ونحن نشكر براين أولمشنيدير لجمع التبرعات للبروتوكول والحلاق ديان من اقتراحات بشأن المخطوطة. تم تمويل هذا العمل من معهد وطني للصحة منحة GM116384 نيستول آثاريا والحلاق D.L..

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+secretion+and+synaptic+transmission+with+pH-sensitive+green+fluorescent+proteins.">Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins.</a> Nature. 394 (6689), 192-195 (1998).</li><li>Kirilly, D., Xie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+ovary:+an+active+stem+cell+community.">The Drosophila ovary: an active stem cell community.</a> Cell research. 17 (1), 15-25 (2007).</li><li>Sahai-Hernandez, P., Castanieto, A., Nystul, T. 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الكتاب ليس لها علاقة بالكشف عن.

هنا، يمكننا وصف طريقة لقياس أي الخلايا في النسب منتدى التعاون الأمني داخل الأنسجة wildtype. تم تطوير هذا البروتوكول وصقلها على مدى السنوات الخمس الماضية، منذ أن بدأنا أولاً بدراسة pHi في أنسجة المبيض المورفولوجية . وخلال ذلك الوقت، استخدمت بنجاح البروتوكول المحققين متعددة في لدينا مختبر ?...

كشفت الدراسات التي أجريت مؤخرا بدور للتغييرات في pHi خلال الخلوي والتمايز وخلل التنسج في فيفو1،2. تبين هذه الدراسات أن pHi يتسق ملحوظ في الخلايا من نفس النوع في نفس المرحلة من التمايز، ولكن أن يتحول كما الخلايا الانتقال من مرحلة إلى أخرى. وفي بعض الحالات، منع التغييرات في pHi جزئيا يعطل التمايز، مما يوحي بأن التغيير في pHi ليس فقط كنتيجة للتغييرات في مصير الخلية ولكن بدلاً من ذلك يساعد على تشجيع التغيير في مصير الخلية، ربما من خلال الآثار على الأس الهيدروجيني الحساسة التنظيمية بروتينات أو التفاعلات الكيميائية المطلوبة للمفاضلة. دراسات المستقبل لديها القدرة على الكشف عن مزيد من التبصر في أدوار مختلفة كثيرة من pHi الديناميات في فيفو. ومع ذلك، واحداً من التحديات لدراسة pHi أثناء التفريق في فيفو هو الحصول على قياسات دقيقة من pHi. خلافا للميزات الأخرى من التمايز، مثل التغييرات في مورفولوجيا الخلوية والتعبير الجيني، وهو pHi خاصية كيميائية مجا الخلية التي لا يتم الاحتفاظ في الخلايا التي تم إصلاحها وبيرميبيليزيد مع الأساليب القياسية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، قد لا يكون pHi مستقرة في الخلايا التي هي أكد أو يموتون نتيجة للتلاعب التجريبية. وبالتالي، من المهم إبقاء الخلايا حية وصحية قدر الإمكان عند قياس pHi. تتوفر العديد من الأصباغ الحيوية أن تعمل بشكل جيد لقياس أي الخلايا في ثقافة3، ولكن في كثير من الحالات أنها ليست مناسبة للدراسات في فيفو نظراً لأنها لا تخترق الأنسجة العميق أو بالتساوي بما يكفي لتوفير قياسات دقيقة .
للالتفاف على مشكلة اختراق صبغ الفقيرة، نحن وآخرون قد استخدمت تحقيق وراثيا مرمزة، mCherry::pHluorin4،5،،من67، التي يمكن التعبير عنها على وجه التحديد في الخلية أنواع الفائدة والمصورة في الأنسجة الحية. فلورين هو البديل للتجارة والنقل مع pKa أعلى (~ 7.0 مقابل ~ 4.0) أن يطوي بسهولة أكبر على درجة الحموضة أعلى؛ حتى يزداد كثافة fluorescence الإجمالية المنبعثة من أن جزيئات فلورين في الخلية مع تزايد pHi8. الأهم من ذلك، الفلورية الخطية داخل نطاق القيم pHi سيتوسوليك العادية. وفي المقابل، الأسفار مشري (pKa ~ 4.5) هو حساس لتغيرات درجة الحموضة داخل النطاق سيتوسوليك. هذه اثنين من الصحفيين تساهمي ترتبط معا بروتين تشيميريك واحد، مرمزة بواسطة إطار قراءة مفتوحة واحدة، حيث تكون دائماً موجودة بكميات متساوية. ولذلك، يوفر نسبة فلورين إلى مشري fluorescence كثافة قياس pHi هو تطبيع لتركيز التحقيق في كل خلية. ثم يمكن تحويل النسب إلى تقديرات القيم pHi استخدام منحنى قياسية التي يتم إنشاؤها بواسطة الحصول على فلورين نسب مشري من الأنسجة التي قد تم اكويليبراتيد لقيم الأس الهيدروجيني المعروفة.
هنا، يمكننا وصف الأساليب لاستخدام mCherry::pHluorin لقياس pHi سلالة FSC الظهارية في المبيض المورفولوجية . قد استخدمت هذا النسيج تتسم جيدا لنموذج العديد من الجوانب المختلفة للبيولوجيا الظهارية، مثل الخلايا الجذعية الذاتي تجديد والتمايز9،10،11، الهجرة الجماعية الخلية12 ، وتطوير وصيانة الخلية القطبية13،14. ظهارة جريب ينتج اثنين التابعة الموجودة في الحافة الأمامية للأنسجة في بنية تسمى ال15،جيرماريوم16. انقسام هذه الخلايا بشكل منتظم خلال مرحلة البلوغ تجديد نفسها وتنتج ذرية، تسمى خلايا بريفوليكلي (pFCs)، الذي يمكنه إعادة إدخال المكانة وتصبح منتدى التعاون الأمني أو تفرق في واحدة من ثلاثة أنواع الخلايا جريب مختلفة: الخلايا القطبية، وساق الخلايا، أو خلايا الجسم الرئيسي جريب. أظهرنا سابقا أن في الأنسجة wildtype، pHi يزيد مطردا خلال المراحل المبكرة من التمايز، من pHi حوالي 6.8 في التابعة إلى 7.0 في الهيدروكربون المشبع بالفلور، إلى 7.3 في جريب الخلايا2. حظر هذه الزيادة بواسطة [رني] ضربة قاضية مبادل الصوديوم/بروتون أعرب عن أوبيكويتوسلي، DNhe2، شدة يضعف التمايز الهيدروكربون المشبع بالفلور، بينما زيادة pHi overexpression من DNhe2 الأسباب تفريق الزائد خفيف النمط الظاهري. تبين هذه النتائج أن pHi ثابت يحتفظ في النسب منتدى التعاون الأمني مبكرا، وأنه يمكن أن يكون تجريبيا تزيد أو تنقص في فيفو. يمكن استخدام الأساليب المذكورة هنا لقياس pHi في الأنسجة wildtype أو أشكال مختلفة من الأنسجة متحولة، بما في ذلك [رني] ضربة قاضية أو أوفيريكسبريسيون باستخدام Gal4 الفائدة، واستنساخ الانقسامية.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Fly Stocks&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UAS-mCherry::pHluorin[1]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>y1 w*;P{GawB}10930/CyO</td><td>Bloomington Stock Center</td><td>7023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Act-Gal4 flipout stock</td><td>Bloomington Stock Center</td><td>4409</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals for Buffer preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5886</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-3911</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glucose</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>4912</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO4</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>M63</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C-5080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCO3</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S-5761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl2</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M-9272</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NMDG+</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M-2004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K2HPO4</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>7088</td><td>Use to Make KHPO4 pH 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>KH2PO4</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP362</td><td>Use to Make KHPO4 pH 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>Concanavalin A, Alexa Fluor 647 Conjugate</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>C21421</td><td>0.25 mg/ml dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Nigericin</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>N1495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Dissection and mounting tools&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 Dumont Inox forceps (Size 5)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9473431</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 23-gauge syringe needles</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z192457</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9-well glass dissecting dish</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-748B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Grease</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>1018817</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>22 X 40 mM glass coverslips</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>12545C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round Glass Coverslips, 12mm diameter, 0.13-0.16mm thickness</td><td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td><td>26023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-D mounting chamber</td><td>custom manufactured</td><td></td><td>.stl and .ipt files for 3-D printer included as supplemental files</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Other equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH meter</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-620-183A</td><td>Model: Accumet AB15</td></tr><tr><td>Dissection microscope</td><td>Olympus Corporation</td><td>0H11436</td><td>Model: SZ2-ST</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Microscope</td><td>Leica Biosystems</td><td></td><td>SP5 or SP8 laser-scanning confocal microscope with a 40&amp;times; objective with a numerical aperture of 1.3</td></tr></tbody></table>

methods for imaging intracellular ph of the follicle stem cell lineage in live drosophila ovarian tissue

التغيرات في درجة الحموضة داخل الخلايا (pHi) دوراً هاما في تنظيم العديد من الوظائف الخلوية، بما في ذلك التمثيل الغذائي وانتشار والتمايز. عادة، يتم تحديد ديناميات pHi في الخلايا المستزرعة، وقابلة للقياس والتلاعب pHi تجريبيا. ومع ذلك، مؤخرا تطوير الأدوات والمنهجيات الجديدة جعلت من الممكن لدراسة ديناميات pHi داخل أنسجة سليمة، ويعيش. للبحوث المورفولوجية ، وكان أحد التطورات الهامة توليد خط المحورة وراثيا تحمل biosensor pHi، mCherry::pHluorin. هنا، يمكننا وصف بروتوكول التي نستخدمها بشكل روتيني للتصوير أوفاريوليس المورفولوجية حية لقياس pHi في نسب الخلايا الجذعية (FSC) جريب الظهارية في خطوط المعدلة وراثيا البرية نوع mCherry::pHluorin؛ ومع ذلك، الأساليب الموصوفة هنا يمكن تكييفها بسهولة للأنسجة الأخرى، بما في ذلك أقراص الجناح وظهاره العين. يصف لنا تقنيات للتعبير عن mCherry::pHluorin في النسب منتدى التعاون الأمني، المحافظة على أنسجة المبيض أثناء التصوير، والعيش واكتساب وتحليل الصور للحصول على قيم pHi.

هنا لقد قمنا بوصف عملية قياس pHi في ظهارة جريب، التي تنطوي على عدة خطوات. أولاً، يتم تشريح المبيض من الذباب من النمط الوراثي المناسب باستخدام أدوات تشريح وتركيب (الشكل 1). يتم تصويرها في أوفاريوليس ثم استخدام مجهر الأسفار الكمية ويتم تحليل الصور للحصول على ق...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue at JoVE.com

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

أساليب للأس الهيدروجيني "التصوير داخل الخلايا" من "سلالة الخلايا الجذعية جريب" في "أنسجة المبيض" المورفولوجية لايف

نحن نقدم بروتوكولا للتصوير pH داخل الخلايا النسب طلائي الخلايا الجذعية في أنسجة المبيض المورفولوجية حية. يصف لنا طرق لتوليد الذباب وراثيا معربا عن بيوسينسور درجة الحموضة، mCherry::pHluorin، والصورة بيوسينسور استخدام imaging fluorescence الكمية وتوليد المنحنيات القياسية، وتحويل قيم الكثافة الأسفار لقيم الأس الهيدروجيني.

Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) play important roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, including metabolism, proliferation, and ...

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Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

6.8K Views.  University of California, San Francisco. نحن نقدم بروتوكولا للتصوير pH داخل الخلايا النسب طلائي الخلايا الجذعية في أنسجة المبيض المورفولوجية حية. يصف لنا طرق لتوليد الذباب وراثيا معربا عن بيوسينسور درجة الحموضة، mCherry::pHluorin، والصورة بيوسينسور استخدام imaging fluorescence الكمية وتوليد المنحنيات القياسية، ?...

Video: Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

يعيش التصوير لل<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; العذراء العين

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

يعيش تصوير ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن هجرات كرية دموية الجنينية

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Biology

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

التصوير المباشر ل<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; اليرقات Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Neuroscience

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

الهجرة النووية في كريات الدم البيضاء Drosophila

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

Confocal and Super-Resolution Imaging of Polarized Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion of Basement Membrane Proteins During Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane (BM) - a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix present at the basal side of epithelial cells - is critical for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue morphology and organ morphogenesis. Moreover, the BM is essential for tissue modeling, serving as a signaling platform, and providing external forces to shape tissues and organs. Despite the many important roles that the BM plays during normal development and pathological conditions, the biological pathways controlling the intracellular trafficking of BM-containing vesicles and how basal secretion leads to the polarized deposition of BM proteins are poorly understood. The follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system to study the basal deposition of BM membrane proteins, as it produces and secretes all major components of the BM. Confocal and super-resolution imaging combined with image processing in fixed tissues allows for the identification and characterization of cellular factors specifically involved in the intracellular trafficking and deposition of BM proteins. This article presents a detailed protocol for staining and imaging BM-containing vesicles and deposited BM using endogenously tagged proteins in the follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary. This protocol can be applied to address both qualitative and quantitative questions and it was developed to accommodate high-throughput screening, allowing for the rapid and efficient identification of factors involved in the polarized intracellular trafficking and secretion of vesicles during epithelial tissue development.

Confocal and Super-Resolution Imaging of Polarized Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion of Basement Membrane Proteins During Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane is essential for tissue and organ morphogenesis during development. To better understand the mechanisms leading to proper placement of this structure, the protocol presented describes methods to visualize and characterize the intracellular trafficking and secretion of basement membrane proteins in epithelial cells using confocal and super-resolution microscopy.

التصوير البؤري وفائق الدقة للاتجار المستقطب داخل الخلايا وإفراز بروتينات الغشاء السفلي أثناء تكوين بويضات ذبابة الفاكهة

The basement membrane (BM) - a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix present at the basal side of epithelial cells - is critical for the establishment ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

تشريح وتلون ذبابة الفاكهة اليرقات المبايض

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Real-Time Imaging of Germline Stem Cells in Drosophila Ex Vivo Germaria Culture

Extended Live Imaging of Female Drosophila melanogaster Germline Stem Cell Niches

Live imaging methods allow the analysis of dynamic cellular processes in detail and in real-time. The Drosophila ovary represents an excellent model to explore the dynamics of a myriad of developmental processes, such as cell division, stemness, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, autophagy, cellular adhesion, etc., over time. Recently, we have implemented an extended ex vivo culture and live imaging of the female Drosophila GSC niche. Using a Drosophila line harboring a GFP::Par-1 transgene as an example, this method allows the visualization of the GSCs&#39; asymmetric division within their niche and the description of the changes in the spectrosome morphology along the cell cycle. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the ex vivo culture of Drosophila germaria, enabling prolonged visualization of the female GSC niche. Importantly, this protocol is broadly applicable to live imaging GSCs with multiple fluorescently tagged proteins of interest that are available in stock centers and/or in the Drosophila research community.

Here, we provide a detailed protocol to perform live imaging of the asymmetric division of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila ovarian niche. We use a transgenic line that ubiquitously expresses a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion of the spectrosome protein Par-1.

Live imaging methods allow the analysis of dynamic cellular processes in detail and in real-time. The Drosophila ovary represents an excellent model to ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, cell differentiation and organogenesis 1. Correct preparation of the experimental samples is a crucial, often neglected, step. The goal of preparation is to ensure physiological relevance and to establish optimal imaging conditions. To maintain tissue viability, it is critical to avoid dehydration, hypoxia, overheating or medium deterioration 2. 
 The Drosophila egg chamber is a well established system for examining questions relating, but not limited, to body patterning, mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization 3,4. For early- and mid-stage egg chambers, mounting in halocarbon oil is good for survival in that it allows free diffusion of oxygen, prevents dehydration and hypoxia and has superb optical properties for microscopy. Imaging of fluorescent proteins is possible through the introduction of transgenes into the egg chamber or physical injection of labeled RNA, protein or antibodies 5-7. For example, addition of MS2 constructs to the genome of animals enables real time observation of mRNAs in the oocyte 8. These constructs allow for in vivo labeling of mRNA through utilization of the MS2 bacteriophage RNA stem loop interaction with its coat protein 9. 
 Here, we present a protocol for the extraction of ovaries as well as isolating individual ovarioles and egg chambers from the female Drosophila. For a detailed description of Drosophila oogenesis see Allan C. Spradling (1993, reprinted 2009) 10.

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of mRNA localization. In order to capture the dynamic events that underpin the processes of localization, rapid high resolution imaging of live tissue is required. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and imaging of live samples with minimal disruption.

إعداد فردية ذبابة الفاكهة البيض غرف للتصوير لايف

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

يعيش التصوير من البروتينات التي تحمل علامات GFP في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; البويضات

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

The Utility of Stage-specific Mid-to-late Drosophila Follicle Isolation

Drosophila oogenesis or follicle development has been widely used to advance the understanding of complex developmental and cell biologic processes. This methods paper describes how to isolate mid-to-late stage follicles (Stage 10B-14) and utilize them to provide new insights into the molecular and morphologic events occurring during tight windows of developmental time. Isolated follicles can be used for a variety of experimental techniques, including in vitro development assays, live imaging, mRNA expression analysis and western blot analysis of proteins. Follicles at Stage 10B (S10B) or later will complete development in culture; this allows one to combine genetic or pharmacologic perturbations with in vitro development to define the effects of such manipulations on the processes occurring during specific periods of development. Additionally, because these follicles develop in culture, they are ideally suited for live imaging studies, which often reveal new mechanisms that mediate morphological events. Isolated follicles can also be used for molecular analyses. For example, changes in gene expression that result from genetic perturbations can be defined for specific developmental windows. Additionally, protein level, stability, and/or posttranslational modification state during a particular stage of follicle development can be examined through western blot analyses. Thus, stage-specific isolation of Drosophila follicles provides a rich source of information into widely conserved processes of development and morphogenesis.

The Utility of Stage-specific Mid-to-late Drosophila Follicle Isolation

Stage-specific isolation of mid-to-late Drosophila follicles is useful for a variety of purposes. Such follicles develop in culture, which allows for genetic and/or pharmacologic manipulations to be coupled with in vitro development assays and live imaging. Additionally, follicles can be used for molecular studies, such as isolating mRNA and protein.

الأداة المساعدة لمرحلة محددة في منتصف إلى أواخر<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; جريب عزل

Drosophila oogenesis or follicle development has been widely used to advance the understanding of complex developmental and cell biologic processes. This ...

أساليب للأس الهيدروجيني "التصوير داخل الخلايا" من "سلالة الخلايا الجذعية جريب" في "أنسجة المبيض" المورفولوجية لايف

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يعيش التصوير لل

يعيش تصوير ذبابة الفاكهة السوداء البطن هجرات كرية دموية الجنينية

التصوير المباشر ل

الهجرة النووية في كريات الدم البيضاء Drosophila

التصوير البؤري وفائق الدقة للاتجار المستقطب داخل الخلايا وإفراز بروتينات الغشاء السفلي أثناء تكوين بويضات ذبابة الفاكهة

تشريح وتلون ذبابة الفاكهة اليرقات المبايض

Extended Live Imaging of Female Drosophila melanogaster Germline Stem Cell Niches

إعداد فردية ذبابة الفاكهة البيض غرف للتصوير لايف

يعيش التصوير من البروتينات التي تحمل علامات GFP في

الأداة المساعدة لمرحلة محددة في منتصف إلى أواخر