 연결된 마이크로 스피어에서 μ-PL을 측정합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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저자는 경쟁적인 금전적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer mic...

고분자 나노 / 미세 입자는 촉매 지지체, 칼럼 크로마토 그래피 충진제, 약물 전달체, 세포 추적 용 형광 탐침, 광 매체 등을 포함하는 다양한 응용 분야에 널리 사용됩니다 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . 특히, π- 공액 중합체는 고유 한 발광 및 전하 전도 특성을 가지며, 중합체 구체 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 특히 연질 조직을 사용하는 레이저 응용을 사용하여 광학, 전자 및 광전자 응용에 유리하다( 15 , 16 , 17)를 포함 한다. 예를 들어, 수백 나노 미터 직경의 구체의 3 차원 적 통합은 특정 파장 18 , 19 에서 광 밴드 갭을 나타내는 콜로이드 결정을 형성합니다. intersphere주기 구조에 빛이 가두면 레이 징 동작이 정지 대역의 중간에 나타납니다. 반면에, 구체의 크기가 수 ㎛ 규모로 증가하면, 광은 중합체 / 공기 계면 (20) 에서의 전체 내부 반사를 통해 단일 마이크로 스피어 내로 제한된다. 최대 원주에서 광파가 전파되면 간섭이 발생하여 날카 롭고주기적인 방출 선을 갖는 공진 모드가 나타난다. 이러한 광학 모드는 소위 &quot;속삭이는 갤러리 모드&quot;(WGM)입니다. &quot;속삭이는 갤러리&quot;라는 용어는런던의 성 폴 성당 (St. Paul &#39;s Cathedral) : 음파가 벽의 둘레를 따라 전파되어 갤러리의 다른쪽에있는 사람이 속삭이는 소리를들을 수 있습니다. 빛의 파장은 음파보다 훨씬 작은 서브 마이크로 미터 스케일이기 때문에, WGM 빛에는 마이크로 씬 (microspheres), 마이크로 디스크 (microdisc)와 같은 미세한 마이크로 미터 스케일의 잘 정의 된 혈관이 필요하지 않습니다. , 미세 결정은 WGM 조건을 충족시킵니다. 방정식 1은 WGM 공명 조건의 간단한 형태이다. 21 : nπd = lλ (1) 여기서, n 은 공진기의 굴절률, d 는 직경, l 은 정수, λ 는 빛의 파장이다. (1)의 왼쪽 부분은 하나의 원 전파를 통한 광 경로 길이입니다. 광경로가파장의 정수 배수 일 때, 공진이 일어나고, 다른 파장에서는 라운딩시 광파가 감소합니다. 이 논문은 증기 확산 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 미니 에멀젼 31 및 계면 강수 32의 WGM 공진기 용액을위한 공액 고분자의 마이크로 스피어를 준비하는 몇 가지 실험 방법을 소개합니다. 각 방법에는 고유 한 특성이 있습니다. 예를 들어, 증기 확산 법은 매우 높은 구형 및 매끄러운 표면을 갖는 잘 정의 된 미소 구를 제공하지만, 저 결정 성 중합체 만이 미소 구체를 형성 할 수있다. 한편, 미니 에멀젼방법으로는, 고결 정성 중합체를 포함하는 다양한 종류의 공액 중합체가 구형을 형성 할 수 있지만, 표면 형태학은 증기 확산법에서 얻어진 것보다 열등하다. 계면 침전 방법은 염료로 도핑 된 비 공액 중합체로부터 미소 구를 제조하는 데 바람직하다. 모든 경우에있어서, 용매 및 비 - 용매의 선택은 구 형태의 형성에 중요한 역할을한다. 이 백서의 후반부에는 μ-PL 및 미세 조작 기법이 제시됩니다. μ-PL 기술의 경우, 마이크로 스피어가 기판에 분산되고, 현미경 렌즈를 통해 집속 된 레이저 빔이 단일 격리 된 마이크로 스피어 24 를 조사하는 데 사용됩니다. 생성 된 구형의 PL은 현미경 렌즈를 통해 분광계로 검출됩니다. 샘플 스테이지를 움직이면 여기 지점의 위치가 달라질 수 있습니다. 검출 포인트는 또한 엑시스의 콜리메이터 광학을 기울임으로써 가변적이다( 28 , 32)의 광축에 대하여 레이저 광을 조사한다. intersphere 광 전파 및 파장 변환을 조사하기 위해 마이크로 조작 기술을 사용할 수 있습니다 32 . 광학 특성이 다른 여러 개의 미소 구를 연결하려면 하나의 구를 마이크로 바늘로 집어 다른 구에 올려 놓는 것이 가능합니다. 마이크로 조작 기술 및 μ-PL 방법과 함께, 간단한자가 조립 방법으로 제조 된 공액 고분자 구를 사용하여 다양한 광학 측정을 수행 할 수 있습니다. 이 비디오 종이는 광학 응용을 위해 부드러운 고분자 재료를 사용하고자하는 독자에게 유용 할 것입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>polystyrene</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>132427-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td><td>Kanto Kagaku</td><td>372035-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Wako</td><td>206-08744</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Wako</td><td>038-18495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>139-13995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>571652-500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&amp;prime;,7&amp;prime;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>546461-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&amp;prime;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 32</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Microscope</td><td>Nicon</td><td>Eclipse LV-N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>laser_405 nm</td><td>Hutech</td><td>DH405-10-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Lambda Vision</td><td>LV-MC3/T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homogenizer</td><td>Microtech Nichion</td><td>Physcotron NS-360D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulation</td><td>Microsupport</td><td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

이 논문은 π 공액 또는 비 공액 폴리머를 포함하는 형광 마이크로 스피어를 준비하는 세 가지 방법, 즉 증기 확산, 계면 침전 및 미니 에멀젼을 설명합니다. 모든 방법에서 잘 정의 된 마이크로 미터 크기의 구체는 솔루션의 자체 조립 공정에서 얻을 수 있습니다. 증기 확산 방법은 구형도 및 표면 평활성이 가장 높은 구체를 생성 할 수 있지만, 이러한 구체를 형성 할 수있는 중합체의 종류는 제한적입니다. 다른 한편, 미니 에멀젼 ​​방법에서 마이크로 스피어는 동일 평면, π- 공액 백본을 갖는 고결 정성 폴리머로부터조차 다양한 유형의 폴리머로 만들 수 있습니다. 단일 격리 된 마이크로 스피어의 광 발광 (photoluminescent : PL) 특성은 특이합니다 : PL은 구체 내부에 갇혀 있고 중합체 / 공기 계면에서 내부 전반사를 통해 구체의 원주에서 전파되고 자기 간섭으로 예리하고주기적인 공진이 나타납니다 PL 라인. 이러한 공명g 모드는 소위 &quot;속삭이는 갤러리 모드&quot;(WGM)입니다. 이 작품은 마이크로 photoluminescence (μ - PL) 기법을 사용하여 단일 고립 된 분야에서 WGM PL을 측정하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 기술에서, 집속 된 레이저 빔은 단일 마이크로 스피어를 조사하고, 발광은 분광계에 의해 검출된다. 그런 다음 마이크로 조작법을 사용하여 마이크로 스피어를 하나씩 연결하고 한 구체의 둘레에서 여기시 결합 된 마이크로 스피어에서 색상 간 변환 및 색상 변환을 보여주고 다른 마이크로 스피어에서 PL을 감지합니다. 이러한 기법 인 μ-PL과 미세 조작은 고분자 재료를 이용한 마이크로 광학 응용에 대한 실험에 유용합니다.

도 1 은 증기 확산 방법 (a), 미니 에멀젼 ​​방법 (b) 및 계면 침강 방법 (c)의 개략도를 도시한다. 증기 확산 방법 ( 그림 1a )의 경우, CHCl 3 용액의 중합체 (0.5 mg mL -1 , 2 mL)가 들어있는 5 mL 바이 얼을 MeOH와 같은 5 mL의 비 - 용매가 들어있는 50 mL 바이알에 넣었다 . 외부 바이알에 뚜껑을 덮은 다음 25 ° C에서 3 일 동?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

폴리머로부터 마이크로 스피어 합성, 마이크로 스피어 조작 및 마이크로 포토 루미 네 슨 측정을위한 프로토콜이 제시됩니다.

광 공진기 및 레이저 응용을위한 고분자 미소 구의 제조

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

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14.0K 조회수.  University of Tsukuba.  폴리머로부터 마이크로 스피어 합성, 마이크로 스피어 조작 및 마이크로 포토 루미 네 슨 측정을위한 프로토콜이 제시됩니다. 

비디오: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

실리카 초고 품질 팩터 Microresonators의 제작

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

연구

공학

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

섬유 그리기 방법을 사용하여 제조 Metamaterials

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

갤러리 모드 고분자 마이크로 광 전기장 센서 글린의 개발

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

마이크로 웨이브 포토닉스 시스템 속삭이는 - 갤러리 모드 공진기를 기반으로

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

빛의 통과 앤더슨 현지화 무질서 폴리머 광섬유의 제조 및 특성

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

제작 및 미세 유체 광​​ 기계 발진기의 테스트

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

Microspherical 위스퍼 링 갤러리 모드 공진기에 자극 스톡스와 Antistokes 라만 산란

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

미리 설계된 크기와 모양의 중합체 및 바이오 하이브리드 섬유의 미세 유체 제조

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

생체공학

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

펨토초 레이저에 의한 절제를 사용하여 나노 섬유에 1-D 광자 크리스탈 캐비티의 제작

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and morphology of the obtained microsphere. A microsphere copolymerized with an acrydite-DNA probe was successfully fabricated. Different methods such as asymmetric PCR, exonuclease digestion, and isolation on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads can be used to synthesize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, these methods cannot efficiently use large amounts of highly purified ssDNA. Here, we describe a microsphere-PCR protocol detailing how ssDNA can be efficiently amplified and separated from dsDNA simply by pipetting from a PCR reaction tube. The amplification of ssDNA can be applied as potential reagents for the DNA microarray and DNA-SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) processes.

This work provides a method for the fabrication of droplet-based microfluidic platforms and the application of polyacrylamide microspheres for microsphere-PCR amplification. The microsphere-PCR method makes it possible to obtain single-stranded DNA amplicons without separating double-stranded DNA.

광 공진기 및 레이저 응용을위한 고분자 미소 구의 제조

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

실리카 초고 품질 팩터 Microresonators의 제작

섬유 그리기 방법을 사용하여 제조 Metamaterials

갤러리 모드 고분자 마이크로 광 전기장 센서 글린의 개발

마이크로 웨이브 포토닉스 시스템 속삭이는 - 갤러리 모드 공진기를 기반으로

빛의 통과 앤더슨 현지화 무질서 폴리머 광섬유의 제조 및 특성

제작 및 미세 유체 광 기계 발진기의 테스트

Microspherical 위스퍼 링 갤러리 모드 공진기에 자극 스톡스와 Antistokes 라만 산란

미리 설계된 크기와 모양의 중합체 및 바이오 하이브리드 섬유의 미세 유체 제조

펨토초 레이저에 의한 절제를 사용하여 나노 섬유에 1-D 광자 크리스탈 캐비티의 제작

드롭릿 기반 미세 접근 및 단일 가닥 DNA Amplicons 위한 스피어 PCR 증폭

광 공진기 및 레이저 응용을위한 고분자 미소 구의 제조

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

실리카 초고 품질 팩터 Microresonators의 제작

섬유 그리기 방법을 사용하여 제조 Metamaterials

갤러리 모드 고분자 마이크로 광 전기장 센서 글린의 개발

마이크로 웨이브 포토닉스 시스템 속삭이는 - 갤러리 모드 공진기를 기반으로

빛의 통과 앤더슨 현지화 무질서 폴리머 광섬유의 제조 및 특성

제작 및 미세 유체 광​​ 기계 발진기의 테스트

Microspherical 위스퍼 링 갤러리 모드 공진기에 자극 스톡스와 Antistokes 라만 산란

미리 설계된 크기와 모양의 중합체 및 바이오 하이브리드 섬유의 미세 유체 제조

펨토초 레이저에 의한 절제를 사용하여 나노 섬유에 1-D 광자 크리스탈 캐비티의 제작

드롭릿 기반 미세 접근 및 단일 가닥 DNA Amplicons 위한 스피어 PCR 증폭

제작 및 미세 유체 광 기계 발진기의 테스트