本研究は、JSPS / MEXT Japan、朝日グラス財団、筑波大学の戦略的イニシアチブ「問題と人生の光のアンサンブル」からのKAKENHI（25708020、15K13812、15H00860、15H00986、16H02081）

高分子微小球の作製プロトコール<ol><li> 蒸気拡散法 <ol><li> P1（ポリ[（9,9-ジオクチルフルオレン-2,7-ジイル） - アルト - （5-オクチルチエノ[3,4- c ]ピロール-4,6-ジオン-1,2,3,4-テトラメチル-1,3,5-トリアジン）のような共役ポリマー2mgを、 P2）（ポリ（N-（2-ヘプチルウンデシル）カルバゾール-2,7-ジイル） -alt- （4,8-ビス[（ドデシル）カルボニル]ベンゾ[1,2- b ：4,5- b &#39;]ジチオフェン-2,6-ジイル）]） 28を 、5mLのバイアル中の2mLのクロロホルム（良溶媒）に溶解した。 </li><li>メタノール（貧溶媒）5 mLを50 mLのバイアルに入れます。 </li><li>ポリマーのクロロホルム溶液を含む5mLバイアルを、メタノールを含む50mLバイアルに入れる。 </li><li> 50 mLのバイアルにキャップをし、ポリマーマイクロスフェアーの沈殿を可能にするために25℃で3日間保持する。 </li></ol></li><li> ミニエマルジョン法 <ol><li> 5mgの共役ポリマー、例えばpol（PFO）およびポリ[2-メトキシ-5-（3 &#39;、7&#39;-ジメチルオクチルオキシ）-1,4-フェニレンビニレン]（MDMOPPV）からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の化合物を含む。 1mLのクロロホルムに溶解した。 </li><li> 2mLの脱イオン水に30mg（〜50mM）のドデシル硫酸ナトリウム（SDS）を溶解する。 </li><li> SDSを含む水2 mLにポリマーのクロロホルム溶液100μLを加えます。 </li><li>超高速ホモジナイザーを用いてクロロホルム/水混合物を30,000rpmで2分間激しく撹拌して溶液を乳化させる。 </li><li>クロロホルムを蒸発させるためにバイアルをキャッピングすることなく1日間保管してください。 </li><li>分散液を1.5mLのマイクロ遠心チューブに2,200 x gで5分間遠心します。 SDSを含む上清水溶液を除去する。 </li><li> 2mLの脱イオン水を加え、激しく振盪する。 </li><li>残りのSDSを洗い流すために、ステップ1.2.6と1.2.7を3回繰り返す。 </li></ol></li><li> 界面降水法 </li><li> 200μgのポリスチレン（PS）および10μlgの蛍光色素（ボロンジピリン、BODIPY）を0.2mLのテトラヒドロフラン（THF）に溶解した。 </li><li>穏やかに1mLの水層にTHF溶液を注ぎます。 </li><li>バイアルをキャッピングすることなく、ポリマーマイクロスフェアの沈殿を可能にするために、2層に分離したTHF /水を6時間保持する。 </li></ol> 2.マイクロフォトルミネッセンス（μ-PL）測定<ol><li> サンプルの準備 <ol><li>セクション1で調製したミクロスフェアの懸濁液を非溶媒（ すなわち、メタノールまたは脱イオン水）で希釈する。 </li><li>スピンコーター（典型的には2000rpmで50秒間）を用いてマイクロスフェアの希釈懸濁液1滴（20〜30μL）を石英基板上にスピンキャストする。 </li><li>溶媒が完全に蒸発するまで（〜5分）、得られたキャストフィルムを空気乾燥する。 </li></ol></li><li> 実験的セットアップ <ol><li>石英基板（15×15×0.5mm 3 ）を光マイクロマシンの試料ステージオスコープ。 </li><li>他の球から分離され、μ-PL測定に適した、明確に定義されたミクロスフェアを見つけます。 </li><li>レーザー（ すなわち、波長、連続波またはパルス、照射時間、積分など ）を選択します。 </li><li>レンズの倍率を選択します。 </li></ol></li><li> 測定値 <ol><li>集光されたレーザービームを使用して微小球に照射します。 405 nm（cw）、450 nm（cw）、355 nm（パルスレーザー、周波数、1 kHz、パルス持続時間、7 ns）の励起波長（ λex ）を有するcwまたはパルスレーザー、および470 nm（パルスレーザー;周波数、2.5MHz;パルス持続時間、70ps）。 </li><li> 300または1,200の溝mm -1の格子を有する分光計を使用して、励起されたスポットにPLスペクトルを記録する。 </li><li>蛍光画像を撮る。 </li><li>サンプルステージを動かして励起スポットを変更します。 </li><li>コリメータを傾けて検出スポットを変更する（必要であれば）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.マイクロマニピュレーション技術<ol><li> マイクロスフェアの操作 <ol><li>ミクロスフェアが光学顕微鏡のサンプルステージ上に固定されている石英基板をセットする。 </li><li> μ-PL測定に適した明確に定義されたミクロスフェアを見つける。 </li><li>マイクロマニピュレーション装置にプラスチックマイクロニードルをセットする。 </li><li>コンピュータ制御のジョイスティックを使用してマイクロニードルを移動させ、マイクロスフィアをピックアップします。 </li><li>マイクロスフェアを移動して別のマイクロスフェアに接続します。 </li><li>接続された微小球からμ-PLを測定する。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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著者らは、競合する金銭的利益を宣言していない。

The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer mic...

ポリマーナノ/マイクロサイズの粒子は、触媒担体、カラムクロマトグラフィー充填剤、薬物送達剤、細胞追跡用蛍光プローブ、光学媒体などを含む様々な用途に広く使用されている1,2,3,4,5 、 6,7,8,9 。特に、π共役ポリマーは、ポリマー球体10,11,12,13,14を使用する光学的、電子的、および光電子的な用途に有益な、固有のルミネセンスおよび電荷伝導特性、特に軟組織アニオン材料15,16,17。例えば、数百ナノメートルの直径を有する球体の三次元的な統合は、コロイド結晶を形成し、特定の波長でフォトニックバンドギャップを示す。格子間周期構造に光が閉じ込められると、停止帯の中央に発振作用が現れる。一方、球のサイズが数マイクロメートルスケールに増加すると、光は、ポリマー/空気境界面20での全反射を介して単一の微小球内部に閉じ込められる。最大円周における光波の伝搬は干渉を生じ、鋭くかつ周期的な放射ラインを有する共鳴モードの出現を導く。これらの光学モードは、いわゆる「ウィスパリングギャラリーモード」（WGM）である。 「ウィスパリングギャラリー」という用語は、ロンドンのセントポール大聖堂で、壁の周りに音波が伝播し、ギャラリーの向こう側の人が囁きを聞くことができます。光の波長は音波よりもはるかに小さいサブマイクロメータスケールであるため、WGMのような大きなドームは必要ではありません：マイクロスフェア、マイクロディスクなどの微小なマイクロメータスケールの明確な血管、および微結晶は、WGM条件を満たす。 方程式1は、WGM共振条件21の単純な形式である。 nπd = lλ （1） ここで、 nは共振器の屈折率であり、 dは直径であり、 lは整数であり、 λは光の波長である。 （1）の左部分は、1つの円伝播による光路長である。光路が他の波長では、光波は、丸めの際に減少する。 この論文では、蒸気拡散22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30、ミニエマルジョン31 、および界面析出32のような 、溶液中の共役ポリマーからWGM共鳴器用のマイクロスフェアを調製するためのいくつかの実験方法を紹介する。各メソッドには固有の特性があります。例えば、蒸気拡散法は、非常に高い球形度および滑らかな表面を有する明確なミクロスフェアを提供するが、低結晶性ポリマーのみがこれらのミクロスフェアを形成することができる。一方、ミニエマルションの場合高結晶性ポリマーを含む各種の共役高分子が球体を形成することができるが、表面拡散は蒸気拡散法よりも劣る。界面析出法は、色素がドープされた非共役ポリマーからマイクロスフェアを作製するために好ましい。すべての場合において、溶媒および非溶媒の選択は、球状形態の形成において重要な役割を果たす。 本稿の後半では、μ-PLとマイクロマニピュレーション技術を紹介します。 μ-PL法では、マイクロスフェアを基板上に分散させ、単一の隔離されたマイクロスフィア24を照射するために、顕微鏡レンズを通して集束されたレーザビームを使用する。生成された球体からのPLは、顕微鏡レンズを介して分光計によって検出される。サンプルステージを動かすと、励起スポットの位置が変わる可能性があります。検出点は、エキシーのコリメータ光学系を傾けることによっても可変である検出光路28,32の光軸に対して垂直なレーザ光を照射する。球間光の伝搬と波長変換を調べるために、マイクロマニピュレーション技術を使用することができます32 。異なる光学特性を有する複数の微小球を接続するために、微小針を使用して1つの球を拾い上げ、別の球に置くことが可能である。マイクロマニピュレーション技術およびμ-PL法に関連して、単純な自己組織化法によって調製された共役ポリマー球体を用いて、様々な光学的測定を行うことができる。このビデオペーパーは、光学用途にソフトポリマー材料を使用したい読者には有用です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>polystyrene</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>132427-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td><td>Kanto Kagaku</td><td>372035-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Wako</td><td>206-08744</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Wako</td><td>038-18495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>139-13995</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>571652-500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&amp;prime;,7&amp;prime;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>546461-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&amp;prime;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 28</td></tr><tr><td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td><td>synthesized</td><td>-</td><td>reference 32</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Microscope</td><td>Nicon</td><td>Eclipse LV-N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>laser_405 nm</td><td>Hutech</td><td>DH405-10-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Lambda Vision</td><td>LV-MC3/T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homogenizer</td><td>Microtech Nichion</td><td>Physcotron NS-360D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulation</td><td>Microsupport</td><td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

この論文は、π共役または非共役ポリマーを含む蛍光マイクロスフェアを調製する3つの方法、すなわち蒸気拡散、界面析出およびミニエマルジョンを記載する。すべての方法において、明確に定義されたマイクロメーターサイズの球体は、溶液中の自己集合プロセスから得られる。蒸気拡散法は、球形度および表面平滑性が最も高い球体をもたらすことができるが、これらの球体を形成することができるポリマーの種類は限られている。一方、ミニエマルジョン法では、コプレーナ型π共役骨格を有する高結晶性ポリマーからも、様々な種類のポリマーから微小球を作製することができる。単一の単離マイクロスフェアからの光ルミネッセンス（PL）特性は珍しい.PLは球の内部に閉じ込められ、ポリマー/空気界面での全内部反射を介して球の周囲を伝播し、自己干渉して鋭く周期的な共鳴を示すPLライン。これらの共鳴gモードは、いわゆる「ウィスパリングギャラリーモード」（WGMs）と呼ばれている。この作品は、マイクロフォトルミネッセンス（μ-PL）技術を用いて単一の孤立した球からWGM PLを測定する方法を示しています。この技術では、集束されたレーザービームが単一の微小球に照射され、その発光が分光計によって検出される。マイクロマニピュレーション技術を使用して、微小球を1つずつ接続し、一方の球の周辺での励起および他方の微小球からのPLの検出の際に、結合した微小球からの球間PLの増殖および色変換を実証する。これらの技術、μ-PLおよびマイクロマニピュレーションは、ポリマー材料を用いたマイクロオプティクス応用の実験に有用である。

図1は、蒸気拡散法（a）、ミニエマルジョン法（b）および界面析出法（c）の概略図を示す。蒸気拡散法（ 図1a ）では、ポリマーのCHCl 3溶液（0.5mg mL -1、2mL）を含む5mLのバイアルを、5mLの非溶媒、例えばMeOHを含む50mLバイアルに入れた。外部バイアルに蓋をし、次いで25℃で3日間放置した。非溶媒の蒸気はゆっくり?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

ポリマーからのミクロスフェアの合成、ミクロスフェアの操作、およびマイクロフォトルミネッセンス測定のためのプロトコールが提示されている。

光共振器およびレーザ応用のためのポリマーマイクロスフェアの作製

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.0K ビュー.  University of Tsukuba. ポリマーからのミクロスフェアの合成、ミクロスフェアの操作、およびマイクロフォトルミネッセンス測定のためのプロトコールが提示されている。 

ビデオ: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

工学

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

ファイバー描画法を用いたメタマテリアルの作製

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

ギャラリーモード高分子マイクロ光電界センサを囁くの開発

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器に基づいたマイクロ波フォトニクスシステム

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

ライトの横アンダーソン局在のために無秩序ポリマー光ファイバの作製と評価

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

作製とマイクロ流体光力学発振器のテスト

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

微小球ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器で刺激ストークスとAntistokesラマン散乱

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

あらかじめ設計されたサイズと形状を用いるポリマー繊維およびバイオハイブリッド繊維のマイクロ流体製造

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

生物工学

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

フェムト秒レーザー誘起アブレーションを用いたナノファイバー上の1次元フォトニック結晶共振器の作製

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and morphology of the obtained microsphere. A microsphere copolymerized with an acrydite-DNA probe was successfully fabricated. Different methods such as asymmetric PCR, exonuclease digestion, and isolation on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads can be used to synthesize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, these methods cannot efficiently use large amounts of highly purified ssDNA. Here, we describe a microsphere-PCR protocol detailing how ssDNA can be efficiently amplified and separated from dsDNA simply by pipetting from a PCR reaction tube. The amplification of ssDNA can be applied as potential reagents for the DNA microarray and DNA-SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) processes.

This work provides a method for the fabrication of droplet-based microfluidic platforms and the application of polyacrylamide microspheres for microsphere-PCR amplification. The microsphere-PCR method makes it possible to obtain single-stranded DNA amplicons without separating double-stranded DNA.